块体搬运复合体的识别、演化及其油气勘探意义
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摘要
研究块体搬运沉积有助于揭示深水重力流沉积的分布和演化,对深水储层预测和圈闭评价具有重要意义。利用高分辨率三维地震资料进行深水块体搬运复合体的识别、演化规律以及在油气勘探中的意义进行探讨。研究发现:深水块体搬运复合体表现为弱振幅、杂乱、丘状地震反射,块体搬运复合体底部具有明显的线性侵蚀擦痕;块体搬运复合体常常与浊积水道、堤岸沉积伴生出现;块体搬运复合体对早期浊积岩侵蚀形成大量残余地层,残余浊积岩与块体搬运复合体可以形成潜在的深水地层圈闭。尽管块体搬运复合体本身不能作为有效的储层,但这些沉积体的准确识别可以提高深水浊积水道储层预测的精度,许多侵蚀过程和围绕块体搬运沉积所发育的地层关系提供创造地层圈闭的机会。
Research on Mass transport complexes (MTCs) can help disclosure the distribution and evolution of gravity flow sediments,especially for reservoir predicting and reservoir-seal evaluating in deep-water exploration. In this paper,high quality 3-D seismic data are used to study seismic characters and evolution of the MTCs. There are three main conclusions from this research. (1) MTCs are characterized by low amplitude,chaotic,mounded seismic facies,fanlike geometry and linear basal scours; (2) They are commonly embedded in a cyclic stratigraphic succession that is composed of levee-channel complexes and hemipelagic drapes. (3) Remnants of these complexs are formed by the erosive power of mass transport from older turbidite deposits. The remnants with portions of older turbidite sediments can form potential stratigraphic traps for deep-water deposits. Although the MTCs themselves may not prove viable reservoirs,the accuracy of reservoir predicting in deepwater turbidite channels can be improved from the identification of MTCs. Various erosive processes and subsequent stratigraphic relationships surrounding mass transport deposits development may have provided the opportunities for stratigraphic trapping.
Research on Mass transport complexes (MTCs) can help disclosure the distribution and evolution of gravity flow sediments,especially for reservoir predicting and reservoir-seal evaluating in deep-water exploration. In this paper,high quality 3-D seismic data are used to study seismic characters and evolution of the MTCs. There are three main conclusions from this research. (1) MTCs are characterized by low amplitude,chaotic,mounded seismic facies,fanlike geometry and linear basal scours; (2) They are commonly embedded in a cyclic stratigraphic succession that is composed of levee-channel complexes and hemipelagic drapes. (3) Remnants of these complexs are formed by the erosive power of mass transport from older turbidite deposits. The remnants with portions of older turbidite sediments can form potential stratigraphic traps for deep-water deposits. Although the MTCs themselves may not prove viable reservoirs,the accuracy of reservoir predicting in deepwater turbidite channels can be improved from the identification of MTCs. Various erosive processes and subsequent stratigraphic relationships surrounding mass transport deposits development may have provided the opportunities for stratigraphic trapping.
引文
1Moscardelli L,Wood L,Mann P.Mass-transport complexes and asso-ciated processes in the offshore area of Trinidad and Venezuela[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(7):1059-1088
2Beaubouef R T,Friedmann S J.High-resolution seismic/sequence stratigraphic framework for the evolution of Pleistocene intra slope ba-sins,western Gulf of Mexico:Depositional models and reservoir analogs[C]∥Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.eds.Deep-water Res-ervoirs of the World.Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th Annual Research Conference,2000:40-60
3Deptuck M E,Steffans G S,Barton M,et al.Architecture and evolu-tion of upper fan channel-belts on the Niger Delta slope and in the Ara-bian Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003(20):649-676
4Fonnesu F.3-D seismic images of a low-sinuosity slope channel and re-lated depositional lobe(west Africa deepoffshore)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003(20):615-629
5Posamentier H W,Kolla V.Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimenta-ry Research,2003(73):367-388
6Gervais A,Savoye B,Mulder T,et al.Sandy modern turbidite lobes:A new insight from high resolution seismic data[J].Marine and Petro-leum Geology,2005(23):485-502
7Mayalla M,Jonesb E,Casey M.Turbidite channel reservoirs-key ele-ments in facies prediction and effective development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006(23):821-841.
