渤海构造收缩与沉积充填
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摘要
通过对多年的渤海海岸线变化、水深变化、构造、卫星影像和水文等数据进行分析,讨论了渤海构造收缩和沉积充填问题。GPS观测结果清楚地显示渤海正处于构造收缩的过程中;地质记录以及长期验潮站的结果显示渤海海域的海平面正在下降;而地震剖面以及钻井数据则显示渤海盆地的基底沉降自上新世至今已大幅下降,和北黄海相比,目前已经停止沉降。渤海的构造收缩、海平面下降以及基底沉降的停止,这3个因素是决定渤海演化方向的3个关键因素,它们共同奠定了渤海正走向构造关闭的道路。渤海岸线的向海推进、渤海水深变浅作为强有力的地质证据呼应了渤海正在走向关闭的地质进程。黄河三角洲和辽河三角洲不断向渤海的淤积推进是在渤海必然走向关闭的地质构造背景下进行的,其淤积造陆效果非常明显,从而成为渤海快速关闭的主要因素。预计在400 a后黄河河口和辽河河口可能在渤海对接起来,至此渤海将不复存在;100 a后,莱州湾将被封闭。喜马拉雅山隆升的远程效应导致渤海的构造收缩和大量沉积物通过黄河进入渤海,从而从根本上导致渤海的关闭。从总体效果来说,渤海走向构造关闭的道路在短期内不会改变,同时也不会因为人为因素而产生明显变化。
Based on long-time data of base line,water depth,geological structure,satellite image and hydrology,the issue of the Bohai Sea Closing was discussed in this paper.The GPS observation results clearly show that the Bohai Sea is in the process of tectonic contraction.The geologic record and results of long-term tidal stations show that the sea level of the Bohai Sea is falling.The seismic profiles and drilling data show that the basement subsidence of the Bohai Sea basin has stopped.There are three key factors which determine the evolutionary direction of the Bohai Sea,namely the tectonic contraction,falling of sea-level and stopping of the basement subsidence of the Bohai Sea,and all these factors commonly lay the foundation for the Bohai Sea finally inevitably toward closing.The advancing of coastline of the Bohai Sea toward the sea and becoming shallow of the depth of the Bohai Sea are taken as powerful geological evidences which response geological processes of the Bohai Sea's closing.The deposition of the Yellow River delta and the Liaohe River delta have been constantly carrying forward the Bohai Sea under the geological background which the Bohai Sea is destined to close,and the effect of silt creating land is very apparent,thus it becomes the main factor for the Bohai Sea fast towards closing.It is expected that the Yellow River estuary and the Liaohe River estuary will combine in the Bohai Sea in 400 years later,so the Bohai Sea will disappear;and that the Laizhou bay will be closed in 100 years later.With the Bohai Sea circulation change,more substances of the Yellow River may deposit towards the Bohai Sea,as a result,the closing rate of the Bohai Sea could also be accelerated.The remote effect of the Himalayas uplift causes tectonic shrinkage of the Bohai Sea,and a large number of deposits are carried into the Bohai Sea by Yellow River,thus fundamentally causing the closing of the Bohai Sea.As a whole,these geological effects in the short term will not change,and will even not change with human being activities.
Based on long-time data of base line,water depth,geological structure,satellite image and hydrology,the issue of the Bohai Sea Closing was discussed in this paper.The GPS observation results clearly show that the Bohai Sea is in the process of tectonic contraction.The geologic record and results of long-term tidal stations show that the sea level of the Bohai Sea is falling.The seismic profiles and drilling data show that the basement subsidence of the Bohai Sea basin has stopped.There are three key factors which determine the evolutionary direction of the Bohai Sea,namely the tectonic contraction,falling of sea-level and stopping of the basement subsidence of the Bohai Sea,and all these factors commonly lay the foundation for the Bohai Sea finally inevitably toward closing.The advancing of coastline of the Bohai Sea toward the sea and becoming shallow of the depth of the Bohai Sea are taken as powerful geological evidences which response geological processes of the Bohai Sea's closing.The deposition of the Yellow River delta and the Liaohe River delta have been constantly carrying forward the Bohai Sea under the geological background which the Bohai Sea is destined to close,and the effect of silt creating land is very apparent,thus it becomes the main factor for the Bohai Sea fast towards closing.It is expected that the Yellow River estuary and the Liaohe River estuary will combine in the Bohai Sea in 400 years later,so the Bohai Sea will disappear;and that the Laizhou bay will be closed in 100 years later.With the Bohai Sea circulation change,more substances of the Yellow River may deposit towards the Bohai Sea,as a result,the closing rate of the Bohai Sea could also be accelerated.The remote effect of the Himalayas uplift causes tectonic shrinkage of the Bohai Sea,and a large number of deposits are carried into the Bohai Sea by Yellow River,thus fundamentally causing the closing of the Bohai Sea.As a whole,these geological effects in the short term will not change,and will even not change with human being activities.
