天山南缘与北缘前陆冲断带构造地质特征对比及油气勘探建议
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摘要
在区域构造、盆地演化与沉积充填特征分析的基础上,对天山南、北缘地震大剖面进行了精细构造变形几何学与年代学的解析。揭示出中—新生代以来天山南、北缘虽然具有相似的构造演化过程、沉积充填特征和油气地质条件,但是受沉积地层介质的力学性质差异和印—藏碰撞远距离效应的空间位置差异的影响,天山南、北缘新生代构造变形启动的时间与构造变形样式存在明显的差异,并在一定程度上导致油气聚集的不同。新生代天山隆升并向两侧扩展,冲断构造沿滑脱层向克拉通盆地内传播,构造形成的时间从造山带向克拉通方向依次变晚。库车前陆冲断带的构造变形时间早于准南,因此库车冲断带内构造圈闭的油气充注时间长、充满程度高,容易形成高丰度大型气藏。库车冲断带盐下发育多个切过中生界煤系烃源岩的逆冲断层,它们不仅控制了多个褶皱侧向上台阶状叠置,形成盐下堆垛的构造样式,而且成为深部中生界油气向浅层运移聚集的通道;膏盐岩保证了盐下构造圈闭的完整性和封盖条件。准南冲断带主要的构造变形样式是层间滑脱与构造位移量反向冲断的楔形构造,水平滑脱断层封隔了上、下含油气系统,限制深部油气向中浅层运移;大型背斜内部发育多个小型叠置的楔形构造,破坏了构造圈闭的完整性。因此准南山前东端隐伏的燕山期古构造与二、三排新生代构造核部以及库车秋里塔格西段中生界印支期古构造和克拉苏—依奇克里克新生代较早形成的构造带是成藏的有利部位;库车盐下储盖组合是油气富集的有效构造层,准南深层中生界中的大型、完整的构造圈闭是油气勘探大突破的场所。
Based on characteristics of regional tectonic settings,basin evolution and depositional infilling and by means of geometrically and chronologically refined structural interpretation of macroscopy seismic profiles,the present paper revealed both the similarities in tectonic evolutional settings,depositional infilling processes and petroleum geology conditions in the southern and northern edges of the Tianshan Mountain since Mesozoic and Cenozoic,and the differences in oil-gas accumulations that were resulted from distinct diversities in the start-up time and patterns of the Cenozoic structural deformation due to impacts brought about by the discrepancies both in mechanics properties of depositional strata and in dimensional positions of the long-distance effect produced by the Indo-Tibet collision.In Cenozoic,the Tianshan Mountain uplifted and extended bilaterally with thrust structures propagating from the orogen into craton basins along decollement layers,therefore,the start-up time of structural deformation became sequentially younger from the orogen to craton basins.Compared with the southern Junggar Basin(the northern edge of the Tianshan Mountain),the Kuqa thrust-folded belt(the southern edge of the Tianshan Mountain) had an earlier time of structural deformation,therefore,structural traps in the Kuqu thrust-folded belt experienced longer and stronger hydrocarbon charging,readily forming large-scale and high-quality gas reservoirs.In the Kuqa Basin,the subsalt strata developed several thrust faults that cut the Mesozoic coal-series source rock and controlled many folds to form structural patterns of subsalt tiers by laterally stepped superposition,and they also acted as pathways for hydrocarbons from the deep Mesozoic source rock to shallow reservoirs,where gypso-salt rocks guaranteed the integrality and sealing-and-capping conditions of subsalt structural traps.Patterns of structural deformation in the southern Junggar Basin were dominated by interlayer decollement faults and wedge structures,of which horizontal decollement faults isolated the upper and lower petroleum systems and prevented deep hydrocarbons from migrating upward,while many small-scale and superposed wedge structures developed within mega-anticlines and destroyed the integrality of structural traps.Therefore,the Yanshan paleo-structures buried at the eastern terminal of the piedmont zone and the second and third rows of the Cenozoic structural belt in the southern Junggar Basin,and Mesozoic Indo-China paleo-structures in the western Qiulitage belt and the Cenozoic Kelasu-Yiqikelike structural belt of the Kuqa Basin were targeted as favorable place for petroleum exploration,the presalt reservoir-caprock assemblages in the Kuqa Basin were regarded as effective structures for hydrocarbon accumulations and the large-scale,complete structural traps in deep Mesozoic strata of the southern Junggar Basin were of potential to make a great breakthrough of hydrocarbon exploration.
Based on characteristics of regional tectonic settings,basin evolution and depositional infilling and by means of geometrically and chronologically refined structural interpretation of macroscopy seismic profiles,the present paper revealed both the similarities in tectonic evolutional settings,depositional infilling processes and petroleum geology conditions in the southern and northern edges of the Tianshan Mountain since Mesozoic and Cenozoic,and the differences in oil-gas accumulations that were resulted from distinct diversities in the start-up time and patterns of the Cenozoic structural deformation due to impacts brought about by the discrepancies both in mechanics properties of depositional strata and in dimensional positions of the long-distance effect produced by the Indo-Tibet collision.In Cenozoic,the Tianshan Mountain uplifted and extended bilaterally with thrust structures propagating from the orogen into craton basins along decollement layers,therefore,the start-up time of structural deformation became sequentially younger from the orogen to craton basins.Compared with the southern Junggar Basin(the northern edge of the Tianshan Mountain),the Kuqa thrust-folded belt(the southern edge of the Tianshan Mountain) had an earlier time of structural deformation,therefore,structural traps in the Kuqu thrust-folded belt experienced longer and stronger hydrocarbon charging,readily forming large-scale and high-quality gas reservoirs.In the Kuqa Basin,the subsalt strata developed several thrust faults that cut the Mesozoic coal-series source rock and controlled many folds to form structural patterns of subsalt tiers by laterally stepped superposition,and they also acted as pathways for hydrocarbons from the deep Mesozoic source rock to shallow reservoirs,where gypso-salt rocks guaranteed the integrality and sealing-and-capping conditions of subsalt structural traps.Patterns of structural deformation in the southern Junggar Basin were dominated by interlayer decollement faults and wedge structures,of which horizontal decollement faults isolated the upper and lower petroleum systems and prevented deep hydrocarbons from migrating upward,while many small-scale and superposed wedge structures developed within mega-anticlines and destroyed the integrality of structural traps.Therefore,the Yanshan paleo-structures buried at the eastern terminal of the piedmont zone and the second and third rows of the Cenozoic structural belt in the southern Junggar Basin,and Mesozoic Indo-China paleo-structures in the western Qiulitage belt and the Cenozoic Kelasu-Yiqikelike structural belt of the Kuqa Basin were targeted as favorable place for petroleum exploration,the presalt reservoir-caprock assemblages in the Kuqa Basin were regarded as effective structures for hydrocarbon accumulations and the large-scale,complete structural traps in deep Mesozoic strata of the southern Junggar Basin were of potential to make a great breakthrough of hydrocarbon exploration.
引文
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