阿尔金断裂新生代构造活动的两阶段性——来自地震属性分析的证据
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摘要
自新生代以来,柴达木盆地西北缘各构造单元受青藏高原持续挤压和阿尔金断裂走滑的影响,构造变形复杂,发育有多种不同性质,不同规模的断裂。地震属性技术是三维(3D)地震资料解释和构造分析的可靠依据,有助于客观、准确的揭示断裂的空间分布情况,是复杂地区地质解释的重要工具。本文利用地震属性技术,对位于阿尔金断裂南侧柴达木盆地西部的小梁山背斜深、浅层进行详细的断裂解译,发现该地区深部发育早期EW向逆冲断层;晚期由于阿尔金断裂大规模走滑的作用,形成由深部引发的NW向"楔形"逆冲断层,深部NW向断层的活动引发浅层的滑脱褶皱。综合分析认为阿尔金断裂新生代的活动分为早期隆升形成EW向斜向逆冲断层,晚期走滑运动发育控制现今背斜形态的NW向断层,具有两阶段活动的特点。
The structure units of northwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin had experienced complex structural deformation with the Tibetan Plateau continuous extrusion and Altyn Tagh strike-slip since Cenozoic,faults widely developed. It is difficult to clarify the spatial distribution of variety faults in the original three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. Seismic attributes analysis provides a method to get an accurate and unbiased view of fault features,especially in the geological interpretation process of complex region. This paper analyzes the faults of different depth in Xiaoliangshan anticline in the western part of the Qaidam Basin,located in south side of the Altyn Tagh Fault,found early EW-trending thrust faults in the deep,and with the Altyn Tagh Fault strike-slip in the late,forming NW-trending wedge-shaped thrust fault from deep to shallow,the activity of deep NW-trending fault triggered shallow detachment fault. Through comprehensive analysis,we can infer that the Altyn Tagh early uplift led to the formation of the EW-trending oblique thrust fault,and the Altyn Tagh Fault strike-slip movement in the late formed the NW-trending thrust fault in the limbs of Xiaoliangshan anticline since Cenozoic. The activity of faults had two stages.
The structure units of northwestern margin of the Qaidam Basin had experienced complex structural deformation with the Tibetan Plateau continuous extrusion and Altyn Tagh strike-slip since Cenozoic,faults widely developed. It is difficult to clarify the spatial distribution of variety faults in the original three-dimensional (3D) seismic data. Seismic attributes analysis provides a method to get an accurate and unbiased view of fault features,especially in the geological interpretation process of complex region. This paper analyzes the faults of different depth in Xiaoliangshan anticline in the western part of the Qaidam Basin,located in south side of the Altyn Tagh Fault,found early EW-trending thrust faults in the deep,and with the Altyn Tagh Fault strike-slip in the late,forming NW-trending wedge-shaped thrust fault from deep to shallow,the activity of deep NW-trending fault triggered shallow detachment fault. Through comprehensive analysis,we can infer that the Altyn Tagh early uplift led to the formation of the EW-trending oblique thrust fault,and the Altyn Tagh Fault strike-slip movement in the late formed the NW-trending thrust fault in the limbs of Xiaoliangshan anticline since Cenozoic. The activity of faults had two stages.
引文
Bahorich MS and Farmer SL.1995.3-D seismic discontinuity for faultsand stratigraphic features:The coherence cube.The Leading Edge,14(10):1053-1058
Chopra S.2002.Coherence cube and beyond.First Break,20(1):27-33
Chopra S.2007.Seismic attributes for fault/fracture characterization.In:CSPG CSEG Convention.Society of Exploration Geophysicists,243-247
Fang XM,Zhang WL,Meng QQ,Gao JP,Wang XM,King J,Song CH,Dai S and Miao YF.2007.High-resolution magnetostratigraphy ofthe Neogene Huaitoutala section in the eastern Qaidam Basin on theNE Tibetan Plateau,Qinghai Province,China and its implication ontectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,258(1-2):293-306
Ge XH,Liu YJ,Ren SM,Ye HW,Liu JL and Pan HX.2001.Re-understanding on some academic problems of the Altun Fault.Chinese Journal of Geology,36(3):319-325(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Greenberg S,Aladjem M and Kogan D.2002.Fingerprint imageenhancement using filtering techniques.Real-Time Imaging,8(3):227-236