8李磊,王英民,黄志超,等.尼日尔三角洲深水区层序地层与地震相研究[J].沉积学报,2008,26(3):407-416[Li Lei,Wang Ying-min,Huang Zhichao,et al.Study on sequence stratigraphy and seis-mic facies in deep-water Niger Delta[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2008,26(3):407-416]
9李磊,王英民,张莲美,等.尼日尔三角洲坡脚逆冲带构造样式及构造控制[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2008,33(5):643-650[Li Lei,Wang Yingmin,Zhang Lianmei,et al.Sedimentary patterns and structural control across toe thrust belts,Niger Delta[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geoscience,2008,33(5):643-650]
10Mutti E,Normark W R.Comparing examples of modern and ancient turbidite systems:Problems and concepts[C]∥Leggett J K,Zuffa G G,eds.Marine Clastic Sedimentology:Concepts and Case Studies.London,Graham and Trotman,1987:1-38
11Mutti E,Normark W R.An integrated approach to the study of turbi-dite systems[C]∥Weimer P,Link M H,eds.Seismic Facies and Sedimentary Processes of Submarine Fans and Turbidite Systems.New York,Springer-Verlag,1991:75-106
12Bouma A H.Key controls on the characteristics of turbidite systems[C]∥Lomas S A,Joseph P,eds.Confined Turbidite Systems.Geo-logical Society(London)Special Publication222,2004:9-22
13Maslin M,Owen M,Day S,et al.Linking continental slope failures and climate change:Testing the clathrate gun hypothesis[J].Geolo-gy,2004,32(1):53-56
14Winker C D.High-resolution seismic stratigraphy of a late Pleistocene submarine fan ponded by salt-withdrawal minibasins on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope[C].28th Annual Offshore Technology Con-ference Proceedings,Offshore Technology Conference,Richardson,Texas,1996,1,OTC8024:619-662.
15Newton C,Wach G,Dalhousie U,et al.Importance of mass transport complexes in the Quaternary development of the Nile fan,Egypt[C].Annual Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2004,OTC Paper16742:10
16Weimer P.Sequence stratigraphy of the Mississippi Fan(Plio-Pleisto-cene),Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1989,9:185-272
17Weimer P,Slatt R M.Petroleum Traps in Deepwater Settings[J].In-troduction to the Petroleum Geology of Deepwater Settings AAPG Stud-ies in Geology57AAPG/Data pages Discovery Series8,2007:419-456
18Piper D J W,Pirmez C,Manley P L,et al.Mass-transport deposits of the Amazon Fan[C]∥Flood R D,Piper D J W,Klaus A,PedersonL C,eds.Leg155Amazon Fan sites930-946.Proceedings of the O-cean Drilling Program,Scientific Results,1997,155:109-146
19Brami T R,Pirmez C,Archie C,et al.Late Pleistocene deep-water stratigraphy and depositional processes,offshore Trinidad and Tobago[C]∥.Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.,eds.,Deep-water reservoirs of the world:Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th Annual Re-search Conference,2000:104-115
20Moscardelli L,Wood L J,Mann P.Debris flow distribution and con-trols on slope to basin deposition,offshore Trinidad(abs.)[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2004,13:A100
21Shanmugam G.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s1990s):Deep-water processes and facies models-A critical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:285-342
22Marr J G,Harff P A,Shanmugam G,et al.Experiments on subaque-ous sandy gravity flows:The role of clay and water content in flow dy-namics and depositional structures[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2001,113:1377-1386
23Masson D G,Niel B V,Weaver P E.Flow processes and sediment deformation in the Canary debris flow on the NW African continental rise[J].Sedimentary Geology,1997,110:163-179
24Dam G,Sonderholm M.Low stand slope channels of the Itilli succes-sion(Maastrichtian lower Paleocene),Nuussuaq,west Greenland[J].Sedimentary Geology,1994(94):49-71
25Cronin B,Owen D,Hartley A,et al.Slumps,debris flows and sandy deep-water channel systems:Implications for the application of se-quence stratigraphy to deepwater clastic sediments[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1998(155):42-432
26Martinez J F,Cartwright J,Hall B.3D seismic interpretation of slump complexes:examples from the continental margin of Israel[J].Basin Research,2005,17(1):83-108
27Knapp J H.Evidence for buried gas hydrates and their role in seafloor instability in the South Caspian Sea,Azerbaijan[J].Proceedings of the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting,2000,32(7):102
28Galloway W E.Siliciclastic slope and base-of-slope depositional sys-tems:component facies,stratigraphic architecture,and classification[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(4):569-595
29Shipp R C,Nott J A,Newlin J A.Physical characteristic sand impact of mass transport complexes on deepwater jetted conductors and suc-tion anchor piles[C].Annual Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2004,OTC Paper16751:11
2Beaubouef R T,Friedmann S J.High-resolution seismic/sequence stratigraphic framework for the evolution of Pleistocene intra slope ba-sins,western Gulf of Mexico:Depositional models and reservoir analogs[C]∥Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.eds.Deep-water Res-ervoirs of the World.Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th Annual Research Conference,2000:40-60
3Deptuck M E,Steffans G S,Barton M,et al.Architecture and evolu-tion of upper fan channel-belts on the Niger Delta slope and in the Ara-bian Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003(20):649-676
4Fonnesu F.3-D seismic images of a low-sinuosity slope channel and re-lated depositional lobe(west Africa deepoffshore)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2003(20):615-629
5Posamentier H W,Kolla V.Seismic geomorphology and stratigraphy of depositional elements in deep-water settings[J].Journal of Sedimenta-ry Research,2003(73):367-388
6Gervais A,Savoye B,Mulder T,et al.Sandy modern turbidite lobes:A new insight from high resolution seismic data[J].Marine and Petro-leum Geology,2005(23):485-502
7Mayalla M,Jonesb E,Casey M.Turbidite channel reservoirs-key ele-ments in facies prediction and effective development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006(23):821-841.
