川滇地区强震序列库仑破裂应力加卸载效应的数值模拟
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摘要
通过建立较精细的川滇地区三维有限元模型,数值模拟了川滇地区主要活动断裂的强震活动对于其他活动断裂潜在强震孕育进程的库仑破裂应力加卸载效应.模拟结果显示在川滇地区主要活动断裂带的几何学展布形态和运动学性质的构造背景之上,川滇地区强震活动相互影响的主要特征是活动断裂面库仑破裂应力变化大多处于增大状态.其中,金沙江断裂带、小江断裂带、楚雄—建水断裂带、鲜水河断裂带和安宁河断裂带上的强震所产生的加载作用比较强,而丽江—小金河断裂带和腾冲—澜沧断裂带则较弱.1981～2000年川滇地区M≥6.5地震序列的模拟结果显示,后续地震全部位于已发生地震所引起的库仑破裂应力增大区之内.数值模拟结果显示,在川滇地区,一个强震发生之后,发震断层本身强烈卸载的同时,库仑破裂应力的加载效应在其他主要活动断裂带潜在强震孕育进程中占据了主导地位,强震活动之间相互作用的主要效应是应力加载,已发生的强震加速了下一个强震的孕育进程,进而导致一系列地震的发生,直至整个区域所积累的应变能处于较低水平之后,区域地震活动进入一个新的平静期.
Using a fine three dimensional(3-D)finite element model of Sichuan-Yunnan area,we simulate the loading/unloading effects of strong earthquakes to following events on the other active faults in the region.The results of simulation show that in light of the geometric and kinematic patterns of major active faults the strong earthquakes in the region cause the Coulomb failure stress to increase on most active fault planes in Sichuan-Yunnan area.Since the interactions among events are mainly loading,an event usually may advance the occurring of the following one.The loading effects of Jinshajiang fault,Xiaojiang fault,Chuxiong-Jianshui fault,Xianshuihe fault and Anninghe fault are strong,but that of Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault and Tengchong-Lancang fault are relatively weak.The simulation of M≥6.5 earthquake sequence from 1981 to 2000 indicates that the later events all occured in regions of increased Coulomb failure stress.In Sichuan-Yunnan area,after a strong earthquake,accompanying the strong unloading on the rupture segment itself,the Coulomb failure stress loading effects dominate the evolution process of future events on the other major active faults.So a group of events will occur until most of the accumulated energy is released and a new peaceful period comes.
Using a fine three dimensional(3-D)finite element model of Sichuan-Yunnan area,we simulate the loading/unloading effects of strong earthquakes to following events on the other active faults in the region.The results of simulation show that in light of the geometric and kinematic patterns of major active faults the strong earthquakes in the region cause the Coulomb failure stress to increase on most active fault planes in Sichuan-Yunnan area.Since the interactions among events are mainly loading,an event usually may advance the occurring of the following one.The loading effects of Jinshajiang fault,Xiaojiang fault,Chuxiong-Jianshui fault,Xianshuihe fault and Anninghe fault are strong,but that of Lijiang-Xiaojinhe fault and Tengchong-Lancang fault are relatively weak.The simulation of M≥6.5 earthquake sequence from 1981 to 2000 indicates that the later events all occured in regions of increased Coulomb failure stress.In Sichuan-Yunnan area,after a strong earthquake,accompanying the strong unloading on the rupture segment itself,the Coulomb failure stress loading effects dominate the evolution process of future events on the other major active faults.So a group of events will occur until most of the accumulated energy is released and a new peaceful period comes.