Hastings R.2007.Ridge enhancement in fingerprint images usingoriented diffusion.In:Proceedings of the9thBiennial Conference ofthe Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital ImageComputing Techniques and Applications.Glenelg,Australia:IEEE,245-252
Liu JL,Pan HX,Ren SM,Ge XH and Ye HW.2003.Flower-structuresformed in two levels along the Altun Fault.Chinese Journal ofGeology,38(1):52-59(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu YJ,Franz N,Ge XH,Johann G,Yuan SH,Li WM and Gong QL.2007.Geochronology of the Altun Fault zone and rising of the AltunMountains.Chinese Journal of Geology,42(1):134-146(inChinese with English abstract)
Marfurt KJ,Kirlin RL,Farmer SL and Bahorich MS.1998.3D seismicattributes using a semblance based coherency algorithm.Geophysics,63(4):1150-1165
Meng QR and Fang X.2008.Cenozoic tectonic development of the Qaidam Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Geological Societyof America Special Papers,444:1-24
Ren SM,Ge XH and Liu YJ.2003.Progress in Altyn Fault beltsresearch.Advance in Earth Sciences,18(3):386-391(inChinese with English abstract)
Wang L.2009.The study revelation of the Altyn Tagh Fault basing on thediscovery of the unconformity in the Qaidam Basin.Ph.D.Dissertation.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University(in Chinese withEnglish summary)
Wang L,Xiao AC,Gong QL,Liu D,Shen ZY,Zhou SP,Wu L,LouQQ and Sun XW.2010.The unconformity in Miocene sequence ofwestern Qaidam Basin and its tectonic significance.Science China(Earth Sciences),53(8):1126-1133
Wu GD,Ge XH,Liu YJ,Yuan SH,Gong QL,Chen YZ and Shen Y.2006.Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural evolution in Qaidam Basin andits control on hydrocarbon occurrence.Global Geology,25(4):411-417(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu L.2011.The Cenozoic tectonic process of central segment of theAltyn Tagh Fault and its basin response.Ph.D.Dissertation.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University(in Chinese with English summary)
Wu L,Xiao AC,Wang LQ,Mao LG,Wang L,Dong YP and Xu B.2012a.EW-trending uplifts along the southern side of the centralsegment of the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China:Insight into the risingmechanism of the Altyn Mountain during the Cenozoic.ScienceChina(Earth Sciences),55(6):926-939
Wu L,Xiao AC,Yang SF,Wang LQ,Mao LG,Wang L,Dong YP andXu B.2012b.Two-stage evolution of the Altyn Tagh Fault duringthe Cenozoic:New insight from provenance analysis of a geologicalsection in NW Qaidam Basin,NW China.Terra Nova,24(5):387-395
Xu ZQ,Zeng LS,Yang JS,Li HB,Jiang M,Jin ZJ,Zheng HR and GuoQJ.2004.Role of large-scale strike-slip faults in the formation ofpetroleum-bearing compressional basin-mountain range systems.Earth Science,29(6):631-643(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Yang F,Ma ZQ,Xu TC and Ye SJ.1992.A Tertiary paleomagneticstratigraphic profile in Qaidam Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,13(2):97-101(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang PJ,Mu X and Zhang JT.2010.Orientational edge preserving faultenhance.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,53(12):2992-2997(inChinese with English abstract)
Yin A,Rumelhart PE,Butler R,Cowgill E,Harrison TM,Foster DA,Ingersoll RV,Qing Z,Xian QZ,Xiao FW,Hanson A and Raza A.2002.Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northernTibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation.Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,114(10):1257-1295
Yin A,Dang YQ,ZhangM,McRivette MW,Burgess WP and Chen XH.2007.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam basin and itssurrounding regions(part2):Wedge tectonics in southern Qaidambasin and the Eastern Kunlun Range.Geological Society of AmericaSpecial Papers,433:369-390
