柴达木盆地西南区震积作用及其研究意义
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摘要
研究表明,柴达木盆地西南地区地震活动强烈,深、浅层均发现一系列与古地震有关的震积岩,形成一系列软沉积物变形构造,主要包括震积砂枕、砂球构造、枕状层、液化砂泥岩脉、层内错断、地裂缝、微褶皱纹理、沙侵蘑菇等。研究区震积岩的岩石类型则主要包括震褶岩、震裂岩、震塌岩、自碎屑角砾岩、自碎屑副角砾岩、液化角砾岩及震浊积岩等。地震活动使岩层产生大量的微裂缝,裂缝沟通了原有的孔隙,同时增加了储集层的储集空间,极大地改善了储集层的渗透性,并使原先不具渗透性的砂泥薄互层产生裂缝,成为输导层,这为在地震断裂系统附近寻找低渗透岩层中的高渗储层提供了新的方向。而地震断裂系统上倾的三角洲前缘水下分流河道、河口坝砂岩以及滨浅湖滩坝所构成的岩性圈闭必将成为柴西南地区岩性油气藏勘探的新领域。
Earthquakes occured overmuch and seismites developed in southwestern Qaidam basin.The seismites made serious seismic-related soft-sediment deformation structures,including pillow structure,ball structure,pillow bed,liquefied sand-stone vein,liquefied mudstone vein,micro-fault,micro-fracture,micro corrugated lamination and sandstone fungus.Seismites can be subdivided into many types,such as seismic corrugated rock,shattered rock,seismic collapse rock,autoclastic breccias,intraclastic parabreccia,liquefied breccia and seismoturbidite rock.Earthquakes made a great amount of micro fractures connecting with original pores of the rocks,therefore greatly improved the storage and permeability of reservoirs.Also earthquakes made fractures penetrating interleaved sand and mud beds.These provide a direction to find high permeability reservoirs in low permeability rocks near earthquake rift systems.The lithologic trap,constituted of the updip sand of the underwater distributary channel,mouth bar of the delta front,the beach bar sand of the mere and shore in seismic faulted system,will be a new exploration territory of lithologic reservoir in southwestern Qaidam basin.
Earthquakes occured overmuch and seismites developed in southwestern Qaidam basin.The seismites made serious seismic-related soft-sediment deformation structures,including pillow structure,ball structure,pillow bed,liquefied sand-stone vein,liquefied mudstone vein,micro-fault,micro-fracture,micro corrugated lamination and sandstone fungus.Seismites can be subdivided into many types,such as seismic corrugated rock,shattered rock,seismic collapse rock,autoclastic breccias,intraclastic parabreccia,liquefied breccia and seismoturbidite rock.Earthquakes made a great amount of micro fractures connecting with original pores of the rocks,therefore greatly improved the storage and permeability of reservoirs.Also earthquakes made fractures penetrating interleaved sand and mud beds.These provide a direction to find high permeability reservoirs in low permeability rocks near earthquake rift systems.The lithologic trap,constituted of the updip sand of the underwater distributary channel,mouth bar of the delta front,the beach bar sand of the mere and shore in seismic faulted system,will be a new exploration territory of lithologic reservoir in southwestern Qaidam basin.
引文
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[2]Seilacher A.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed toseismic events[J].Marine Geology,1984,55(1/2):1-12.
[3]Yuan Jing.Research of seismic deposition and seismites ofChina[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum:Editionof Natural Science,2005,29(1):144-149.[袁静.中国震积作用和震积岩研究进展[J].石油大学学报:自然科学版,2005,29(1):144-149.]
[4]Song Tianrui.A possible suitofseismo-tsunami sequence inPrecambrian carbonate rock stratum in Shisanling in Beijing[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,1988,38(8):609-611.[宋天锐.北京十三陵前寒武纪碳酸盐岩地层中的一套可能的地震—海啸序列[J].科学通报,1988,38(8):609-611.]
[5]Wu Xiantao,Yin Guoxun.The discovery and significance ofthe seismites in late Jurassic lake sediment of Emei,Sichuanprovince[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,1992,10(3):19-22.[吴贤涛,尹国勋.四川峨眉晚侏罗世湖泊沉积中震积岩的发现及其意义[J].沉积学报,1992,10(3):19-22.]
[6]Zhang Qin,Zhong Xiaomin,Zhang Jianjun,et al.The discovery ofseismite and its significance in lower Cretaceous in Li-ugouzhuang and Kulongshan region,Qingnan sag,Jiuxi basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2003,77(2):158-162.[张琴,朱筱敏,张建军,等.酒西盆地青南凹陷柳沟庄—窟窿山地区下白垩统震积岩的发现及意义[J].地质学报,2003,77(2):158-162.]
[7]Chen Shiyue,Yuan Wenfang,Yan Jihua.Discovery and signifi-cance of earthquake event deposits of early Tertiary in the Jiy-ang depression[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2003,38(3):377-386.[陈世悦,袁文芳,鄢继华.济阳坳陷早第三纪震积岩的发现及其意义[J].地质科学,2003,38(3):377-386.]
[8]Wang Ke,Liu Xianyang,Zhao Weiwei,et al.Characteristicsand geological significance of seismites of Paleogene in Yangx-in subsag of Jiyang depression[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2008,20(2):54-55.[王克,刘显阳,赵卫卫,等.济阳坳陷阳信洼陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].岩性油气藏,2008,20(2):54-55.]