引文
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[16]Papadimitriou,Wen X Z,Karakostas V,et al.Earthquake Triggering along the Xianshuihe Fault Zone of Western Sichuan,China.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161:1683～1707
[17]闻学泽,马胜利.唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响.自然科学进展,2006,16(10):1346～1359Wen X Z,Ma S L.Effect of strong Tangshan earthquake on seismic recurrence in adjacent faults.Progress in Natural Science,2006,16(10):1346～1359
[18]徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊):151～162Xu X W,Wen X Z,Zheng R Z,et al.Pattern of latest tectonic motion andits dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region,China.Science in China,Ser.D,2003,46(Supp.):210～226
[19]Huang Z X,Su W,Peng Y J,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China and adjacent regions.J Geophys Res,2003,108(B2):10.1029/2001JB001696
[20]王椿镛,Mooney WD,王溪莉等.川滇地区地壳上地幔三维速度结构研究.地震学报,2002,24(1):1～16Wang C Y,Mooney W D,WANG Xili,et al.Study on3-D velocity structure of crustal and upper mantle in Sichuan-Yunnan region,China.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2002,24(1):1～16
[21]邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社.1993,247～264Deng Q D,Yu G H,Ye W H.Relationsip between earthquake magnitude and parameters of surface ruptures associated with historical earthquakes.In:Institute of Geology,SSB,ed.Research on Active Fault(2)(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993,247～264
[22]许力生,陈运泰,Fasthoff S.地震破裂过程.见:云南省地震局主编.一九九六年丽江地震.北京:地震出版社,1998.68～90Xu L S,Chen Y T,Fasthoff S.Rupture process of Lijiang earthquake.In:Earthquake Administration of Yunnan ed.1996Lijiang earthquake(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1998.68～90
[23]马禾青,赵卫明,任雪梅等.中国大陆地震成组活动特征统计分析.地震,2003,23(1):57～62Ma H Q,Zhao W M,Ren X M,et al.Statistical analysis about features of seismic group activityin China’s continent.Earthquake(in Chinese),2003,23(1):57～62
[24]陈连旺,陆远忠,张杰等.华北地区三维构造应力场.地震学报,1999,21(2):140～149Chen L W,Lu YZ,Zhang J,et al.Three dimensional tectonic stress field in North China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1999,21(2):140～149
[2]Stein R S,King G C P,Lin J.Stress triggering of the1994M=6.7Northridge,California,earthquake by its predecessors.Science,1994,265:1432～1435
[3]Deng J,Sykes L R.Triggering of1812Santa Barbara earthquake by a great San Andreas shock:Implications for future seismic hazards in southern California.Geophys Res Lett,1996,23:1155～1158
[4]Deng J,Sykes L R.Evolution of the stress field in southern California and triggering of moderate-size earthquakes:A200-year perspective.J Geophys Res,1997,102(B5):9859～9886
[5]Deng J,Sykes L R.Stress evolution in southern California and triggering of moderate-,small-,and micro-size earthquakes.J Geophys Res,1997,102(B11):24411～24435
[6]Stein R S,Barka A A,Dieterich J H.Progressive failure on the North Anatolian fault since1939by earthquake stress triggering.Geophys J Int,1997,128:594～604
[7]Toda S,Stein RS,Reasenberg P A,et al.Stress transferred by the1995Mw=6.9Kobe,Japan,shock:Effect on aftershocks and future earthquake probabilities.J Geophys Res,1998,103(B10):24543～24565
[8]Harris R A.Introduction to special section:stress triggers,stress shadows,and implications for seismic hazard.J Geophys Res,1998,103(B10):24347～24358
[9]刘桂萍,傅征祥.1976年7月28日唐山7.8级地震触发的区域地震活动和静应力场变化.地震学报,2000,22(1):17～27Liu G P,Fu Z X.Regional seismicity triggered by the Ms=7.8Tangshan event of July28,1976and the static stress field change.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2000,22(1):17～27
