深水重力流与底流交互作用研究进展
摘要
重力流和底流是深水环境下的两大基本流动体制,对二者交互作用的研究是当前沉积学研究的前缘和薄弱环节。底流及底流改造沉积物在岩芯上具有上部侵蚀面、双泥层、牵引流成因的各种层理等识别标志;底流成因的漂积体在剖面上呈现透镜状单元、迁移性特征及波状发射等地震反射特征。本文通过综述重力流与底流交互作用的研究成果,认为依据某段地质时期内深水盆地中主导沉积机制的不同,将重力流与底流的交互作用分为以下4种表现形式:①底流对前期重力流沉积进行改造;②重力流对前期底流沉积进行改造;③重力流与底流交互主导同一地区的沉积以及④底流与重力流同时作用于沉积物。相对海平面变化、气候(冰期—间冰期)变化、构造活动、地形地貌等因素,主要通过影响重力流与底流机制的相对强度大小,控制深水重力流与底流交互作用的进行。中国南海具有重力流与底流交互沉积的优越地质条件,发育有单向迁移水道、沉积物波等特色沉积记录。加强现今海流观测,对于南海底流循环格架的建立意义重大。
The turbidity and bottom currents are two basic flowing mechanisms in deep-water basins, and the study about interaction between them is the leading edge and weak point of present sedimentology. Bottom current and bottom-current-reworked deposits have special sedimentary structures such as truncated tops, double mud layers and traction origin beddings, and lenticular units, migrating sediment waves are typical characteristics of the drifts in seismic profiles. According to the research about the interplay of gravity and bottom currents, and the leading sedimentation mechanism in different geological periods, there are four different patterns of the interaction between the two currents: ① bottom current reforms prophase gravity flow deposits; ② the turbidite reworks the prophase bottom current sediment; ③ gravity flow and the bottom current dominate the sedimentation respectively in the same area, and ④ the turbidite and bottom current affect the sediments together. The relative sea level change, climate (glacial—interglacial) change, tectonic activity, topography and other factors control the interplay between the gravity flow and bottom current by means of affecting the relative strength of the two sedimentation mechanisms. The South China Sea has favorable geological conditions for the development of interaction between gravity flow and bottom current, and the one-way migrating canyons and sediment waves are excellent interaction geological products.Intensifying the observation of the present bottom currents means a lot to the bottom current framework construction in South China Sea.
The turbidity and bottom currents are two basic flowing mechanisms in deep-water basins, and the study about interaction between them is the leading edge and weak point of present sedimentology. Bottom current and bottom-current-reworked deposits have special sedimentary structures such as truncated tops, double mud layers and traction origin beddings, and lenticular units, migrating sediment waves are typical characteristics of the drifts in seismic profiles. According to the research about the interplay of gravity and bottom currents, and the leading sedimentation mechanism in different geological periods, there are four different patterns of the interaction between the two currents: ① bottom current reforms prophase gravity flow deposits; ② the turbidite reworks the prophase bottom current sediment; ③ gravity flow and the bottom current dominate the sedimentation respectively in the same area, and ④ the turbidite and bottom current affect the sediments together. The relative sea level change, climate (glacial—interglacial) change, tectonic activity, topography and other factors control the interplay between the gravity flow and bottom current by means of affecting the relative strength of the two sedimentation mechanisms. The South China Sea has favorable geological conditions for the development of interaction between gravity flow and bottom current, and the one-way migrating canyons and sediment waves are excellent interaction geological products.Intensifying the observation of the present bottom currents means a lot to the bottom current framework construction in South China Sea.
引文
丁巍伟,李家彪,韩喜球,黎明碧,Suess E.2010.南海东北部海底沉积物波的形态、粒度特征及物源、成因分析.海洋学报,32(2):96～105.
李华,何幼斌,李向东,罗进雄,郑昭昌.2010.宁夏香山群徐家圈组波痕特征及成因分析.沉积与特提斯地质,30(1):18～24.
李向东,何幼斌,郑昭昌,刘娜,王丹,罗进雄,李华.2010.宁夏香山群徐家圈组发现深水复合流沉积构造.地质学报,84(2):221～232.
李云,郑荣才,朱国金,高博禹,胡晓庆.2011.珠江口盆地荔湾3-1气田珠江组深水扇沉积相分析.沉积学报,29(4):665～676.
