堰塞湖坝体稳定性研究现状及展望
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摘要
2008年5月12日汶川发生里氏8.0级大地震,在灾区形成了30多个堰塞湖,严重威胁了下游人民群众的生命财产安全,引起了世人对堰塞湖坝体稳定的高度关注。本文在前人研究的基础上,从地形地貌、诱发原因、寿命三个方面总结了堰塞湖坝体形成及存在的机理。重点分析总结了目前堰塞湖坝体稳定性的研究进展,指出影响坝体稳定性的内因为堰塞坝的形态与规模、物质组成与结构,外因为堰塞湖湖水体积;总结了前人关于影响坝体稳定性的关键因素以及室内模型试验的研究成果。最后分析了目前研究存在的问题,展望了未来的研究方向。
At 14: 28,on 12May 2008,the earthquake with Richter scale 8.0 occurred at Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province.More than 30 landslide dam lakes had been formed,which made a great threat on people's life and property and drew a great attention from people over the world.On the base of previous investigations,the paper summarizes the mechanism of forming and existence of the landslide dams in terms of topography and geomorphology,induced factors and lifetime.The focus is on the research progress of the stability of landslide dams.It is pointed out that the internal causes of the stability of landslide dams are their morphology and scale,material composition and structure.The external cause is the volume of barrier landslide dam lake.Then the paper summarizes the previous results of key causes of the stability of landslide dams and of indoor model test.Finally,the existing problems and future research direction of landslide dams are pointed out.
At 14: 28,on 12May 2008,the earthquake with Richter scale 8.0 occurred at Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province.More than 30 landslide dam lakes had been formed,which made a great threat on people's life and property and drew a great attention from people over the world.On the base of previous investigations,the paper summarizes the mechanism of forming and existence of the landslide dams in terms of topography and geomorphology,induced factors and lifetime.The focus is on the research progress of the stability of landslide dams.It is pointed out that the internal causes of the stability of landslide dams are their morphology and scale,material composition and structure.The external cause is the volume of barrier landslide dam lake.Then the paper summarizes the previous results of key causes of the stability of landslide dams and of indoor model test.Finally,the existing problems and future research direction of landslide dams are pointed out.
引文
[1]Costa,J.E.,Schuster,R.L.The formation and failure of naturaldams[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1988,100:1054～1068.
[2]聂高众,高建国,邓砚.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(3):293～301.Nie Gaozhong,Gao Jianguo,Deng Yan.Preliminary study on earth-quake-induced dammed lake.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(3):293～301.
[3]Costa,J.E.,Schuster,R.L.Documented historical landslide damsfrom around the world.Open-file report(United States GeologicalSurvey),1991,91～239.
[4]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433～444.Yin Yueping.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wen-chuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433～444.
[5]匡尚富.斜面崩塌引起的天然坝形成机理和形状预测[J].泥沙研究.1994,4:50～58.Kuang Shangfu.Formation mechanism and shape prediction of nat-ural damdue to slope failure.Journal of Sediment Research,1994,4:50～58.
[6]Swanson,F.J.,Oyagi,N.and Tominaga,M.Landslide dam in Ja-pan.American Society of Civil Engineers Geotechnical SpecialPublication,1986,3:131～145.
[7]Cotecchia,V.Systematic reconnaissance mapping and registrationof slope movements[J].International Association of EngineeringGeology Bulletin.1978,17:5～37.
[8]Adams,J.Earthquake-dammed lakes in New Zealand[J].Geolo-gy,1981,9:215～219.
[9]徐方军,韩丽宇.部分国家和地区地震诱发堰塞湖及其抢险概况.水力发展研究.2008,6:7～9.Xu Fangjun,Han Liyu.Earthquake-induced barrier lake and Res-cue Overviewin Some countries and Regions.Water Resources De-velopment Research,2008,6:7～9.
