从华北克拉通中、西部结构的区域差异性探讨克拉通破坏
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摘要
详细的深部结构信息是深入认识华北克拉通显生宙改造和破坏的重要依据。基于密集流动地震台阵和固定台网记录的远震P波和S波接收函数资料,获得了跨越华北克拉通东、中、西部的3条剖面的岩石圈和上地幔结构图像,揭示了克拉通不同区域深部结构特征的显著差异。与东部普遍减薄的岩石圈(60～100km)相比,中、西部表现出厚、薄岩石圈共存的强烈横向非均匀性,既在稳定的鄂尔多斯盆地之下保留着厚达200km的岩石圈,又在新生代银川—河套和陕西—山西裂陷区存在厚度<100km的薄岩石圈,差异最大的厚、薄岩石圈仅相距约200km。岩石圈厚度在东、中部边界附近的约100km横向范围内显示出20～40km的迅速增加。岩石圈厚度的快速变化与地表地形从东向西的突然改变以及南北重力梯度带的位置大致吻合,并对应于地壳结构、地幔转换带厚度和660km间断面结构的快速变化。这种从地表到上地幔底部深、浅结构的耦合变化特征表明,东西两侧区域在显生宙可能经历了不同的岩石圈构造演化和深部地幔动力学过程。克拉通东部薄的地壳、岩石圈和厚的地幔转换带以及复杂的660km间断面结构可能与中生代以来太平洋板块深俯冲及其相关过程对这一地区岩石圈的改造和破坏有关;而中、西部存在显著减薄的岩石圈这一观测结果,并结合岩石、地球化学资料表明,克拉通岩石圈改造和减薄不仅发生在东部,而且可能影响了包括中、西部在内的更广泛的区域。岩石圈薄于100km的中、西部裂陷区可能与先前存在于岩石圈中的局部构造薄弱带相联系。这些古老岩石圈薄弱带可能经历了后期构造事件的多次改造,并在新生代印度—欧亚陆陆碰撞过程中被进一步弱化、减薄,最终造成地表裂陷。另一方面,中、西部总体较厚的地壳、岩石圈以及正常偏薄的地幔转换带表明,同太平洋深俯冲对东部的作用相比,包括印度—欧亚大陆碰撞在内的多期热-构造事件对该地区的构造演化影响相对较弱,不足以大范围改造和破坏高强度的克拉通岩石圈地幔根,从而造成了该地区现今岩石圈结构的高度横向不均匀。
A better understanding of the Phanerozoic tectonic reactivation and destruction of the North China Craton (NCC) demands a detailed knowledge of the deep structural features of the region. We have migrated teleseismic P-and S-receiver functions from dense seismic array data to construct the structure images of the lithosphere and the upper mantle along three profiles that traverse the three constituent parts of the NCC. Our images reveal substantial structural differences among different parts of the craton. In contrast to the Eastern NCC where significantly thinned lithosphere (60-100 km) is widespread,the Central and Western NCC are characterized by the coexistence of both preserved thick and dramatically thinned lithosphere. The thick lithosphere (>200 km) is present beneath the stable Ordos Basin and the thinned lithosphere (up to 80 km) is found in the Late Cenozoic Yinchuan-Hetao and Shaanxi-Shanxi rift areas,with the sharpest change occurring over a lateral distance of ~200 km. Near the boundary between the Eastern and Central NCC,a rapid thickening of the lithosphere by 20-40 km over ~100 km laterally is observed,concordant with abrupt changes in surface topography and roughly coincident with the North-South Gravity Lineament. It also corresponds to sharp changes in crustal structure,mantle transition zone thickness and structure of the 660 km discontinuity. Such a shallow-deep structural concordance throughout the whole upper mantle may be indicative of different Phanerozoic lithospheric tectonics and mantle processes in the two domains. The much thinned crust and lithosphere,thick mantle transition zone and complex structure of the 660 km discontinuity in the Eastern NCC may reflect the strong influence that the deep subduction of the Pacific slab and associated processes have had on mantle dynamics and lithospheric reactivation of the region since the Mesozoic time. The presence of thinned lithosphere in the Central and Western NCC together with petrological and geochemical data suggest that lithospheric remobilization and thinning may have affected the NCC much further to the west than previously thought. The rift areas in the region,which are underlain by significantly thinned lithosphere,appear to be related to ancient mechanically weak zones. These pre-existing lithospheric structures may have been repeatedly reactivated by successive tectonic events during the long-term evolution of the NCC,and particularly have been weakened and thinned by the Cenozoic India-Eurasia collision which eventually caused rifting in these areas. On the other hand,the generally relatively thick crust and lithosphere and normal-to-thin mantle transition zone beneath the Central and Western NCC suggest that multiple tectonic events,including the India-Eurasia collision,may have had a relatively weak effect on the tectonic evolution of this region compared to that of the Pacific subduction on the Eastern NCC. This is plausibly responsible for the preservation of the cratonic nucleus under the Ordos Basin and the marked lithospheric heterogeneity of the region.
A better understanding of the Phanerozoic tectonic reactivation and destruction of the North China Craton (NCC) demands a detailed knowledge of the deep structural features of the region. We have migrated teleseismic P-and S-receiver functions from dense seismic array data to construct the structure images of the lithosphere and the upper mantle along three profiles that traverse the three constituent parts of the NCC. Our images reveal substantial structural differences among different parts of the craton. In contrast to the Eastern NCC where significantly thinned lithosphere (60-100 km) is widespread,the Central and Western NCC are characterized by the coexistence of both preserved thick and dramatically thinned lithosphere. The thick lithosphere (>200 km) is present beneath the stable Ordos Basin and the thinned lithosphere (up to 80 km) is found in the Late Cenozoic Yinchuan-Hetao and Shaanxi-Shanxi rift areas,with the sharpest change occurring over a lateral distance of ~200 km. Near the boundary between the Eastern and Central NCC,a rapid thickening of the lithosphere by 20-40 km over ~100 km laterally is observed,concordant with abrupt changes in surface topography and roughly coincident with the North-South Gravity Lineament. It also corresponds to sharp changes in crustal structure,mantle transition zone thickness and structure of the 660 km discontinuity. Such a shallow-deep structural concordance throughout the whole upper mantle may be indicative of different Phanerozoic lithospheric tectonics and mantle processes in the two domains. The much thinned crust and lithosphere,thick mantle transition zone and complex structure of the 660 km discontinuity in the Eastern NCC may reflect the strong influence that the deep subduction of the Pacific slab and associated processes have had on mantle dynamics and lithospheric reactivation of the region since the Mesozoic time. The presence of thinned lithosphere in the Central and Western NCC together with petrological and geochemical data suggest that lithospheric remobilization and thinning may have affected the NCC much further to the west than previously thought. The rift areas in the region,which are underlain by significantly thinned lithosphere,appear to be related to ancient mechanically weak zones. These pre-existing lithospheric structures may have been repeatedly reactivated by successive tectonic events during the long-term evolution of the NCC,and particularly have been weakened and thinned by the Cenozoic India-Eurasia collision which eventually caused rifting in these areas. On the other hand,the generally relatively thick crust and lithosphere and normal-to-thin mantle transition zone beneath the Central and Western NCC suggest that multiple tectonic events,including the India-Eurasia collision,may have had a relatively weak effect on the tectonic evolution of this region compared to that of the Pacific subduction on the Eastern NCC. This is plausibly responsible for the preservation of the cratonic nucleus under the Ordos Basin and the marked lithospheric heterogeneity of the region.
引文
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