Yin A,Dang YQ,Wang LC,Jiang WM,Zhou SP,Chen XH,GehrelsGE and McRivette MW.2008.Cenozoic tectonic evolution ofQaidam basin and its surrounding regions(Part1):The southernQilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt and northern Qaidam basin.Geological Society of America Bulletin,120(7-8):813-846
Yin CM,Ren SM and Tian LY.2011.Effect of Altyn Tagh Fault toSouthwest Qaidam Basin:Evidences from analysis of joints data.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),41(3):724-734(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang WL.2006.High-resolution Cenozoic magnetostratigraphy in theQaidam Basin and the uplift of Tibetan Plateau.Ph.D.Dissertation.Langzhou:Langzhou University(in Chinese withEnglish summary)
葛肖虹,刘永江,任收麦,叶慧文,刘俊来,潘宏勋.2001.对阿尔金断裂科学问题的再认识.地质科学,36(3):319-325
刘俊来,潘宏勋,任收麦,葛肖虹,叶惠文.2003.阿尔金断裂双层花状构造的厘定.地质科学,38(1):52-59
刘永江,Franz N,葛肖虹,Johann G,袁四化,李伟民,巩庆林,陈元忠.2007.阿尔金断裂带年代学和阿尔金山隆升.地质科学,42(1):134-146
任收麦,葛肖虹,刘永江.2003.阿尔金断裂带研究进展.地球科学进展,18(3):386-391
王亮.2009.柴达木盆地新生代不整合的发现对阿尔金断裂研究的启示.博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学
王亮,肖安成,巩庆霖,刘东,沈中延,周苏平,吴磊,楼谦谦,孙晓文.2010.柴达木盆地西部中新统内部的角度不整合及其大地构造意义.中国科学(地球科学),40(11):1582-1590
吴光大,葛肖虹,刘永江,袁四化,巩庆林,陈言忠,沈亚.2006.柴达木盆地中、新生代构造演化及其对油气的控制.世界地质,25(4):411-417
吴磊.2011.阿尔金断裂中段新生代活动过程及盆地响应.博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学
许志琴,曾令森,杨经绥,李海兵,姜枚,金之钧,郑和荣,郭齐军.2004.走滑断裂、“挤压性盆-山构造”与油气资源关系的探讨.地球科学,29(6):631-643
杨藩,马志强,许同春,叶素娟.1992.柴达木盆地第三纪磁性地层柱.石油学报,13(2):97-101
杨培杰,穆星,张景涛.2010.方向性边界保持断层增强技术.地球物理学报,53(12):2992-2997
尹成明,任收麦,田丽艳.2011.阿尔金断裂对柴达木盆地西南地区的影响———来自构造节理分析的证据.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),41(3):724-734
张伟林.2006.柴达木盆地新生代高精度磁性地层与青藏高原隆升.博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学
Chopra S.2002.Coherence cube and beyond.First Break,20(1):27-33
Chopra S.2007.Seismic attributes for fault/fracture characterization.In:CSPG CSEG Convention.Society of Exploration Geophysicists,243-247
Fang XM,Zhang WL,Meng QQ,Gao JP,Wang XM,King J,Song CH,Dai S and Miao YF.2007.High-resolution magnetostratigraphy ofthe Neogene Huaitoutala section in the eastern Qaidam Basin on theNE Tibetan Plateau,Qinghai Province,China and its implication ontectonic uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau.Earth and PlanetaryScience Letters,258(1-2):293-306
Ge XH,Liu YJ,Ren SM,Ye HW,Liu JL and Pan HX.2001.Re-understanding on some academic problems of the Altun Fault.Chinese Journal of Geology,36(3):319-325(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Greenberg S,Aladjem M and Kogan D.2002.Fingerprint imageenhancement using filtering techniques.Real-Time Imaging,8(3):227-236
Hastings R.2007.Ridge enhancement in fingerprint images usingoriented diffusion.In:Proceedings of the9thBiennial Conference ofthe Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital ImageComputing Techniques and Applications.Glenelg,Australia:IEEE,245-252
Liu JL,Pan HX,Ren SM,Ge XH and Ye HW.2003.Flower-structuresformed in two levels along the Altun Fault.Chinese Journal ofGeology,38(1):52-59(in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu YJ,Franz N,Ge XH,Johann G,Yuan SH,Li WM and Gong QL.2007.Geochronology of the Altun Fault zone and rising of the AltunMountains.Chinese Journal of Geology,42(1):134-146(inChinese with English abstract)
Marfurt KJ,Kirlin RL,Farmer SL and Bahorich MS.1998.3D seismicattributes using a semblance based coherency algorithm.Geophysics,63(4):1150-1165
Meng QR and Fang X.2008.Cenozoic tectonic development of the Qaidam Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.Geological Societyof America Special Papers,444:1-24
Ren SM,Ge XH and Liu YJ.2003.Progress in Altyn Fault beltsresearch.Advance in Earth Sciences,18(3):386-391(inChinese with English abstract)
Wang L.2009.The study revelation of the Altyn Tagh Fault basing on thediscovery of the unconformity in the Qaidam Basin.Ph.D.Dissertation.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University(in Chinese withEnglish summary)