引文
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[9]栾锡武,彭学超,王英民,等.南海北部陆架海底沙波基本特征及属性[J].地质学报,2010,84(2):233-245.
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[12]王宏.渤海湾全新世贝壳堤和牡蛎礁的古环境[J].第四纪研究,1996,16(1):71-79.
[13]高玉巧,刘立.渤海湾贝壳堤研究现状及意义[J].海洋地质动态,2003,19(5):7-9.
[14]顾小丽,李培良.太平洋海平面变化特征及影响因素分析[J].海洋学报,2009,31(1):28-36.
[15]蔡峰.北黄海盆地中新生代沉积环境及特征[J].海洋地质动态,1997(8):1-4.
[16]蔡东升,罗毓晖,武文来,等.渤海浅层构造变形特征、成因机理与渤中坳陷及其周围油气富集的关系[J].中国海上油气(地质),2001,15(1):35-43.
[17]龚再升,王国纯,贺清.上第三系是渤中坳陷及其周围油气勘探的主要领域[J].中国海上油气(地质),2000,14(3):145-156.
[18]高祥林.新生代渤海中部强烈沉降的物理条件和深部过程[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):889-896.
[19]韩宗珠,颜彬,唐璐璐.渤海及周边地区中新生代构造演化与岩浆活动[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008(2):30-36.
[20]徐杰,高战武,孙建宝,等.1969年渤海7.4级地震区地质构造和发震构造的初步研究[J].中国地震,2001,17(2):121-133.
[21]任凤楼,柳忠泉,邱连贵,等.渤海湾盆地新生代各坳陷沉降的时空差异性[J].地质科学,2008,43(3):546-557.
[22]栾锡武,张训华.东海及琉球沟弧盆系的海底热流测量与热流分布[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(4):670-678.
[23]栾锡武.琉球沟弧盆系的海底热流分布特征及冲绳海槽热演化的数值模拟[J].海洋与湖沼,1997,28(1):44-48.
[24]胡圣标,张容燕,罗毓晖,等.渤海盆地热历史及构造-热演化特征[J].地球物理学报,1999,26(4):748-755.
[25]张明,郝品正,冯小香,等.辽河口三角洲前缘岸滩演变分析[J].海洋湖沼通报,2010(3):142-148.
[26]岳保静,栾锡武,张亮,等.近20年来渤海南部水深变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2010,30(3):15-21.
[27]中国人民解放军海军司令部航海保证部.黄海北部及渤海海图[M].天津:中国航海图书出版社出版,2006:1.
[28]冯守珍,胡光海.水深测量误差成因分析[J].海岸工程,2004,23(2):45-50.
[29]Yang Z S,Liu J P.A unique Yellow River-derived distal suba-queous delta in the Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology,2007,240:169-176.
[30]Yoshiki Saito,Yang Zuosheng,Hori Kazuaki.The Huanghe(Yellow River)and Changjiang(Yangtze River)deltas:a reviewon their characteristics,evolution and sediment discharge duringthe Holocene[J].Geomorphology,2001,41:219-231.
[31]Liu J P,Milliman J D,Gao S.The Shandong mud wedge andpost-glacial sediment accumulation in the Yellow Sea[J].Geo-Marine Letters,2002,21:212-218.