李云,郑荣才,朱国金,胡晓庆.2012.珠江口盆地白云凹陷珠江组深水牵引流沉积特征及其地质意义.海洋学报,34(1):127～135.
刘健.1993.等深流与等深流沉积.地质科技情报,12(3):45～50.
邵磊,李学杰,耿建华,庞雄,雷永昌,乔培军,王嘹亮,王宏斌.2007.南海北部深水底流沉积作用.中国科学(D辑),37(6):771～777.
王海荣,王英民,邱燕,彭学超,李文成.2007.南海北部大陆边缘深水环境的沉积物波.自然科学进展,17(9):1235～1243.
王海荣,王英民,邱燕,彭学超,黄奇志.2008.南海东北部台湾浅滩陆坡的浊流沉积物波的发育及其成因的构造控制.沉积学报,26(1):39～45.
王英民,王海荣,邱燕,彭学超,张文明,李文成.2007.深水沉积的动力学机制和响应.沉积学报,25(4):495～504.
许惠平,张艳伟,徐昌伟,李建如,刘丁,覃如府,罗胜卿,范代读.2011.东海海底小衢山试验站.科学通报,56(22):1839～1845.
许文彬,徐茂泉,孙美琴.2004.等深流沉积研究现状与展望.台湾海峡,23(3):394～402.
于兴河,张志杰,苏新,陈芳,李杨.2004.中国南海天然气水合物沉积成藏条件初探及其分布.地学前缘,11(1):311～315.
Anselmetti F S,Eberli G P,Ding Z D.2000.From the Great BahamaBank into the Straits of Florida:A margin architecture controlled bysea-level fluctuations and ocean currents.GSA Bulletin,112(6):829～844.
Armishaw J E,Holmes R,Stow D A V.1998.Hebrides slope apron andBarra fan,NW UK continental margin sedimentation.In:Stoker M S,Evans D,Cramp A.eds.Geological Processes on ContinentalMargins.London:Geological Society Special Publications,129:81～104.
Armishaw J E,Holmes R W,Stow D A V.2000.The Barra Fan:abottom-current reworked,glacially-fed submarine fan system.Marineand Petroleum Geology,17:219～238.
Damuth J E.1979.Migrating sediment waves created by turbiditycurrents in the northern South China Basin.Geology,7:520～523.
Faugères J C,Mwzerais M L,Stow D A V.1993.Contourite drift typesand their distribution in the North and South Atlantic Ocean Basins.Sedimentary Geology,82:189～205.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V.1993.Bottom-currents-controlledsedimentation:a synthesis of the contourite problem.SedimentaryGeology,82:287～297.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V,Imbert P,Viana A.1999.Seismic features diagnostic of contourite drifts.Marine Geology,162:1～38.
Gong Chenglin,Wang Yingmin,Peng Xuechao,Li Weiguo,Qiu Yan,Xu Shang.2012.Sediment waves on the South China Sea Slope offsouthwestern Taiwan:Implications for the intrusion of the NorthernPacific Deep Water into the South China Sea.Marine and PetroleumGeology,32:95～109.
He Yunlong,Xie Xinong,Benjamin C,Kneller,Wang Zhenfeng,LiXushen.2012.Architecture and controlling factors of canyon fills onthe shelf margin in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South ChinaSea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.03.002.
Ka¨hler G,Stow D A V.1998.Turbidites and contourites of thePalaeogene Lefkara Formation,southern Cyprus.SedimentaryGeology,115:215～231.
Kuvaas B,Leitchenkov G.1992.Glaciomarine turbidite and currentcontrolled deposits in Prydz Bay,Antarctica.Marine Geology,108(3～4):365～381.
Kuvaas B,Kristoffersen Y,Guseva J,Leitchenkov G,Gandjukhin V,Lva¨s O,Sand M,Brekke H.2005.Interplay of turbidite andcontourite deposition along the Cosmonaut Sea/Enderby Land margin,East Antarctica.Marine Geology,217:143～159.
Liu Zhifei,Colin C,Li Xiajing,Zhao Yulong,Tuo Shouting,ChenZhong,Siringan F P,Liu J T,Huang Chiyue,You Chenfeng,HuangKuofang.2010.Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of thenortheastern South China Sea and surrounding fluvial drainage basins:Source and transport.Marine Geology,277(1～4):48～60.