8李磊,王英民,黄志超,等.尼日尔三角洲深水区层序地层与地震相研究[J].沉积学报,2008,26(3):407-416[Li Lei,Wang Ying-min,Huang Zhichao,et al.Study on sequence stratigraphy and seis-mic facies in deep-water Niger Delta[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2008,26(3):407-416]
9李磊,王英民,张莲美,等.尼日尔三角洲坡脚逆冲带构造样式及构造控制[J].地球科学:中国地质大学学报,2008,33(5):643-650[Li Lei,Wang Yingmin,Zhang Lianmei,et al.Sedimentary patterns and structural control across toe thrust belts,Niger Delta[J].Earth Science:Journal of China University of Geoscience,2008,33(5):643-650]
10Mutti E,Normark W R.Comparing examples of modern and ancient turbidite systems:Problems and concepts[C]∥Leggett J K,Zuffa G G,eds.Marine Clastic Sedimentology:Concepts and Case Studies.London,Graham and Trotman,1987:1-38
11Mutti E,Normark W R.An integrated approach to the study of turbi-dite systems[C]∥Weimer P,Link M H,eds.Seismic Facies and Sedimentary Processes of Submarine Fans and Turbidite Systems.New York,Springer-Verlag,1991:75-106
12Bouma A H.Key controls on the characteristics of turbidite systems[C]∥Lomas S A,Joseph P,eds.Confined Turbidite Systems.Geo-logical Society(London)Special Publication222,2004:9-22
13Maslin M,Owen M,Day S,et al.Linking continental slope failures and climate change:Testing the clathrate gun hypothesis[J].Geolo-gy,2004,32(1):53-56
14Winker C D.High-resolution seismic stratigraphy of a late Pleistocene submarine fan ponded by salt-withdrawal minibasins on the Gulf of Mexico continental slope[C].28th Annual Offshore Technology Con-ference Proceedings,Offshore Technology Conference,Richardson,Texas,1996,1,OTC8024:619-662.
15Newton C,Wach G,Dalhousie U,et al.Importance of mass transport complexes in the Quaternary development of the Nile fan,Egypt[C].Annual Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2004,OTC Paper16742:10
16Weimer P.Sequence stratigraphy of the Mississippi Fan(Plio-Pleisto-cene),Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-Marine Letters,1989,9:185-272
17Weimer P,Slatt R M.Petroleum Traps in Deepwater Settings[J].In-troduction to the Petroleum Geology of Deepwater Settings AAPG Stud-ies in Geology57AAPG/Data pages Discovery Series8,2007:419-456
18Piper D J W,Pirmez C,Manley P L,et al.Mass-transport deposits of the Amazon Fan[C]∥Flood R D,Piper D J W,Klaus A,PedersonL C,eds.Leg155Amazon Fan sites930-946.Proceedings of the O-cean Drilling Program,Scientific Results,1997,155:109-146
19Brami T R,Pirmez C,Archie C,et al.Late Pleistocene deep-water stratigraphy and depositional processes,offshore Trinidad and Tobago[C]∥.Weimer P,Slatt R M,Coleman J,et al.,eds.,Deep-water reservoirs of the world:Gulf Coast Section SEPM20th Annual Re-search Conference,2000:104-115
20Moscardelli L,Wood L J,Mann P.Debris flow distribution and con-trols on slope to basin deposition,offshore Trinidad(abs.)[J].AAPG Annual Meeting Program,2004,13:A100
21Shanmugam G.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s1990s):Deep-water processes and facies models-A critical perspective[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2000,17:285-342
22Marr J G,Harff P A,Shanmugam G,et al.Experiments on subaque-ous sandy gravity flows:The role of clay and water content in flow dy-namics and depositional structures[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,2001,113:1377-1386
23Masson D G,Niel B V,Weaver P E.Flow processes and sediment deformation in the Canary debris flow on the NW African continental rise[J].Sedimentary Geology,1997,110:163-179
24Dam G,Sonderholm M.Low stand slope channels of the Itilli succes-sion(Maastrichtian lower Paleocene),Nuussuaq,west Greenland[J].Sedimentary Geology,1994(94):49-71
25Cronin B,Owen D,Hartley A,et al.Slumps,debris flows and sandy deep-water channel systems:Implications for the application of se-quence stratigraphy to deepwater clastic sediments[J].Journal of the Geological Society,1998(155):42-432
26Martinez J F,Cartwright J,Hall B.3D seismic interpretation of slump complexes:examples from the continental margin of Israel[J].Basin Research,2005,17(1):83-108
27Knapp J H.Evidence for buried gas hydrates and their role in seafloor instability in the South Caspian Sea,Azerbaijan[J].Proceedings of the Geological Society of America Annual Meeting,2000,32(7):102
28Galloway W E.Siliciclastic slope and base-of-slope depositional sys-tems:component facies,stratigraphic architecture,and classification[J].AAPG Bulletin,1998,82(4):569-595
29Shipp R C,Nott J A,Newlin J A.Physical characteristic sand impact of mass transport complexes on deepwater jetted conductors and suc-tion anchor piles[C].Annual Offshore Technology Conference,Houston,Texas,2004,OTC Paper16751:11
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