[32]Liu Jian,Yoshiki Stito,Wang Hong,et al.Sedimentary evolu-tion of the Holocene subaqueous clinoform of the Shandong Penin-sula in the Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology,2007,236:165-187.
[33]Liu Jianguo,Li Anchun,Chen Muhong.Environmental evolutionand impact of the YellowRiver sediments on deposition in the Bo-hai Sea during the last deglaciation[J].Journal of Asian EarthSciences,2010,38:26-33.
[34]蓝先洪,张训华,张志.南黄海沉积物的来源及运移研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2005(4):53-60.
[35]张培震,王琪,马宗晋.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):442-450.
[36]Yang Youqing,Liu Mian.Crustal thickening and lateral extrusionduring the Indo-Asian collision:A 3D viscous flow mode[J].Tectonophysics,2009,465:128-135.
[37]Hsu Kenneth Jinghwa.Isostasy and a theory for the origin of geo-synclines[J].American Journal of Science,1958,256:305-327.
[38]万天丰,朱鸿.中国大陆及邻区中生代—新生代大地构造与环境变迁[J].现代地质,2002,16(2):107-120.
[39]高抒.全球变化中的浅海沉积作用与物理环境演化——以渤、黄、东海区域为例[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):329-335.
[40]万天丰.中国东部中、新生代板内变形、构造应力场及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993:1-50.
[41]Martin J M,Zhang J,Shi MC,et al.Actual flux of the Huanghe(Yellow River)sediment to the western Pacific Ocean[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1993,31:243-254.
[42]Milliman J D,Li F,Zhao Y Y,et al.Suspended matter regimein the Yellow Sea[J].Progress in Oceanography,1986,17:215-228.
[43]汤良杰,万桂梅,周心怀,等.渤海盆地新生代构造演化特征[J].高校地质学报,2008,14(2):191-198.
[2]张丽峰,贾卫萍,刘玉川.环渤海经济圈生态足迹与经济增长关系研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(10):1-7.
[3]刘容子,吴姗姗.环渤海地区海洋资源对经济发展的承载力研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009:138.
[4]李延兴,徐杰,张静华,等.渤海盆地及邻区现今构造运动的基本特征[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2007,27(6):1-8.
[5]汪品先.微体化石在海侵研究中的应用与错用[J].第四纪研究,1992,12(4):321-331.
[6]Lambeck K.Sea-level change through the last glacial cycle:geo-physical,glaciological and palaeogeographic consequences[J].Comptes Rendus Geoscience,2004,336:677-689.
[7]寇养琦,杜德莉.南海北部陆架第四纪古河道的沉积特征[J].地质学报,1994,68(3):268-277.
[8]黄慧珍.全新世长江水下三角洲沉积中同期异相的成因[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1987,7(4):57-65.
[9]栾锡武,彭学超,王英民,等.南海北部陆架海底沙波基本特征及属性[J].地质学报,2010,84(2):233-245.
[10]Liu J P,Milliman J D,Gao Shu,et al.Holocene development ofthe Yellow River’s subaqueous delta,North Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology,2004,209:45-67.
[11]Liu J,Saito Y,Kong X,et al.Geochemical characteristics ofsediment as indicators of post-glacial environmental changes of theShandong Peninsula in the Yellow Sea[J].Continental ShelfResearch,2009,29:846-855.
[12]王宏.渤海湾全新世贝壳堤和牡蛎礁的古环境[J].第四纪研究,1996,16(1):71-79.
[13]高玉巧,刘立.渤海湾贝壳堤研究现状及意义[J].海洋地质动态,2003,19(5):7-9.
[14]顾小丽,李培良.太平洋海平面变化特征及影响因素分析[J].海洋学报,2009,31(1):28-36.
[15]蔡峰.北黄海盆地中新生代沉积环境及特征[J].海洋地质动态,1997(8):1-4.
[16]蔡东升,罗毓晖,武文来,等.渤海浅层构造变形特征、成因机理与渤中坳陷及其周围油气富集的关系[J].中国海上油气(地质),2001,15(1):35-43.
[17]龚再升,王国纯,贺清.上第三系是渤中坳陷及其周围油气勘探的主要领域[J].中国海上油气(地质),2000,14(3):145-156.