Wang L,Xiao AC,Gong QL,Liu D,Shen ZY,Zhou SP,Wu L,LouQQ and Sun XW.2010.The unconformity in Miocene sequence ofwestern Qaidam Basin and its tectonic significance.Science China(Earth Sciences),53(8):1126-1133
Wu GD,Ge XH,Liu YJ,Yuan SH,Gong QL,Chen YZ and Shen Y.2006.Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural evolution in Qaidam Basin andits control on hydrocarbon occurrence.Global Geology,25(4):411-417(in Chinese with English abstract)
Wu L.2011.The Cenozoic tectonic process of central segment of theAltyn Tagh Fault and its basin response.Ph.D.Dissertation.Hangzhou:Zhejiang University(in Chinese with English summary)
Wu L,Xiao AC,Wang LQ,Mao LG,Wang L,Dong YP and Xu B.2012a.EW-trending uplifts along the southern side of the centralsegment of the Altyn Tagh Fault,NW China:Insight into the risingmechanism of the Altyn Mountain during the Cenozoic.ScienceChina(Earth Sciences),55(6):926-939
Wu L,Xiao AC,Yang SF,Wang LQ,Mao LG,Wang L,Dong YP andXu B.2012b.Two-stage evolution of the Altyn Tagh Fault duringthe Cenozoic:New insight from provenance analysis of a geologicalsection in NW Qaidam Basin,NW China.Terra Nova,24(5):387-395
Xu ZQ,Zeng LS,Yang JS,Li HB,Jiang M,Jin ZJ,Zheng HR and GuoQJ.2004.Role of large-scale strike-slip faults in the formation ofpetroleum-bearing compressional basin-mountain range systems.Earth Science,29(6):631-643(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Yang F,Ma ZQ,Xu TC and Ye SJ.1992.A Tertiary paleomagneticstratigraphic profile in Qaidam Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,13(2):97-101(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yang PJ,Mu X and Zhang JT.2010.Orientational edge preserving faultenhance.Chinese Journal of Geophysics,53(12):2992-2997(inChinese with English abstract)
Yin A,Rumelhart PE,Butler R,Cowgill E,Harrison TM,Foster DA,Ingersoll RV,Qing Z,Xian QZ,Xiao FW,Hanson A and Raza A.2002.Tectonic history of the Altyn Tagh fault system in northernTibet inferred from Cenozoic sedimentation.Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin,114(10):1257-1295
Yin A,Dang YQ,ZhangM,McRivette MW,Burgess WP and Chen XH.2007.Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Qaidam basin and itssurrounding regions(part2):Wedge tectonics in southern Qaidambasin and the Eastern Kunlun Range.Geological Society of AmericaSpecial Papers,433:369-390
Yin A,Dang YQ,Wang LC,Jiang WM,Zhou SP,Chen XH,GehrelsGE and McRivette MW.2008.Cenozoic tectonic evolution ofQaidam basin and its surrounding regions(Part1):The southernQilian Shan-Nan Shan thrust belt and northern Qaidam basin.Geological Society of America Bulletin,120(7-8):813-846
Yin CM,Ren SM and Tian LY.2011.Effect of Altyn Tagh Fault toSouthwest Qaidam Basin:Evidences from analysis of joints data.Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),41(3):724-734(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang WL.2006.High-resolution Cenozoic magnetostratigraphy in theQaidam Basin and the uplift of Tibetan Plateau.Ph.D.Dissertation.Langzhou:Langzhou University(in Chinese withEnglish summary)
葛肖虹,刘永江,任收麦,叶慧文,刘俊来,潘宏勋.2001.对阿尔金断裂科学问题的再认识.地质科学,36(3):319-325
刘俊来,潘宏勋,任收麦,葛肖虹,叶惠文.2003.阿尔金断裂双层花状构造的厘定.地质科学,38(1):52-59
刘永江,Franz N,葛肖虹,Johann G,袁四化,李伟民,巩庆林,陈元忠.2007.阿尔金断裂带年代学和阿尔金山隆升.地质科学,42(1):134-146
任收麦,葛肖虹,刘永江.2003.阿尔金断裂带研究进展.地球科学进展,18(3):386-391
王亮.2009.柴达木盆地新生代不整合的发现对阿尔金断裂研究的启示.博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学
王亮,肖安成,巩庆霖,刘东,沈中延,周苏平,吴磊,楼谦谦,孙晓文.2010.柴达木盆地西部中新统内部的角度不整合及其大地构造意义.中国科学(地球科学),40(11):1582-1590
吴光大,葛肖虹,刘永江,袁四化,巩庆林,陈言忠,沈亚.2006.柴达木盆地中、新生代构造演化及其对油气的控制.世界地质,25(4):411-417
吴磊.2011.阿尔金断裂中段新生代活动过程及盆地响应.博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学
许志琴,曾令森,杨经绥,李海兵,姜枚,金之钧,郑和荣,郭齐军.2004.走滑断裂、“挤压性盆-山构造”与油气资源关系的探讨.地球科学,29(6):631-643
杨藩,马志强,许同春,叶素娟.1992.柴达木盆地第三纪磁性地层柱.石油学报,13(2):97-101
杨培杰,穆星,张景涛.2010.方向性边界保持断层增强技术.地球物理学报,53(12):2992-2997
尹成明,任收麦,田丽艳.2011.阿尔金断裂对柴达木盆地西南地区的影响———来自构造节理分析的证据.吉林大学学报(地球科学版),41(3):724-734
张伟林.2006.柴达木盆地新生代高精度磁性地层与青藏高原隆升.博士学位论文.兰州:兰州大学
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