Lu¨dmann T,Wong H K,Berglar K.2005.Upward flow of North PacificDeep Water in the northern South China Sea as deduced from theoccurrence of drift sediments.Geophysics Research Letters,32:L05614.
Marchès E,Mulder T,Cremer M,Bonnel C,Hanquiez V,Gonthier E,Lecroart P.2007.Contourite drift construction influenced by captureof Mediterranean Outflow Water deep-sea current by the Portimosubmarine canyon(Gulf of Cadiz,South Portugal).Marine Geology,242:247～260.
MasséL,Faugères J C,Hrovatin V.1998.The interplay betweenturbidity and contour processes on the Columbia Channel fan drift,Southern Brazil Basin.Sedimentary Geology,115:111～132.
Mulder T,Lecroart P,Hanquiez V,Marches E,Gonthier E,Guedes JC,Thiébot E,Jaaidi B,Kenyon N,Voisset M,Perez C,Sayago M,Fuchey Y,Bujan S.2006.The western part of the Gulf of Cadiz:contour currents and turbidity currents interactions.Geo-MarineLetters,26:31～41.
Mulder T,Faugères J C,Gonthier E.2008.Mixed turbidite—contouriteSystems.In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A.eds.Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology,60.London:Elsevier Science,435～456.
Rasmussen S,Lykke-Andersen H,Kuijpers A.2003.Post-Miocenesedimentation at the continental rise of Southeast Greenland:theinterplay between turbidity and contour currents.Marine Geology,196:37～52.
Reed D L,Meyer A W,Silver E A,Prasetyo H.1987.Contouritesedimentation in an intraoceanic forearc system:eastern Sunda Arc,Indonesia.Marine Geology,76(3～4):223～242.
Scheuer C,Gohl K,Udintsev G.2006.Bottom-current control onsedimentation in the western Bellingshausen Sea,West Antarctica.Geo-Marine Letters,26:90～101.
Sejrup H P,Haflidason H,Hjelstuen B O,Nygrd A,Bryn P,Lien R.2004.Pleistocene development of the SE Nordic Seas margin.MarineGeology,213:169～200.
Shanmugam G,Spalding T D,Rofheart D H.1993a.Processsedimentology and reservoir quality of deep-marine bottom-currentreworked sands(sandy contourites):an example from the Gulf ofMexico.AAPG Bulletin,77,1241～1259.
Shanmugam G,Spalding T D,Rofheart D H.1993b.Traction structuresin deep-marine bottom-current reworked sands in the Pliocene andPleistocene,Gulf of Mexico.Geology,21:929～932.
Shanmugam G.2000.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s～1990s)deep-water processes and facies models a criticalperspective.Marine and Petroleum Geology,17:285～342.
Shanmugam G.2003.Deep-marine tidal bottom currents and theirreworked sands in modern and ancient submarine canyons.Marine andPetroleum Geology,20:471～491.
Stow D A V,Faugères J C,Howe J A,Pudsey C J,Viana A R.2002.Bottom currents,contourites and deep-sea sediment drifts:current state-of-the-art.In:Stow D A V,Pudsey C J,Howe J A,Faugères JC,Viana A R.eds.Deep-Water Contourite Systems:Modern Drifts andAncient Seires,Seismic and Sedimentary Characteristics.London:Geological Society,Memoirs,22:7～20.
Viana A R,Almeida J W,Machado L C.1999.Different styles ofcanyon infill related to gravity and bottom current processes:Examplefrom the upper slope of the SE Brazilian margin.Publica ao SextoCongresso International da Sociedade Brasileira de Geofisica,SBGF014,4.
Wood R,Davy B.1994.The Hikurangi Plateau.Marine Geology,118:153～173.
Zhu Mangzheng,Graham S,Pang Xiong,McHargue T.2010.Characteristics of migrating submarine canyons from the middleMiocene to present:Implications for paleoceanograpic circulation,northern South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27:307～319.
李华,何幼斌,李向东,罗进雄,郑昭昌.2010.宁夏香山群徐家圈组波痕特征及成因分析.沉积与特提斯地质,30(1):18～24.
李向东,何幼斌,郑昭昌,刘娜,王丹,罗进雄,李华.2010.宁夏香山群徐家圈组发现深水复合流沉积构造.地质学报,84(2):221～232.
