中国分量钻孔地应力-应变观测发展重要事件回顾
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摘要
中国的钻孔应力相对观测是在李四光的倡导下开始的,目的是探索地震预报的途径。早期的钻孔应力观测(电感法)试图直接观测应力变化,在与弹性力学理论的结合上存在矛盾,即理论上需要观测的是位移,实际上用的压磁传感器是观测力的。1977年,在理论和实践方面发生的变革,为后来四分量应变观测的进一步发展奠定了基础。在人们努力协调传感器与观测原理的矛盾的过程中,应力仪和应变仪的概念发生了混淆。地应力不能测量的观点是没有根据的。
The practice of continuously monitoring ground stress with the purpose to forecast earthquakes in China was initially led by Li Siguang.The early observation using piezomagnetic sensors attempted to measure stress directly.It had a basic disagreement in design from the viewpoint of elastic theory: piezomagnetic sensors measure force but displacement.Revolution took place both in theory and practice in 1977,which had paved the way for the so-called 4-component borehole strainmeter to take over.However,mistakes have happened from time to time about this type of observation during the whole progress.The saying that stress can not be measured is groundless.
The practice of continuously monitoring ground stress with the purpose to forecast earthquakes in China was initially led by Li Siguang.The early observation using piezomagnetic sensors attempted to measure stress directly.It had a basic disagreement in design from the viewpoint of elastic theory: piezomagnetic sensors measure force but displacement.Revolution took place both in theory and practice in 1977,which had paved the way for the so-called 4-component borehole strainmeter to take over.However,mistakes have happened from time to time about this type of observation during the whole progress.The saying that stress can not be measured is groundless.
引文
1 Qiu Z H,et al.On the cause of ground stress tensile pulsesobserved before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake[J],Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,1998,88,989-994.
2李茂玮.乌恰7.4级地震的土层应力前兆[J].内陆地震,1987,1(1):77-83.(Li Mouwei.Soil stress precursors ofthe Wuqia M7.4 earthquake[J].Inland Earthquakes,1987,1(1):77-83)
3邱泽华,周龙寿,池顺良.用超限率分析法研究汶川地震的前兆应变变化[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,(4):1-4,9.(Qiu Zhehua,Tang Lei and Zhou Longshou.Observed strain changes from 4-component borehole strain-meter network before 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Jour-nal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,(4):1-4,9)
4邱泽华,张宝红,池顺良.汶川地震前姑咱台观测的异常应变变化[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(8):1 031-1 039.(Qiu Zehua,Zhang Baohong and Chi Shunliang.Ab-normal strain changes observed at Guza before the Wenchuanearthquake[J].Science in China,2010,,40(8):1 031-1039.doi:10.1007/s11430-010-0049-4.)
5国家地震局地震地质大队编.有关地应力测量仪器试制等问题的谈话(1968年1月12日)[A].李四光同志有关地震工作谈话选辑[C].1976,23-25.(Brigade of Seismo-geology,State Seismological Bureau.About fabricating instru-ments for ground stress monitoring(on Jan,.12,1968)[A].Selected talks of Li Siguang on earthquake-related work[C].1976,23-25)
6 Hast N.The measurement of rock pressure in mines[M].Stockholm,1958.
7国家地震局地震地质大队编.与中国科学院兰州地球所的几位同志谈地震预报(1966年10月)[A].李四光同志有关地震工作谈话选辑[C].1976,5-6.(Brigade ofSeismo-geology,State Seismological Bureau.Talk with col-leagues of Lanzhou earthquake institute about earthquakeprediction(in Oct.1966)[A].Selected talks of Li Siguangon earthquake-related work[C].1976,5-6)
8国家地震局地震地质大队编.谈地震地质大队的方向和任务(1968年1月8日)[A].李四光同志有关地震工作谈话选辑[C].1976,21-23.(Brigade of Seismo-geology,State Seismological Bureau.About direction and takes of Bri-gade of Seismo-geology(on Jan.8,1968)[A].Selected talksof Li siguang earthquake-related work[C].1976,21-23)
9 Sacks I S and Evertson D W.Sensitive borehole strain-ratemeter[J].Carnegie Inst,Washington Yearb,1971,68:448-453.
10 Sacks I S,et al.Sacks-Evertson strainmeter,its installa-tion in Japan and some preliminary results concerning strainsteps[J].Pap Met Geophys.,1971,22:195-207.
11 Sakata S.On the concept of some newly-invented boreholethree-component strainmeters[J](in Japanese with Englishabstract),Rep Nat Res Center Disaster Pre,1981,25:95-126.
12 Gladwin MT.High precision multi-component borehole de-formation monitoring[J].Rev Sci Instru.1984,55:2011-2016.
13 Ishii H,et al.Development of multi-component borehole in-strument for earthquake prediction study:some observedexamples of precursory and co-seismic phenomena relatingto earthquake swarms and application of the instrument forrock mechanics[A].Seismic process monitoring[C].edi-ted by H.Ogasawara,et al,Rotterdam:Balkema,2002,365-377.
