CO_2地质封存工程的潜在地质环境灾害风险及防范措施
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摘要
CO2地质封存技术虽是有效减排CO2和提高石油、天然气等能源采收率的技术手段,但目前该技术尚处于发展阶段。CO2地质封存工程可能诱发一些潜在的地质环境灾害风险,如浅层地表垂向差异变形、可能诱发的断层活化及地震事件、CO2逃逸导致淡水含水层的污染、CO2泄漏富集危害附近人类健康和局部生态系统等。本文分析了上述潜在地质环境灾害风险及灾害诱发模式,并从科学选址、风险评估、工程监管、监测预警、应急补救等角度提出了具体的防范措施和工程指导原则,对CO2地质封存技术的安全性评估和工程实施阶段的风险管理具有重要的现实意义。
The CO2 geological storage technology has been considered as a promising way to effectively reduce CO2 emission and enhance the recovery rate of oil or gas.However,this technology is still in a developing stage and CO2 geological storage project may induce some potential geological and environmental risks,such as vertical deformation differences of the shallow surface,fault activation for triggering earthquakes,the pollution of freshwater aquifers,harms for human health and local ecosystems,and so on.The mentioned potential risks and its induction modes have been analyzed respectively.Then corresponding prevention principles and measures are suggested from such aspects as scientific site selection,risk assessment,project supervision,monitoring and pre-warning,and emergency reliefs.And this provides important practical implications for risk assessment and management of CO2 geological storage project.
The CO2 geological storage technology has been considered as a promising way to effectively reduce CO2 emission and enhance the recovery rate of oil or gas.However,this technology is still in a developing stage and CO2 geological storage project may induce some potential geological and environmental risks,such as vertical deformation differences of the shallow surface,fault activation for triggering earthquakes,the pollution of freshwater aquifers,harms for human health and local ecosystems,and so on.The mentioned potential risks and its induction modes have been analyzed respectively.Then corresponding prevention principles and measures are suggested from such aspects as scientific site selection,risk assessment,project supervision,monitoring and pre-warning,and emergency reliefs.And this provides important practical implications for risk assessment and management of CO2 geological storage project.
引文
崔振东.2010.CO2地质封存盖层稳定性地质力学评价方法研究.中国科学院研究生院[博士学位论文].
科学技术部,国家发展与改革委员会,外交部,教育部,财政部,水利部,农业部,国家环保总局,国家林业局,中国科学院,中国气象局,国家自然科学基金委,国家海洋局,中国科学技术协会.2007.中国应对气候变化专项行动[OL].[2011-06-19]http://www.most.gov.cn/yw/200706/P020070614559998413375.pdf.
李小春,小出仁,大隅多加志.2003.二氧化碳地中隔离技术及其岩石力学问题.岩石力学与工程学报,22(6):989～994.
沈平平,廖新维.2009.二氧化碳地质埋存与提高采收率技术.北京:石油工业出版社.
孙枢.2006.CO2地下封存的地质学问题及其对减缓气候变化的意义.中国基础科学,(3):17～22.
许志刚,陈代钊,曾荣树,郭凯,李元平.2008.CO2地下埋存分布状况及环境影响监测技术.气候变化研究进展,4(6):363～368.
许志刚,陈代钊,曾荣树.2008.CO2地质埋存渗漏风险及补救对策.地质论评,54(3):373～386.
Ake J,Mahrer K,O’Connell D,Block L.2005.Deep-injection andclosely monitored induced seismicity at Paradox Valley,Colorado.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,95:664～683.
Bachu S.2008.CO2storage in geological media:Role,means,statusand barriers to deployment.Progress in Energy and CombustionScience,34:254～273.
Baisch S,Voros R,Rothert E,Stang H,Jung R,Schellschmidt R.2009.A numerical model for fluid injection induced seismicity atSoultz-sous-Forets.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,47:405～413.
Benson S M.2005.Lessons learned from industrial and natural analogsfor health safety and environmental risk assessment for geologicstorage of CO2.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage inDeep Geologic Formations——Results from the CO2CaptureProject,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring andVerification.London:Elsevier,1133～1141.
Bogen K,Burton E,Friedmann S J and Gouveia F.2006.Source termsfor CO2risk modeling and GIS/simulation based tools for riskcharacterization.8th Greenhouse Gas Technology Conference,Trondjheim,Norway,session E1～3.