[9]Xia Qingsong,Tian Jingchun.Study on the recognition marks ofseismites in upper Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos ba-sin,China[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2007,25(2):246-247.[夏青松,田景春.鄂尔多斯盆地南部上三叠统延长组震积岩的发现及地质意义[J].沉积学报,2007,25(2):246-247.]
[10]Yuan Jing.The property and geological significance of seis-mites of Paleogene in Huimin sag,Shandong province[J].Ac-ta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(1):41-46.[袁静.山东惠民凹陷古近纪震积岩特征及其地质意义[J].沉积学报,2004,22(1):41-46.]
[11]Fu Wenli,Wang Yanqin,Yang Guang,et al.Study on seismiteof Sha3 and Sha4 member in Dongying sag[J].Petroleum Ge-ology and Recovery Efficiency,2004,11(2):6-8.[付文利,王艳琴,杨光,等.东营凹陷沙三段、沙四段震积岩研究[J].油气地质与采收率,2004,11(2):6-8.]
[12]Zhao Weiwei,Zha Ming,Yang Jianping.An overview of seis-mite research in China[J].Journal of Stratigraphy,2006,30(2):172-176.[赵卫卫,查明,杨剑萍.中国震积岩研究综述[J].地层学杂志,2006,30(2):172-176.]
[13]Yang Jianping,Nie Lingling,Zhang Linpu,et al.Reservoir char-actersand paleoseismic records in Neogene Wunan oilfield,south-western margin of the Qaidam basin[J].Acta GeologicaSinica,2008,82(6):808-809.[杨剑萍,聂玲玲,张琳璞,等.柴达木盆地西南缘乌南油田新近系古地震纪录及储集性能研究[J].地质学报,2008,82(6):808-809.]
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[15]Qiao Xiufu,Li Haibing,Gao Linzhi.Sinian-early Paleozoicseismic rhythms on the north China platform[J].Earth Sci-ence Frontiers,1997,4(3-4):155-160.[乔秀夫,李海兵,高林志.华北地台震旦纪—早古生代地震节律[J].地学前缘,1997,4(3-4):155-160.]
[16]Lower D R.Water escape structures in coare-grained sedi-ments[J].Sedimentology,1975,22:157-204.
[17]Moretti M.Soft-sediment deformation structures interpretedas seismites in middle-late Pleistocene aeolian foreland,south-ern Italy[J].Sedimentary Geology,2000,135(1-4):167-179.
[18]Rodriguez P M A,Calvo J P,De Vicente J,et al.Soft sedi-ment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacus-trine sediments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their po-tential use as indicatorsof earthquak emagnitudes during thelate Miocene[J].Sedimentary Geology,2000,135(1-4):117-135.
[19]Seilacher A.Sedimentary structures tentatively attributed toseismic events[J].Marine Geology,1984,55(1-2):1-12.
[20]Takashimizu Y,Masuda F.Depositional facies and sedimen-tary successions of earthquake-induced tsunami deposits inupper Pleistocene incised valley fills,central Japan[J].Sedi-mentary Geology,2000,135(1-4):231-239.
[21]Plazait J C,Ahmed E.Diversity of the sedimentary expres-sions of major earthquakes:An example from the Pliocencesandy seismites of the Egyptian Red Sea coast[J].GeologicalSociety Egypt,Special Publication,1993,1:277-294.
[22]Pratt B R.Syneresis cracks:Subaqueous shrinkage in argilla-ceous sediments caused by earthquake-induced dewatering[J].Sedimentary Geology,1998,117:1-10.
[23]Purser B H,Plazait J C,Philobbos E.Stratiform breccias andassociated deformation structures recording Neogene earth-quake in syn-rift sediments of the Egyptian Red Sea coast[J].Geological Society Egypt,Special Publication,1993,1:189-204.
[24]Rodriguez Pascau M A,Calvo J P,DeVicente G,et al.Soft sedi-ment deformation structures interpreted as seismites in lacustrinesediments of the Prebetic Zone,SE Spain,and their potential useas indicators of earthquake magnitudes during the late Miocene[J].Sedimentary Geology.,2000,135:117-135.
[25]Qiao Xiufu.Study of seismites of China and its prospects[J].Ge-ological Review,1996,42(4):317-320.[乔秀夫.中国震积岩的研究与展望[J].地质论评,1996,42(4):317-320.]
[26]Wei Chuigao,Zhang Shiqi,Jiang Zaixing,et al.Character andsignificance of Silurian seismite in the Tarim basin[J].ActaGeologica Sinica,2007,6(81):828-829.[魏垂高,张世奇,姜在兴,等.塔里木盆地志留系震积岩特征及其意义[J].地质学报,2007,6(81):828-829.]
[27]Zhang Chuanheng,Liu Dianbo,Zhang Chuanlin,et al.Early Per-mian seismically induced soft-sediment deformational structures inBogda region,Xinjiang:Stratigraphic records of earthquakes in theretroarc collisional foreland basin[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2006,13(4)255-266.[张传恒,刘典波,张传林,等,新疆博格达地区早二叠世软沉积物变形构造:弧后碰撞前陆盆地地震记录[J].地学前缘,2006,13(4):255-266.]
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