14石井纮.新钻孔地壳活动综合观测装置的开发和观测[R].东浓地震科学研究所,2001.(Ishii H.Developmentof new multi-component borehole instrument[R].Tono Re-search Institute of Earthquake Science(in Japanese),2001,6:5-10)
15 Jaeger J C and Cook N G W.Fundamentals of rock me-chanics[M].Chapman and Hall(London).2nd ed.,1976.
16潘立宙.关于地应力测量的几个公式的推导及讨论[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(上)[C].1977,1-41.(Pan Lizhou.On the formulae of ground stress meas-urement[A].Selected papers of the national conference onstress measurement(Part 1)[C].1977,337-348)
17苏恺之.地应力相对测量方法[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(上)[C].1977,42-61.(Su Kaizhi.Meth-ods of relative measurement of ground stress[A].Selectedpapers of the national conference on stress measurement(Part 1)[C].1977,42-61)
18欧阳祖熙.RDB-1型电容式地应变计[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(下)[C].1977,337-348.(OuyangZuxi.RDB-1 type electric capacity strainmeter[A].Select-ed papers of the national conference on stress measurement(Part 2)[C].1977,337-348)
19池顺良.连续自记压容地应力仪[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(下)[C].1977,369-373.(Chi S L.E-lectric capacity stressmeter of automatic continuous record-ing[A].Selected papers of the national conference onstress measurement(Part 2)[C].1977,369-373)
20陈鑫连,张奕麟,蔡惟鑫.地壳变动连续观测技术[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.(Chen X L,Zhang Y L and CaiW X.Techniques of continuous observation of crustal de-formation[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1989)
21潘立宙.测量地应力的钻孔变形法[A].地应力测量的原理和应用[C].北京:地质出版社,1981,1-47.(PanL Z.Some remarks on the borehole deformation method inmeasuring ground stress[A].in:Principles and applica-tions of ground stress measurements[C].Beijing:Publish-ing House of Geology,1981,1-47)
22 Savin G N.Stress concentration around holes[M].Perga-mon Press,1961.
23 Gladwin M T and R Hart.Design parameters for boreholestrain instrumentation[J].Pageoph,1985,123:59-80.
24骆鸣津,等.用引潮力进行钻孔应变-应力的原地标定[J].地壳形变与地震,1989,(4):8-62.(Luo Mingjin,et al.In-situ calibration of borehole strain-stress with tidalforce[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake,1989,(4):8-62)
25 Hart R HG,et al.Tidal calibration of borehole strain met-rics:Removing the effects of small-scale inhomogeneity[J].JGR,1996,101(B11):25 553-25 571.
26邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地绝对标定[J].地震,2005,25(3):27-34.(Qiu Z H,ShiY L and Ouyang Z X.Absolute in-situ calibration of 4-component borehole strain observation[J].Earthquake,2005,25(3):27-34)
27 Leeman E R.The measurement of stress in rocks[J].Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metal-lurgy,1964,65(2):45-112.
28邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地相对标定[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,(1):118-122.(Qiu Zehua,Shi Yaolin and Ouyang Zuxi.Relative in-situ calibration of 4-component borehole strainmeters[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,(1):118-122)
2李茂玮.乌恰7.4级地震的土层应力前兆[J].内陆地震,1987,1(1):77-83.(Li Mouwei.Soil stress precursors ofthe Wuqia M7.4 earthquake[J].Inland Earthquakes,1987,1(1):77-83)
3邱泽华,周龙寿,池顺良.用超限率分析法研究汶川地震的前兆应变变化[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2009,(4):1-4,9.(Qiu Zhehua,Tang Lei and Zhou Longshou.Observed strain changes from 4-component borehole strain-meter network before 2008 Wenchuan earthquake[J].Jour-nal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2009,(4):1-4,9)
4邱泽华,张宝红,池顺良.汶川地震前姑咱台观测的异常应变变化[J].中国科学:地球科学,2010,40(8):1 031-1 039.(Qiu Zehua,Zhang Baohong and Chi Shunliang.Ab-normal strain changes observed at Guza before the Wenchuanearthquake[J].Science in China,2010,,40(8):1 031-1039.doi:10.1007/s11430-010-0049-4.)