[18]高祥林.新生代渤海中部强烈沉降的物理条件和深部过程[J].地球物理学进展,2005,20(4):889-896.
[19]韩宗珠,颜彬,唐璐璐.渤海及周边地区中新生代构造演化与岩浆活动[J].海洋湖沼通报,2008(2):30-36.
[20]徐杰,高战武,孙建宝,等.1969年渤海7.4级地震区地质构造和发震构造的初步研究[J].中国地震,2001,17(2):121-133.
[21]任凤楼,柳忠泉,邱连贵,等.渤海湾盆地新生代各坳陷沉降的时空差异性[J].地质科学,2008,43(3):546-557.
[22]栾锡武,张训华.东海及琉球沟弧盆系的海底热流测量与热流分布[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(4):670-678.
[23]栾锡武.琉球沟弧盆系的海底热流分布特征及冲绳海槽热演化的数值模拟[J].海洋与湖沼,1997,28(1):44-48.
[24]胡圣标,张容燕,罗毓晖,等.渤海盆地热历史及构造-热演化特征[J].地球物理学报,1999,26(4):748-755.
[25]张明,郝品正,冯小香,等.辽河口三角洲前缘岸滩演变分析[J].海洋湖沼通报,2010(3):142-148.
[26]岳保静,栾锡武,张亮,等.近20年来渤海南部水深变化[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2010,30(3):15-21.
[27]中国人民解放军海军司令部航海保证部.黄海北部及渤海海图[M].天津:中国航海图书出版社出版,2006:1.
[28]冯守珍,胡光海.水深测量误差成因分析[J].海岸工程,2004,23(2):45-50.
[29]Yang Z S,Liu J P.A unique Yellow River-derived distal suba-queous delta in the Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology,2007,240:169-176.
[30]Yoshiki Saito,Yang Zuosheng,Hori Kazuaki.The Huanghe(Yellow River)and Changjiang(Yangtze River)deltas:a reviewon their characteristics,evolution and sediment discharge duringthe Holocene[J].Geomorphology,2001,41:219-231.
[31]Liu J P,Milliman J D,Gao S.The Shandong mud wedge andpost-glacial sediment accumulation in the Yellow Sea[J].Geo-Marine Letters,2002,21:212-218.
[32]Liu Jian,Yoshiki Stito,Wang Hong,et al.Sedimentary evolu-tion of the Holocene subaqueous clinoform of the Shandong Penin-sula in the Yellow Sea[J].Marine Geology,2007,236:165-187.
[33]Liu Jianguo,Li Anchun,Chen Muhong.Environmental evolutionand impact of the YellowRiver sediments on deposition in the Bo-hai Sea during the last deglaciation[J].Journal of Asian EarthSciences,2010,38:26-33.
[34]蓝先洪,张训华,张志.南黄海沉积物的来源及运移研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2005(4):53-60.
[35]张培震,王琪,马宗晋.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):442-450.
[36]Yang Youqing,Liu Mian.Crustal thickening and lateral extrusionduring the Indo-Asian collision:A 3D viscous flow mode[J].Tectonophysics,2009,465:128-135.
[37]Hsu Kenneth Jinghwa.Isostasy and a theory for the origin of geo-synclines[J].American Journal of Science,1958,256:305-327.
[38]万天丰,朱鸿.中国大陆及邻区中生代—新生代大地构造与环境变迁[J].现代地质,2002,16(2):107-120.
[39]高抒.全球变化中的浅海沉积作用与物理环境演化——以渤、黄、东海区域为例[J].地学前缘,2002,9(2):329-335.
[40]万天丰.中国东部中、新生代板内变形、构造应力场及其应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993:1-50.
[41]Martin J M,Zhang J,Shi MC,et al.Actual flux of the Huanghe(Yellow River)sediment to the western Pacific Ocean[J].Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,1993,31:243-254.
[42]Milliman J D,Li F,Zhao Y Y,et al.Suspended matter regimein the Yellow Sea[J].Progress in Oceanography,1986,17:215-228.
[43]汤良杰,万桂梅,周心怀,等.渤海盆地新生代构造演化特征[J].高校地质学报,2008,14(2):191-198.
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