[10]柴贺军,刘汉超,张倬元等.天然土石坝稳定性初步研究[J].地质科技情报,2001,20(1):77～81.Chai Hejun,Liu Hanchao,Zhang Zhuoyuan,et al.Preliminarilystability analysis of natural rock field dam resulting from damminglandslide.Geological Science and Technology Information,2001,20(1):77～81.
[11]Ermini,L.,Casagli,N.Prediction of the behavior of landslidedams using a geomorphological dimensionless index[J].EarthSurface Processes and Landforms,2003,28:31～47.
[12]Korup,O.,Strom,A.L.and Weidinger,J.T.Fluvial response tolarge rock-slope failures—examples from the Himalayas,the TienShan,and the Southern Alps in New Zealand[J].Geomorpholo-gy,2006,78:3～21.
[13]Korup,O.,Tweed,F.Ice,moraine,and landslide dams in moun-tainous terrain[J].Quaternary Science Review,2007,26:3406～3422.
[14]Casagli,N.,Ermini,L.Geomorphic analysis of landslide dams inthe Northern Apennine[J].Japanese Geomorphological Union,1999,20(3):219～249.
[15]Casagli,N.,Ermini,L.and Rosati G.Determining grain size dis-tribution of the material composing landslide dams in the NorthernApennine:sampling and processing methods[J].EngineeringGeology,2003,69:83～97.
[16]柴贺军,董云,李绍轩,等.大型天然土石坝的溃决方式及环境效应分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2005,16(2):172～176.Chai Hejun,Dong Yun,Li Shaoxuan,et al.Analysis of naturalrock field dam break mode and environmental affections.Journalof Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2005,16(2):172～176.
[17]段启忠,姜明月.岷江叠溪大海子地震堰塞坝稳定性分析[J].四川水力发电,2004,23(1):93～96.Duan Qizhong,Jiang Mingyue.Stability analysis of the landslidedam in Dahaizi earthquake,Minjiang-diexi area.Sichuan WaterPower,2004,23(1):93～96.
[18]黄河,郑家祥,施裕兵,等.唐家山堰塞湖形成机制及应急处理工程措施研究[J].中国水利,2008,16:12～16.Huang He,Zhang Jiaxiang,Shi Yubing,et al.Research on the for-mation mechanism and emergency handling engineering measuresof the Tangjiashan barrier lake.China Water Resources,2008,16:12～16.
[19]Costa,G.B.,Chen,H.,Lee,C.F.Reply of the 1987 Val PolaLandslide,Italian Alps[J].Geomorphology,2004,60:127～146.
[20]Korup,O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand land-slide dams[J].Engineering Geology 2004,73:13～35.
[21]Schuster R L.Landslide dams-a worldwide phenomenon[J].Journal of the Japanese Landslide Society.1995,31(4)38～49.
[22]Fread,D.L.BREACH——An erosion model for earthern damfailures[J].Silver Spring,Maryland,National Weather Service,1985,29.
[23]童煜翔.山崩引致之堰塞湖天然坝体稳定性之量化分析[D].台湾中央大学应用地质研究所,硕士论文,2008.Tong Yuxiang.Quantitative Analysis for Stability of LandslideDam.National Central University Graduate Institute of AppliedGeology[D],2008
[24]Walder,J.S.,O Connor,J.E.Methods for predicting peakdischarge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructedearthern dams.Water Resources Research,1997,33:2237～2248.
[25]Korup,O.Recent research on landslide dams-a literature reviewwith special attention to NewZealand.Progress in Physical Geog-raphy[J].2006,26(2):206～235.
[26]Cruden,D.M.,Keengan,T.R and Thomson,S.The landslide damon the Saddle River neer Rycroft,Alberta[J].Canadian Geotech-nical Journal,1993,30:1003～1015.
[27]Bromhead,E.N.,Coppola,L.and Rendell,H.M.Field reconnais-sance of valley blocking landslide remnants:the Cordevole andPiave catchments[J].Journal of the Geological Society of China,1996,39:373～389.