5国家地震局地震地质大队编.有关地应力测量仪器试制等问题的谈话(1968年1月12日)[A].李四光同志有关地震工作谈话选辑[C].1976,23-25.(Brigade of Seismo-geology,State Seismological Bureau.About fabricating instru-ments for ground stress monitoring(on Jan,.12,1968)[A].Selected talks of Li Siguang on earthquake-related work[C].1976,23-25)
6 Hast N.The measurement of rock pressure in mines[M].Stockholm,1958.
7国家地震局地震地质大队编.与中国科学院兰州地球所的几位同志谈地震预报(1966年10月)[A].李四光同志有关地震工作谈话选辑[C].1976,5-6.(Brigade ofSeismo-geology,State Seismological Bureau.Talk with col-leagues of Lanzhou earthquake institute about earthquakeprediction(in Oct.1966)[A].Selected talks of Li Siguangon earthquake-related work[C].1976,5-6)
8国家地震局地震地质大队编.谈地震地质大队的方向和任务(1968年1月8日)[A].李四光同志有关地震工作谈话选辑[C].1976,21-23.(Brigade of Seismo-geology,State Seismological Bureau.About direction and takes of Bri-gade of Seismo-geology(on Jan.8,1968)[A].Selected talksof Li siguang earthquake-related work[C].1976,21-23)
9 Sacks I S and Evertson D W.Sensitive borehole strain-ratemeter[J].Carnegie Inst,Washington Yearb,1971,68:448-453.
10 Sacks I S,et al.Sacks-Evertson strainmeter,its installa-tion in Japan and some preliminary results concerning strainsteps[J].Pap Met Geophys.,1971,22:195-207.
11 Sakata S.On the concept of some newly-invented boreholethree-component strainmeters[J](in Japanese with Englishabstract),Rep Nat Res Center Disaster Pre,1981,25:95-126.
12 Gladwin MT.High precision multi-component borehole de-formation monitoring[J].Rev Sci Instru.1984,55:2011-2016.
13 Ishii H,et al.Development of multi-component borehole in-strument for earthquake prediction study:some observedexamples of precursory and co-seismic phenomena relatingto earthquake swarms and application of the instrument forrock mechanics[A].Seismic process monitoring[C].edi-ted by H.Ogasawara,et al,Rotterdam:Balkema,2002,365-377.
14石井纮.新钻孔地壳活动综合观测装置的开发和观测[R].东浓地震科学研究所,2001.(Ishii H.Developmentof new multi-component borehole instrument[R].Tono Re-search Institute of Earthquake Science(in Japanese),2001,6:5-10)
15 Jaeger J C and Cook N G W.Fundamentals of rock me-chanics[M].Chapman and Hall(London).2nd ed.,1976.
16潘立宙.关于地应力测量的几个公式的推导及讨论[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(上)[C].1977,1-41.(Pan Lizhou.On the formulae of ground stress meas-urement[A].Selected papers of the national conference onstress measurement(Part 1)[C].1977,337-348)
17苏恺之.地应力相对测量方法[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(上)[C].1977,42-61.(Su Kaizhi.Meth-ods of relative measurement of ground stress[A].Selectedpapers of the national conference on stress measurement(Part 1)[C].1977,42-61)
18欧阳祖熙.RDB-1型电容式地应变计[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(下)[C].1977,337-348.(OuyangZuxi.RDB-1 type electric capacity strainmeter[A].Select-ed papers of the national conference on stress measurement(Part 2)[C].1977,337-348)
19池顺良.连续自记压容地应力仪[A].全国地应力专业会议论文选编(下)[C].1977,369-373.(Chi S L.E-lectric capacity stressmeter of automatic continuous record-ing[A].Selected papers of the national conference onstress measurement(Part 2)[C].1977,369-373)
20陈鑫连,张奕麟,蔡惟鑫.地壳变动连续观测技术[M].北京:地震出版社,1989.(Chen X L,Zhang Y L and CaiW X.Techniques of continuous observation of crustal de-formation[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1989)
21潘立宙.测量地应力的钻孔变形法[A].地应力测量的原理和应用[C].北京:地质出版社,1981,1-47.(PanL Z.Some remarks on the borehole deformation method inmeasuring ground stress[A].in:Principles and applica-tions of ground stress measurements[C].Beijing:Publish-ing House of Geology,1981,1-47)
22 Savin G N.Stress concentration around holes[M].Perga-mon Press,1961.
23 Gladwin M T and R Hart.Design parameters for boreholestrain instrumentation[J].Pageoph,1985,123:59-80.
24骆鸣津,等.用引潮力进行钻孔应变-应力的原地标定[J].地壳形变与地震,1989,(4):8-62.(Luo Mingjin,et al.In-situ calibration of borehole strain-stress with tidalforce[J].Crustal Deformation and Earthquake,1989,(4):8-62)
25 Hart R HG,et al.Tidal calibration of borehole strain met-rics:Removing the effects of small-scale inhomogeneity[J].JGR,1996,101(B11):25 553-25 571.
26邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地绝对标定[J].地震,2005,25(3):27-34.(Qiu Z H,ShiY L and Ouyang Z X.Absolute in-situ calibration of 4-component borehole strain observation[J].Earthquake,2005,25(3):27-34)
27 Leeman E R.The measurement of stress in rocks[J].Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metal-lurgy,1964,65(2):45-112.
28邱泽华,石耀霖,欧阳祖熙.四分量钻孔应变观测的实地相对标定[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,(1):118-122.(Qiu Zehua,Shi Yaolin and Ouyang Zuxi.Relative in-situ calibration of 4-component borehole strainmeters[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,(1):118-122)
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