汶川地震诱发的地面塌陷成因
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摘要
针对目前由汶川地震诱发的地面塌陷研究尚少的现状,以北川县安昌镇开茂村水没河流域地面塌陷坑群为研究对象,根据所处的地质环境条件,通过现场调查、工程勘察及钻孔岩土试验,探讨了地震诱发的地面塌陷成因及机制。认为塌陷区第四系松散层上部含细颗粒的饱和粉土、粉质粘土和下部粗颗粒的饱和砂层、砂砾层等的存在是产生地面塌陷的前提,强烈的地震诱发了砂土液化是产生地面塌陷的内因,而塌陷坑的陆续出现说明了地面塌陷一般都有个时间发展过程,是一种渐进性质的破坏;且地下水动力条件的改变、真空吸蚀作用、余震作用以及强降雨加剧了潜蚀作用,最终导致地面塌陷的产生与发展。结果表明:这些塌陷坑群的出现主要是由地震砂土液化和潜蚀作用共同作用的结果。
According to the current situation of the limited research on ground collapse caused by the Wenchuan earthquake,the groups of ground collapse pit in the Shuimo River Basin are regarded as research objects in Kaimao Village,Anchang Town.The cause and mechanism of ground collapse induced by the Wenchuan earthquake are discussed by site investigation and engineering investigation,embarked on the geological environmental background in the paper.Ground collapse occurs on the premise that the upper area of Quaternary alluvium saturated with fine particles of silt,silty clay,and lower saturated coarse sand,gravel and other produce,sand liquefaction which is triggered by the strong earthquake is the internal cause of ground collapse.Furthermore,the emergence of ground collapse pits in succession shows that there is a development process of time in common when it occurs,while it is also a gradual damage.And the change of hydrodynamic conditions,vacuum erosion process,aftershocks and heavy rainfall aggravate the process of suffosion,the interaction of those process results in the emergence and development of ground collapse finally.It is indicated that those collapse pit groups are mainly caused by seismic sand liquefaction and suffosion.
According to the current situation of the limited research on ground collapse caused by the Wenchuan earthquake,the groups of ground collapse pit in the Shuimo River Basin are regarded as research objects in Kaimao Village,Anchang Town.The cause and mechanism of ground collapse induced by the Wenchuan earthquake are discussed by site investigation and engineering investigation,embarked on the geological environmental background in the paper.Ground collapse occurs on the premise that the upper area of Quaternary alluvium saturated with fine particles of silt,silty clay,and lower saturated coarse sand,gravel and other produce,sand liquefaction which is triggered by the strong earthquake is the internal cause of ground collapse.Furthermore,the emergence of ground collapse pits in succession shows that there is a development process of time in common when it occurs,while it is also a gradual damage.And the change of hydrodynamic conditions,vacuum erosion process,aftershocks and heavy rainfall aggravate the process of suffosion,the interaction of those process results in the emergence and development of ground collapse finally.It is indicated that those collapse pit groups are mainly caused by seismic sand liquefaction and suffosion.
引文
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[19]Wu Chaofan.Research on the causes for the earth sinking in Jian-dou Town,Anxi County[J].Industrial Minerals&Processing,2010,39(10):38-41[吴超凡.安溪县后井矿区地面塌陷形成机理与防治[J].化工矿物与加工,2010,39(10):38-41]
[2]Deng Ronggui,Zhang Zhuoyuan,Liu Hong.On the procedure fromdynamic liquefaction to seepage liquefaction of saturated sand soil[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2001,19(5):430-435[邓荣贵,张倬元,刘宏.饱和砂土动力液化到渗流液化过程探讨[J].山地学报,2001,19(5):430-435]
[3]Yuan Xiaoming,Cao Zhenzhong,Sun Rui,et al.Preliminary re-search on liquefaction characteristics of Wenchuan 8.0 earthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(6):1288-1296[袁晓铭,曹振中,孙锐,等.汶川8.0级地震液化特征初步研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(6):1288-1296]
[4]Cao Zhenzhong,Yuan Xiaoming.Shear wave velocity-based ap-proach for evaluating gravel soils liquefaction[J].Chinese Journalof Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(5):943-951[曹振中,袁晓铭.砂砾土液化的剪切波速判别方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):943-951]