李云,郑荣才,朱国金,高博禹,胡晓庆.2011.珠江口盆地荔湾3-1气田珠江组深水扇沉积相分析.沉积学报,29(4):665～676.
李云,郑荣才,朱国金,胡晓庆.2012.珠江口盆地白云凹陷珠江组深水牵引流沉积特征及其地质意义.海洋学报,34(1):127～135.
刘健.1993.等深流与等深流沉积.地质科技情报,12(3):45～50.
邵磊,李学杰,耿建华,庞雄,雷永昌,乔培军,王嘹亮,王宏斌.2007.南海北部深水底流沉积作用.中国科学(D辑),37(6):771～777.
王海荣,王英民,邱燕,彭学超,李文成.2007.南海北部大陆边缘深水环境的沉积物波.自然科学进展,17(9):1235～1243.
王海荣,王英民,邱燕,彭学超,黄奇志.2008.南海东北部台湾浅滩陆坡的浊流沉积物波的发育及其成因的构造控制.沉积学报,26(1):39～45.
王英民,王海荣,邱燕,彭学超,张文明,李文成.2007.深水沉积的动力学机制和响应.沉积学报,25(4):495～504.
许惠平,张艳伟,徐昌伟,李建如,刘丁,覃如府,罗胜卿,范代读.2011.东海海底小衢山试验站.科学通报,56(22):1839～1845.
许文彬,徐茂泉,孙美琴.2004.等深流沉积研究现状与展望.台湾海峡,23(3):394～402.
于兴河,张志杰,苏新,陈芳,李杨.2004.中国南海天然气水合物沉积成藏条件初探及其分布.地学前缘,11(1):311～315.
Anselmetti F S,Eberli G P,Ding Z D.2000.From the Great BahamaBank into the Straits of Florida:A margin architecture controlled bysea-level fluctuations and ocean currents.GSA Bulletin,112(6):829～844.
Armishaw J E,Holmes R,Stow D A V.1998.Hebrides slope apron andBarra fan,NW UK continental margin sedimentation.In:Stoker M S,Evans D,Cramp A.eds.Geological Processes on ContinentalMargins.London:Geological Society Special Publications,129:81～104.
Armishaw J E,Holmes R W,Stow D A V.2000.The Barra Fan:abottom-current reworked,glacially-fed submarine fan system.Marineand Petroleum Geology,17:219～238.
Damuth J E.1979.Migrating sediment waves created by turbiditycurrents in the northern South China Basin.Geology,7:520～523.
Faugères J C,Mwzerais M L,Stow D A V.1993.Contourite drift typesand their distribution in the North and South Atlantic Ocean Basins.Sedimentary Geology,82:189～205.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V.1993.Bottom-currents-controlledsedimentation:a synthesis of the contourite problem.SedimentaryGeology,82:287～297.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V,Imbert P,Viana A.1999.Seismic features diagnostic of contourite drifts.Marine Geology,162:1～38.
Gong Chenglin,Wang Yingmin,Peng Xuechao,Li Weiguo,Qiu Yan,Xu Shang.2012.Sediment waves on the South China Sea Slope offsouthwestern Taiwan:Implications for the intrusion of the NorthernPacific Deep Water into the South China Sea.Marine and PetroleumGeology,32:95～109.
He Yunlong,Xie Xinong,Benjamin C,Kneller,Wang Zhenfeng,LiXushen.2012.Architecture and controlling factors of canyon fills onthe shelf margin in the Qiongdongnan Basin,northern South ChinaSea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.03.002.
Ka¨hler G,Stow D A V.1998.Turbidites and contourites of thePalaeogene Lefkara Formation,southern Cyprus.SedimentaryGeology,115:215～231.
Kuvaas B,Leitchenkov G.1992.Glaciomarine turbidite and currentcontrolled deposits in Prydz Bay,Antarctica.Marine Geology,108(3～4):365～381.
Kuvaas B,Kristoffersen Y,Guseva J,Leitchenkov G,Gandjukhin V,Lva¨s O,Sand M,Brekke H.2005.Interplay of turbidite andcontourite deposition along the Cosmonaut Sea/Enderby Land margin,East Antarctica.Marine Geology,217:143～159.