[28]王子忠,杨绍平.小南海水库地震堰塞坝渗漏特征研究[J].四川地质学报,2003,23(1):26～30.Wang Zizhong,Yang Shaoping.On Characteristics of Seepagefrom the Earthquake-induced Barrier Bar of the Xiaonanhai reser-voir.Acta Geologica Sichuan,2003,23(1):26～30.
[29]崔银祥,聂德新,刘惠军.黄河上游某滑坡坝渗透稳定性评价[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(1):29～32.Cui Yinxiang,Nie Dexin,Liu Huijun.Seepage stability assessmentof a landslide dam located in the upper-reach of Yellow River.The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(1):29～32.
[30]Davies,T.R.,Manville,V.,Kunz,M.,Donadini,L.Moding land-slide dambreak flood magnitudes:case study[J].Journal of Hy-draulic Engineering,2007,7:713～720.
[31]Wishart,J.S.Overtopping breaching of rock balance dam.A the-sis of Master of Engineering in University of Canterbury,2007.
[2]聂高众,高建国,邓砚.地震诱发的堰塞湖初步研究[J].第四纪研究,2004,24(3):293～301.Nie Gaozhong,Gao Jianguo,Deng Yan.Preliminary study on earth-quake-induced dammed lake.Quaternary Sciences,2004,24(3):293～301.
[3]Costa,J.E.,Schuster,R.L.Documented historical landslide damsfrom around the world.Open-file report(United States GeologicalSurvey),1991,91～239.
[4]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433～444.Yin Yueping.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered by Wen-chuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433～444.
[5]匡尚富.斜面崩塌引起的天然坝形成机理和形状预测[J].泥沙研究.1994,4:50～58.Kuang Shangfu.Formation mechanism and shape prediction of nat-ural damdue to slope failure.Journal of Sediment Research,1994,4:50～58.
[6]Swanson,F.J.,Oyagi,N.and Tominaga,M.Landslide dam in Ja-pan.American Society of Civil Engineers Geotechnical SpecialPublication,1986,3:131～145.
[7]Cotecchia,V.Systematic reconnaissance mapping and registrationof slope movements[J].International Association of EngineeringGeology Bulletin.1978,17:5～37.
[8]Adams,J.Earthquake-dammed lakes in New Zealand[J].Geolo-gy,1981,9:215～219.
[9]徐方军,韩丽宇.部分国家和地区地震诱发堰塞湖及其抢险概况.水力发展研究.2008,6:7～9.Xu Fangjun,Han Liyu.Earthquake-induced barrier lake and Res-cue Overviewin Some countries and Regions.Water Resources De-velopment Research,2008,6:7～9.
[10]柴贺军,刘汉超,张倬元等.天然土石坝稳定性初步研究[J].地质科技情报,2001,20(1):77～81.Chai Hejun,Liu Hanchao,Zhang Zhuoyuan,et al.Preliminarilystability analysis of natural rock field dam resulting from damminglandslide.Geological Science and Technology Information,2001,20(1):77～81.
[11]Ermini,L.,Casagli,N.Prediction of the behavior of landslidedams using a geomorphological dimensionless index[J].EarthSurface Processes and Landforms,2003,28:31～47.
[12]Korup,O.,Strom,A.L.and Weidinger,J.T.Fluvial response tolarge rock-slope failures—examples from the Himalayas,the TienShan,and the Southern Alps in New Zealand[J].Geomorpholo-gy,2006,78:3～21.
[13]Korup,O.,Tweed,F.Ice,moraine,and landslide dams in moun-tainous terrain[J].Quaternary Science Review,2007,26:3406～3422.
[14]Casagli,N.,Ermini,L.Geomorphic analysis of landslide dams inthe Northern Apennine[J].Japanese Geomorphological Union,1999,20(3):219～249.