Bouc O,Audigane P,Bellenfant G,Fabriol H,Gastine M,Rohmer J,Seyedi D.2009.Determining safety criteria for CO2geologicalstorage.Energy Procedia,1:2439～2446.
Chadwick A,Arts R,Bernstone C,May F,Sylvain,Thibeau&ZweigelP.2008.Best Practice for the storage of CO2in saline aquifers——Observations and guidelines from the SACS and CO2Store projects.Nottingham,UK,British Geological Survey,pp.267.
Duncan I J,Nicot J P,Choi J W.2009.Risk Assessment for future CO2Sequestration Projects Based CO2Enhanced Oil Recovery in the U.S.Energy Procedia,1:2037～2042.
Gale J.2004.Geological storage of CO2:What do we know,where arethe gaps and what more needs to be done?Energy,29:1329～1338.
Hsieh P A,Bredehoeft J S.1981.A reservoir analysis of the Denverearthquakes——a case study of induced seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,86:903～920.
Little M G,Jackson R B.2010.Potential Impacts of Leakage from DeepCO2Geosequestration on Overlying Freshwater Aquifers.Environ.Sci.Technol.,44(23):9225～9232.
Maul P,Savage D.2004.The IEA Weyburn CO2Monitoring and StorageProject:Assessment of Long-term Performance and Safety.QRS1060,Quintessa.
Nicol A,Carne R,Gerstenberger M,Christophersen A.2011.Inducedseismicity and its implications for CO2storage risk.Energy Procedia,4:3699～3706.
Oldenburg C M,Unger A J.2003.On leakage and seepage from geologiccarbon sequestration sites:unsaturated zone attenuation.VadoseZone Journal,2:287～296.
Plasynski S I,Beckert H.2008.Lake Nyos and Mammoth Mountain:What Do They Tell Us about the Security of Engineered Storage ofCO2Underground?National Energy Technology Laboratory in theUnited States:Program Facts—CO2Sequestration.
Rutqvist J,Birkholzer J,Cappa F,Tsang C F.2007.Estimatingmaximum sustainable injection pressure during geologicalsequestration of CO2using coupled fluid flow and geomechanicalfault-slip analysis.Energy Conversion and Management,48:1798～1807.
Rutqvist J,Birkholzer J T and Tsang C F.2008.Coupled reservoir——geomechanical analysis of the potential for tensile and shear failureassociated with CO2injection in multilayered reservoir——caprocksystems.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and MiningSciences,45(2):132～143.
Rutqvist J.2008.Coupled Reservoir——Geomechanical Analysis of CO2Injection Performance at In Salah.Algeria.American GeophysicalUnion,Fall Meeting,abstract#H14C-02.
Seeber L,Armbruster J G,Kim W Y.2004.A fluid-injection-triggeredearthquake sequence in Ashtabula,Ohio:Implications forseismogenesis in stable continental regions.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,94:76～87.
Shapiro S A,Dinske C,Kummerow J.2007.Probability of a givenmagnitude earthquake induced by a fluid injection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34:L22314.
Siirila E R,Navarre-Sitchler A K,Maxwell R M,McCray J E.2010.Aquantitative methodology to assess the risks to human health fromCO2leakage into groundwater.Advances in Water Resources,doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.11.005.
Sminchak J,Gupta N.2003.Aspects of induced seismic activity anddeep-well sequestration of carbon dioxide.EnvironmentalGeosciences,10:81～89.
Streit J E,Hillis R R.2004.Estimating fault stability and sustainablefluid pressures for underground storage of CO2in porous rock.Energy,29(9～10):1445～1456.
Streit J E,Siggins A F.2005.Predicting,monitoring and controllinggeomechanical effects of CO2injection.Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies,7:643～651.
Tanaka A,Sakamoto Y,Komail T.2011.Development of RiskAssessment Tool for CO2Geological Storage.Energy Procedia,4:4178～4184.
The Nagaoka Project.2008.Demonstration Test and Monitoring at theIwanohara Test Site[OL][2011-04-25]http://www.rite.or.jp/English/lab/geological/demonstration.html.
Wesson RL and Nicholson C.1987.Earthquake hazard associated withdeep well injection.Report to EPA by USGS,Reston,VA.