[5]Yao Xin,Wen Dongguang,Dai Fuchu,et al.Discussions on possiblecauses of the formation of more than fifty ground collapse pits inAnxian County in front of Longmenshan after the 5.12 Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(5):577-583[姚鑫,文冬光,戴福初,等.“5.12”汶川地震震后龙门山山前地表塌陷成因探讨[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(5):577-583]
[6]Zhang Yongshuang,Shi Jusong,Sun Ping,et al.Coupling betweenendogenic and exogenic geological processes in the Wenchuan earth-quake and example analysis of geo-hazards[J].Journal of Geome-chanics,2009,15(2):131-141[张永双,石菊松,孙萍,等.汶川地震内外动力耦合及灾害实例[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):131-141]
[7]Cao Zhenzhong,Yuan Xiaoming,Chen Longwei,et al.Summary ofliquefaction macrop-henomena in Wenchuan Earthquake[J].Chi-nese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(4):645-650[曹振中,袁晓铭,陈龙伟,等.汶川大地震液化宏观现象概述[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(4):645-650]
[8]Du Guoyun,Xing Xiucheng.Research on the soil liquefaction in thepiedmont region of the Longmen Mountain[J].Hydrogeology&En-gine-ering Geology,2010,37(1):108-112[杜国云,邢秀臣.龙门山山前砂土液化初步研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2010,37(1):108-112]
[9]Xu Gongzhan,Zhou Lai,Feng Qiyan.Karst collapse mechanism ofZaozhuang area[J].Journal of Geological Hazards and EnvironmentPreservation[J].2005,16(1):41-44[许公瞻,周来,冯启言.枣庄岩溶地面塌陷机理研究[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2005,16(1):41-44]
[10]Leng Wei,Sun Qiang.Analysis on mechanism of collapse andground fissure caused by structure instability under seismic action[J].Journal of Catastrophology,2007,22(1):23-26[冷崴,孙强.地震作用下结构失稳诱发的塌陷和地裂缝机理分析[J].灾害学,2007,22(1):23-26]
[11]Zhang Zhuoyuan,Wang Shitian,Wang Lansheng.Analysis princi-ple of engineering geology[M].Beijing:The Geological PublishingHouse,1994[张倬元,王士天,王兰生.工程地质分析原理[M].北京:地质出版社,1994]
[12]Wang Genxu,Cheng Genwei.Some thoughts on hydrology and wa-ter environment problems in reconstruction in earthquake-hit areas[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(4):385-389[王根绪,程根伟.地震灾区重建中有关水文与水环境问题的若干思考[J].山地学报,2008,26(4):385-389]
[13]Lee M,Liu T K,Ma K F,Chang Y M.Coseismic hydrological chan-ges associated with dislocation of the September 21,1999 Chichiearthquake,Taiwan[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29:1824-1835
[14]Wang Chiyuen,Wang Chungho,Michael Manga.Coseismic releaseof water from mountains:Evidence from the 1999(Mw=7.5)Chi-Chi earthquake,Taiwan[J].Geology,2004,32(9):769-772
[15]Wu Chaofan.Discussion on formation condition and collapsible ar-ea classification of karst collapsing in Hushang Village of AnxiCounty[J].Coal Science and Technology,2004,32(11):70-73[吴超凡.安溪湖上乡岩溶塌陷形成条件及易发区划分探讨[J].煤炭科学技术,2004,32(11):70-73]
[16]Wu Chaofan,Gao Zhongjun,Dai Dingxian.On hazard prediction ofearth sinking in Jiandou area of Anxi County[J].Mining Researchand Development,2009,29(6):88-91[吴超凡,戴定祥,高宗军.安溪县剑斗地区地面塌陷探讨[J].矿业研究与开发,2009,29(6):88-91]
[17]Wu Chaofan,Gao Zongjun,Dai Dingxiang.On hazard prediction ofearth sinking in Jiandou area of Anxi County[J].Journal of AnhuiUniversity of Science and Technology,2010,30(1):9-12[吴超凡,高宗军,戴定祥.安溪县剑斗地区岩溶地面塌陷危险性预测[J].安徽理工大学学报,2010,30(1):9-12]
[18]Wu Chanfan,Yang Weimin,Wu Wenjin.The hazard analysis onthe earth sinking in the mined-out area of Beijing ChengmenzhenTown[J].Mining Safety&Environmental Protection,2009,36(5):81-83[吴超凡,杨为民,吴文金.北京门城镇煤炭采空区地面塌陷危险性分析[J].矿业安全与环保,2009,36(5):81-83]
[19]Wu Chaofan.Research on the causes for the earth sinking in Jian-dou Town,Anxi County[J].Industrial Minerals&Processing,2010,39(10):38-41[吴超凡.安溪县后井矿区地面塌陷形成机理与防治[J].化工矿物与加工,2010,39(10):38-41]
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