[15]Casagli,N.,Ermini,L.and Rosati G.Determining grain size dis-tribution of the material composing landslide dams in the NorthernApennine:sampling and processing methods[J].EngineeringGeology,2003,69:83～97.
[16]柴贺军,董云,李绍轩,等.大型天然土石坝的溃决方式及环境效应分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,2005,16(2):172～176.Chai Hejun,Dong Yun,Li Shaoxuan,et al.Analysis of naturalrock field dam break mode and environmental affections.Journalof Geological Hazards and Environment Preservation,2005,16(2):172～176.
[17]段启忠,姜明月.岷江叠溪大海子地震堰塞坝稳定性分析[J].四川水力发电,2004,23(1):93～96.Duan Qizhong,Jiang Mingyue.Stability analysis of the landslidedam in Dahaizi earthquake,Minjiang-diexi area.Sichuan WaterPower,2004,23(1):93～96.
[18]黄河,郑家祥,施裕兵,等.唐家山堰塞湖形成机制及应急处理工程措施研究[J].中国水利,2008,16:12～16.Huang He,Zhang Jiaxiang,Shi Yubing,et al.Research on the for-mation mechanism and emergency handling engineering measuresof the Tangjiashan barrier lake.China Water Resources,2008,16:12～16.
[19]Costa,G.B.,Chen,H.,Lee,C.F.Reply of the 1987 Val PolaLandslide,Italian Alps[J].Geomorphology,2004,60:127～146.
[20]Korup,O.Geomorphometric characteristics of New Zealand land-slide dams[J].Engineering Geology 2004,73:13～35.
[21]Schuster R L.Landslide dams-a worldwide phenomenon[J].Journal of the Japanese Landslide Society.1995,31(4)38～49.
[22]Fread,D.L.BREACH——An erosion model for earthern damfailures[J].Silver Spring,Maryland,National Weather Service,1985,29.
[23]童煜翔.山崩引致之堰塞湖天然坝体稳定性之量化分析[D].台湾中央大学应用地质研究所,硕士论文,2008.Tong Yuxiang.Quantitative Analysis for Stability of LandslideDam.National Central University Graduate Institute of AppliedGeology[D],2008
[24]Walder,J.S.,O Connor,J.E.Methods for predicting peakdischarge of floods caused by failure of natural and constructedearthern dams.Water Resources Research,1997,33:2237～2248.
[25]Korup,O.Recent research on landslide dams-a literature reviewwith special attention to NewZealand.Progress in Physical Geog-raphy[J].2006,26(2):206～235.
[26]Cruden,D.M.,Keengan,T.R and Thomson,S.The landslide damon the Saddle River neer Rycroft,Alberta[J].Canadian Geotech-nical Journal,1993,30:1003～1015.
[27]Bromhead,E.N.,Coppola,L.and Rendell,H.M.Field reconnais-sance of valley blocking landslide remnants:the Cordevole andPiave catchments[J].Journal of the Geological Society of China,1996,39:373～389.
[28]王子忠,杨绍平.小南海水库地震堰塞坝渗漏特征研究[J].四川地质学报,2003,23(1):26～30.Wang Zizhong,Yang Shaoping.On Characteristics of Seepagefrom the Earthquake-induced Barrier Bar of the Xiaonanhai reser-voir.Acta Geologica Sichuan,2003,23(1):26～30.
[29]崔银祥,聂德新,刘惠军.黄河上游某滑坡坝渗透稳定性评价[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2005,16(1):29～32.Cui Yinxiang,Nie Dexin,Liu Huijun.Seepage stability assessmentof a landslide dam located in the upper-reach of Yellow River.The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control,2005,16(1):29～32.
[30]Davies,T.R.,Manville,V.,Kunz,M.,Donadini,L.Moding land-slide dambreak flood magnitudes:case study[J].Journal of Hy-draulic Engineering,2007,7:713～720.
[31]Wishart,J.S.Overtopping breaching of rock balance dam.A the-sis of Master of Engineering in University of Canterbury,2007.
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