Wildenborg A F B,Leijnse A L,Kreft E,Nepveu M N,Obdam A N M,Orlic B,Wipfler E L,Grift B van der,Kesteren van W,Gaus I,Czernichowski-Lauriol I,Torfs P,Wójcik R.2005.Riskassessment methodology for CO2storage——the scenario approach.In:Benson S M.ed.The CO2Capture and Storage Project(CCP)for Carbon Dioxide Storage in Deep Geologic Formations for ClimateChange Mitigation,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide withMonitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier Publishing.
Wilson E,Johnson T,Keith D.2003.Regulating the Ultimate Sink:Managing the Risks of Geologic CO2Storage.Environ.Sci.Technol.,37:3476～3483.
Wo S,Liang J T,Myer L R.2005.CO2storage in coalbeds:Riskassessment of CO2and methane leakage.In:Benson S M.ed.Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations——Results from the CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide with Monitoring andVerification.London:Elsevier Science,1263～1292.
Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC WR III).2005.Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Captureand Storage[R].
Zoback M D and Harjes H P.1997.Injection-induced earthquakes andcrustal stress at9km depth at the KTB deep drilling site.Germany.J.Geophys.Res.,102:18477～18491.
科学技术部,国家发展与改革委员会,外交部,教育部,财政部,水利部,农业部,国家环保总局,国家林业局,中国科学院,中国气象局,国家自然科学基金委,国家海洋局,中国科学技术协会.2007.中国应对气候变化专项行动[OL].[2011-06-19]http://www.most.gov.cn/yw/200706/P020070614559998413375.pdf.
李小春,小出仁,大隅多加志.2003.二氧化碳地中隔离技术及其岩石力学问题.岩石力学与工程学报,22(6):989～994.
沈平平,廖新维.2009.二氧化碳地质埋存与提高采收率技术.北京:石油工业出版社.
孙枢.2006.CO2地下封存的地质学问题及其对减缓气候变化的意义.中国基础科学,(3):17～22.
许志刚,陈代钊,曾荣树,郭凯,李元平.2008.CO2地下埋存分布状况及环境影响监测技术.气候变化研究进展,4(6):363～368.
许志刚,陈代钊,曾荣树.2008.CO2地质埋存渗漏风险及补救对策.地质论评,54(3):373～386.
Ake J,Mahrer K,O’Connell D,Block L.2005.Deep-injection andclosely monitored induced seismicity at Paradox Valley,Colorado.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,95:664～683.
Bachu S.2008.CO2storage in geological media:Role,means,statusand barriers to deployment.Progress in Energy and CombustionScience,34:254～273.
Baisch S,Voros R,Rothert E,Stang H,Jung R,Schellschmidt R.2009.A numerical model for fluid injection induced seismicity atSoultz-sous-Forets.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.,47:405～413.
Benson S M.2005.Lessons learned from industrial and natural analogsfor health safety and environmental risk assessment for geologicstorage of CO2.In:Benson S M.ed.CO2Capture for Storage inDeep Geologic Formations——Results from the CO2CaptureProject,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of CO2with Monitoring andVerification.London:Elsevier,1133～1141.
Bogen K,Burton E,Friedmann S J and Gouveia F.2006.Source termsfor CO2risk modeling and GIS/simulation based tools for riskcharacterization.8th Greenhouse Gas Technology Conference,Trondjheim,Norway,session E1～3.
Bouc O,Audigane P,Bellenfant G,Fabriol H,Gastine M,Rohmer J,Seyedi D.2009.Determining safety criteria for CO2geologicalstorage.Energy Procedia,1:2439～2446.
Chadwick A,Arts R,Bernstone C,May F,Sylvain,Thibeau&ZweigelP.2008.Best Practice for the storage of CO2in saline aquifers——Observations and guidelines from the SACS and CO2Store projects.Nottingham,UK,British Geological Survey,pp.267.
Duncan I J,Nicot J P,Choi J W.2009.Risk Assessment for future CO2Sequestration Projects Based CO2Enhanced Oil Recovery in the U.S.Energy Procedia,1:2037～2042.
Gale J.2004.Geological storage of CO2:What do we know,where arethe gaps and what more needs to be done?Energy,29:1329～1338.
Hsieh P A,Bredehoeft J S.1981.A reservoir analysis of the Denverearthquakes——a case study of induced seismicity.J.Geophys.Res.,86:903～920.
Little M G,Jackson R B.2010.Potential Impacts of Leakage from DeepCO2Geosequestration on Overlying Freshwater Aquifers.Environ.Sci.Technol.,44(23):9225～9232.
Maul P,Savage D.2004.The IEA Weyburn CO2Monitoring and StorageProject:Assessment of Long-term Performance and Safety.QRS1060,Quintessa.