Liu Zhifei,Colin C,Li Xiajing,Zhao Yulong,Tuo Shouting,ChenZhong,Siringan F P,Liu J T,Huang Chiyue,You Chenfeng,HuangKuofang.2010.Clay mineral distribution in surface sediments of thenortheastern South China Sea and surrounding fluvial drainage basins:Source and transport.Marine Geology,277(1～4):48～60.
Lu¨dmann T,Wong H K,Berglar K.2005.Upward flow of North PacificDeep Water in the northern South China Sea as deduced from theoccurrence of drift sediments.Geophysics Research Letters,32:L05614.
Marchès E,Mulder T,Cremer M,Bonnel C,Hanquiez V,Gonthier E,Lecroart P.2007.Contourite drift construction influenced by captureof Mediterranean Outflow Water deep-sea current by the Portimosubmarine canyon(Gulf of Cadiz,South Portugal).Marine Geology,242:247～260.
MasséL,Faugères J C,Hrovatin V.1998.The interplay betweenturbidity and contour processes on the Columbia Channel fan drift,Southern Brazil Basin.Sedimentary Geology,115:111～132.
Mulder T,Lecroart P,Hanquiez V,Marches E,Gonthier E,Guedes JC,Thiébot E,Jaaidi B,Kenyon N,Voisset M,Perez C,Sayago M,Fuchey Y,Bujan S.2006.The western part of the Gulf of Cadiz:contour currents and turbidity currents interactions.Geo-MarineLetters,26:31～41.
Mulder T,Faugères J C,Gonthier E.2008.Mixed turbidite—contouriteSystems.In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A.eds.Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology,60.London:Elsevier Science,435～456.
Rasmussen S,Lykke-Andersen H,Kuijpers A.2003.Post-Miocenesedimentation at the continental rise of Southeast Greenland:theinterplay between turbidity and contour currents.Marine Geology,196:37～52.
Reed D L,Meyer A W,Silver E A,Prasetyo H.1987.Contouritesedimentation in an intraoceanic forearc system:eastern Sunda Arc,Indonesia.Marine Geology,76(3～4):223～242.
Scheuer C,Gohl K,Udintsev G.2006.Bottom-current control onsedimentation in the western Bellingshausen Sea,West Antarctica.Geo-Marine Letters,26:90～101.
Sejrup H P,Haflidason H,Hjelstuen B O,Nygrd A,Bryn P,Lien R.2004.Pleistocene development of the SE Nordic Seas margin.MarineGeology,213:169～200.
Shanmugam G,Spalding T D,Rofheart D H.1993a.Processsedimentology and reservoir quality of deep-marine bottom-currentreworked sands(sandy contourites):an example from the Gulf ofMexico.AAPG Bulletin,77,1241～1259.
Shanmugam G,Spalding T D,Rofheart D H.1993b.Traction structuresin deep-marine bottom-current reworked sands in the Pliocene andPleistocene,Gulf of Mexico.Geology,21:929～932.
Shanmugam G.2000.50years of the turbidite paradigm(1950s～1990s)deep-water processes and facies models a criticalperspective.Marine and Petroleum Geology,17:285～342.
Shanmugam G.2003.Deep-marine tidal bottom currents and theirreworked sands in modern and ancient submarine canyons.Marine andPetroleum Geology,20:471～491.
Stow D A V,Faugères J C,Howe J A,Pudsey C J,Viana A R.2002.Bottom currents,contourites and deep-sea sediment drifts:current state-of-the-art.In:Stow D A V,Pudsey C J,Howe J A,Faugères JC,Viana A R.eds.Deep-Water Contourite Systems:Modern Drifts andAncient Seires,Seismic and Sedimentary Characteristics.London:Geological Society,Memoirs,22:7～20.
Viana A R,Almeida J W,Machado L C.1999.Different styles ofcanyon infill related to gravity and bottom current processes:Examplefrom the upper slope of the SE Brazilian margin.Publica ao SextoCongresso International da Sociedade Brasileira de Geofisica,SBGF014,4.
Wood R,Davy B.1994.The Hikurangi Plateau.Marine Geology,118:153～173.
Zhu Mangzheng,Graham S,Pang Xiong,McHargue T.2010.Characteristics of migrating submarine canyons from the middleMiocene to present:Implications for paleoceanograpic circulation,northern South China Sea.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27:307～319.
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