[10]万永革,吴忠良,周公威等.几次复杂地震中不同破裂事件之间的“应力触发”问题.地震学报,2000,22(6):568～576Wan Y G,Wu Z L,Zhou G Wi,et al.“Stress triggering”between different rupture eventsin several earthquakes.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2000,22(6):568～576
[11]Freed A M,Lin J.Time-dependent changes in failure stress following thrust earthquakes.J Geophys Res,1998,103(B10):24393～24409
[12]陈连旺,陆远忠,刘杰等.1966年邢台地震引起的华北地区应力场动态演化过程的三维粘弹性模拟.地震学报,2001,23(5):480～491Chen L W,Lu Y Z,Liu J,et al.Three dimensional viscoelastic simulation on dynamic evolution of stress field in North China induced by the1966Xingtai earthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2001,23(5):480～491
[13]沈正康,万永革,甘卫军等.华北地区700年来地壳应力场演化与地震的关系研究.中国地震,2004,20(3):211～228Shen Z K,Wan Y G,Gan WJ,et al.Crustal stress evolution of the last700years in North China and earthquake occurrence.Earthquake Research in China(in Chinese),2004,20(3):211～228
[14]陈化然,陈连旺,马宏生等.川滇地区应力场演化与强震间相互作用的三维有限元模拟.地震学报,2004,26(6):567～575Chen H R,Chen L W,Ma H S,et al.3-D finite element modeling for evolution of stress field and interaction among strong earthquake in Sichuan-Yunnan region.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2004,26(6):567～575
[15]张秋文,张培震,王乘等.鲜水河断裂带断层间相互作用的触震与缓震效应.地震学报,2003,25(2):143～153Zhang Q W,Zhang P Z,Wang C,et al.Earthquake triggering and delaying caused by fault interaction on Xianshuihe fault belt,Southwest China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2003,25(2):143～153
[16]Papadimitriou,Wen X Z,Karakostas V,et al.Earthquake Triggering along the Xianshuihe Fault Zone of Western Sichuan,China.Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161:1683～1707
[17]闻学泽,马胜利.唐山大地震对相邻断裂段地震复发的影响.自然科学进展,2006,16(10):1346～1359Wen X Z,Ma S L.Effect of strong Tangshan earthquake on seismic recurrence in adjacent faults.Progress in Natural Science,2006,16(10):1346～1359
[18]徐锡伟,闻学泽,郑荣章等.川滇地区活动块体最新构造变动样式及其动力来源.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增刊):151～162Xu X W,Wen X Z,Zheng R Z,et al.Pattern of latest tectonic motion andits dynamics for active blocks in Sichuan-Yunnan region,China.Science in China,Ser.D,2003,46(Supp.):210～226
[19]Huang Z X,Su W,Peng Y J,et al.Rayleigh wave tomography of China and adjacent regions.J Geophys Res,2003,108(B2):10.1029/2001JB001696
[20]王椿镛,Mooney WD,王溪莉等.川滇地区地壳上地幔三维速度结构研究.地震学报,2002,24(1):1～16Wang C Y,Mooney W D,WANG Xili,et al.Study on3-D velocity structure of crustal and upper mantle in Sichuan-Yunnan region,China.Acta Seismologica Sinica,2002,24(1):1～16
[21]邓起东,于贵华,叶文华.地震地表破裂参数与震级关系的研究.见:国家地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(2).北京:地震出版社.1993,247～264Deng Q D,Yu G H,Ye W H.Relationsip between earthquake magnitude and parameters of surface ruptures associated with historical earthquakes.In:Institute of Geology,SSB,ed.Research on Active Fault(2)(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993,247～264
[22]许力生,陈运泰,Fasthoff S.地震破裂过程.见:云南省地震局主编.一九九六年丽江地震.北京:地震出版社,1998.68～90Xu L S,Chen Y T,Fasthoff S.Rupture process of Lijiang earthquake.In:Earthquake Administration of Yunnan ed.1996Lijiang earthquake(in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1998.68～90
[23]马禾青,赵卫明,任雪梅等.中国大陆地震成组活动特征统计分析.地震,2003,23(1):57～62Ma H Q,Zhao W M,Ren X M,et al.Statistical analysis about features of seismic group activityin China’s continent.Earthquake(in Chinese),2003,23(1):57～62
[24]陈连旺,陆远忠,张杰等.华北地区三维构造应力场.地震学报,1999,21(2):140～149Chen L W,Lu YZ,Zhang J,et al.Three dimensional tectonic stress field in North China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1999,21(2):140～149
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