Nicol A,Carne R,Gerstenberger M,Christophersen A.2011.Inducedseismicity and its implications for CO2storage risk.Energy Procedia,4:3699～3706.
Oldenburg C M,Unger A J.2003.On leakage and seepage from geologiccarbon sequestration sites:unsaturated zone attenuation.VadoseZone Journal,2:287～296.
Plasynski S I,Beckert H.2008.Lake Nyos and Mammoth Mountain:What Do They Tell Us about the Security of Engineered Storage ofCO2Underground?National Energy Technology Laboratory in theUnited States:Program Facts—CO2Sequestration.
Rutqvist J,Birkholzer J,Cappa F,Tsang C F.2007.Estimatingmaximum sustainable injection pressure during geologicalsequestration of CO2using coupled fluid flow and geomechanicalfault-slip analysis.Energy Conversion and Management,48:1798～1807.
Rutqvist J,Birkholzer J T and Tsang C F.2008.Coupled reservoir——geomechanical analysis of the potential for tensile and shear failureassociated with CO2injection in multilayered reservoir——caprocksystems.International Journal of Rock Mechanics and MiningSciences,45(2):132～143.
Rutqvist J.2008.Coupled Reservoir——Geomechanical Analysis of CO2Injection Performance at In Salah.Algeria.American GeophysicalUnion,Fall Meeting,abstract#H14C-02.
Seeber L,Armbruster J G,Kim W Y.2004.A fluid-injection-triggeredearthquake sequence in Ashtabula,Ohio:Implications forseismogenesis in stable continental regions.Bull.Seis.Soc.Am.,94:76～87.
Shapiro S A,Dinske C,Kummerow J.2007.Probability of a givenmagnitude earthquake induced by a fluid injection.Geophys.Res.Lett.,34:L22314.
Siirila E R,Navarre-Sitchler A K,Maxwell R M,McCray J E.2010.Aquantitative methodology to assess the risks to human health fromCO2leakage into groundwater.Advances in Water Resources,doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2010.11.005.
Sminchak J,Gupta N.2003.Aspects of induced seismic activity anddeep-well sequestration of carbon dioxide.EnvironmentalGeosciences,10:81～89.
Streit J E,Hillis R R.2004.Estimating fault stability and sustainablefluid pressures for underground storage of CO2in porous rock.Energy,29(9～10):1445～1456.
Streit J E,Siggins A F.2005.Predicting,monitoring and controllinggeomechanical effects of CO2injection.Greenhouse Gas ControlTechnologies,7:643～651.
Tanaka A,Sakamoto Y,Komail T.2011.Development of RiskAssessment Tool for CO2Geological Storage.Energy Procedia,4:4178～4184.
The Nagaoka Project.2008.Demonstration Test and Monitoring at theIwanohara Test Site[OL][2011-04-25]http://www.rite.or.jp/English/lab/geological/demonstration.html.
Wesson RL and Nicholson C.1987.Earthquake hazard associated withdeep well injection.Report to EPA by USGS,Reston,VA.
Wildenborg A F B,Leijnse A L,Kreft E,Nepveu M N,Obdam A N M,Orlic B,Wipfler E L,Grift B van der,Kesteren van W,Gaus I,Czernichowski-Lauriol I,Torfs P,Wójcik R.2005.Riskassessment methodology for CO2storage——the scenario approach.In:Benson S M.ed.The CO2Capture and Storage Project(CCP)for Carbon Dioxide Storage in Deep Geologic Formations for ClimateChange Mitigation,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide withMonitoring and Verification.London:Elsevier Publishing.
Wilson E,Johnson T,Keith D.2003.Regulating the Ultimate Sink:Managing the Risks of Geologic CO2Storage.Environ.Sci.Technol.,37:3476～3483.
Wo S,Liang J T,Myer L R.2005.CO2storage in coalbeds:Riskassessment of CO2and methane leakage.In:Benson S M.ed.Carbon Dioxide Capture for Storage in Deep GeologicFormations——Results from the CO2Capture Project,Vol.2:Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide with Monitoring andVerification.London:Elsevier Science,1263～1292.
Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC WR III).2005.Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Captureand Storage[R].
Zoback M D and Harjes H P.1997.Injection-induced earthquakes andcrustal stress at9km depth at the KTB deep drilling site.Germany.J.Geophys.Res.,102:18477～18491.
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