博格达山北缘前陆褶皱冲断带构造特征及其动力学意义
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摘要
博格达山北麓褶皱逆冲带是现代地质学研究的一个热点,但是大部分的研究都集中于古生代和新生代的构造变形,对于中生代多期构造变形少有关注。本文通过野外地质观测和卫星照片解析,结合前人地震剖面,识别出中生代以来博格达山北麓褶皱逆冲带内3期不同的构造变形:1)是由于印度—欧亚板块碰撞远程效应所引起的新生代逆冲推覆构造,表现为一系列逆冲断层及相关的褶皱;2)是侏罗纪末—白垩纪初博格达山遭受挤压变形,在山前形成宽缓的褶皱;3)是博格达三叠纪末—侏罗纪初的构造变形,可能对应于博格达山的初始隆起,这期构造变形表现为博格达山北麓上二叠统的强烈褶皱变形。这些结果表明博格达山的隆升具有多期次的特点,主要受亚洲板块南缘不同时期小陆块碰撞的控制。
The fold-and-thrust belt of the northern piedmont along Bogdashan is a hot spot of modern geological study.The most previous studies focused on the Paleozoic and Cenozoic structural deformations.However,few studies concerned its Mesozoic multi-phases deformations.This study distinguished three phase of deformation since Mesozoic along the northern piedmont of the Bogdashan,based on carefully structural observation in field,image satellite and previous published seismic profiles.The first one is the Cenozoic thrust structure and related folds,which is caused by the far-effect of the India-Eurasia collision.The second deformation is characterized by the wide wave-length folds during the boundary between the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous.The third deformational phase probably related to the inception of the uplifting of Bogdashan.It shows intensive deformation within the Upper Permian.These results suggest that Bogdashan has the characteristics of multi-phase uplifting,mainly caused by the collisions of different small blocks at the southern edge of Asia.
The fold-and-thrust belt of the northern piedmont along Bogdashan is a hot spot of modern geological study.The most previous studies focused on the Paleozoic and Cenozoic structural deformations.However,few studies concerned its Mesozoic multi-phases deformations.This study distinguished three phase of deformation since Mesozoic along the northern piedmont of the Bogdashan,based on carefully structural observation in field,image satellite and previous published seismic profiles.The first one is the Cenozoic thrust structure and related folds,which is caused by the far-effect of the India-Eurasia collision.The second deformation is characterized by the wide wave-length folds during the boundary between the Late Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous.The third deformational phase probably related to the inception of the uplifting of Bogdashan.It shows intensive deformation within the Upper Permian.These results suggest that Bogdashan has the characteristics of multi-phase uplifting,mainly caused by the collisions of different small blocks at the southern edge of Asia.
引文
方世虎,郭召杰,吴朝东,张志诚,王美娜,袁庆东.2006.准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系碎屑成分特征及其对构造属性、盆山格局的指示意义.地质学报,80(2):196—209.
Fang Shihu,Guo Zhaojie,Wu Chaodong,Zhang Zhicheng,Wang Meina and Yuan Qingdong.2006.Jurassic clastic composition in the southern Junggar Basin,northwest China;Implications for basin-range pattern and tectonic attributes.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(2):196—209.
顾连兴,胡受奚,于春水,吴昌志,严正富.2001.论博格达俯冲撕裂型裂谷的形成与演化.岩石学报,17(4):585—597.
Gu Lianxing,Hu Shouxi,Yu Chunshui,Wu Changzhi and Yan Zhengfu.2001.Initiation and evolution of the Bogda subudction- torn-type rift.A eta Petrologica Sinica,17(4):585—597.
李锦轶.2004.新疆东部新元古代晚期和古生代构造格局及其演变.地质论评,50(3):304—322.
Li Jinyi.2004.Late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic tectonic framework and evolution of eastern Xinjiang,N W China.Geological Review,50(3):304—322.
马瑞士,舒良树,孙家齐.1993.东天山构造演化与成矿.北京:地质出版社.1—202.
Ma Ruishi,Shu Liangshu and Sun Jiaqi.1993.The Tectonic Framework and Crust Evolution in Eastern Tianshan.Beijing: Geological Publishing House.1—202.
沈传波,梅廉夫,刘麟,汤济广,周锋.2006.新疆博格达山中新生代隆升-热历史的裂变径迹记录.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(3):87—92.
Shen Chuanbo,Mei Lianfu.Liu Lin,Tang Jiguang and Zhou Feng.2006.Evidence from apatite and zircon fission track analysis for Mesozoic-Cenozoic uplift thermal history of Bogeda Mountain of Xinjiang,northwest China.Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,26(3):87—92.
舒良树,朱文斌,王博,Faure M,Charvet J,Cluzel D.2005.新疆博格达南缘后碰撞期陆内裂谷和水下滑塌构造.岩石学报,21(1):25—36.
Shu Lingshu.Zhu Wenbin,Wang Bo,Faure M,Charvet J and Cluzel D.2005.The post-collision intracontinental rifting and olistostrome on the southern slope of Bogda Mountains,Xinjiang.Acta Petrologica Sinica,21(1):25—36.
新疆维吾尔自治区区域地层表编写组.1981.西北地区区域地层表.北京:地质出版社.1—496.
Stratigraphic Chart Writing Group of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Regional.1981.Stratigraphic Table of the Northwest China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1—496.
汪新伟,汪新文,马永生.2007.新疆博格达山晚中生代以来的差异剥露史.地质学报,81(11):1507-1517.
Wang Xinwei,Wang Xinwen and Ma Yongsheng.2007.Differential exhumation history of Bogda Mountain,Xinjiang, northwestern China since the Late Mesozoic.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(11):1507—1517.
王宗秀,李涛,周高志,卢苗安,柳永清,李寅.2003.博格达山晚石炭纪造山活动的变形地质记录.地学前缘,10 (1):63—69.
Wang Zongxiu,Li Tao,Zhou Gaozhi,Lu Miaoan.Liu Yongqing and Li Yin.2003.Geological record of the Late-Carboniferous orogeny in Bogdashan,northern Tianshan Mountains,northwest China.Earth Science Frontier,10(1):63—69.
王宗秀,李涛.2004.新疆博格达山链新生代再生造山机理——岩石圈内切层“开”“合”造山带的典型代表.地质通报,23(3):286—293.
Wang Zongxiu and Li Tao.2004.Mechanism of Cenozoic revival orogeny in the Bogda Mountain chain,Xinjiang.Geological Bulletin of China,23(3):286—293.
王宗秀,李涛,张进,柳永清,马宗晋.2008.博格达山链新生代抬升过程及意义.中国科学,38(3):312—326.
Wang Zongxiu,Li Tao,Zhang Jin,Liu Yongqing and Ma Zongjin.2008.The uplifting process of the Bogda Mountain during the Cenozoic and its tectonic implication.Science in China(Series D),51(4):579—593.
吴孔友,查明,曲江秀,田辉.2004.博格达山隆升对北三台地区构造形成与演化的控制作用.石油大学学报(自然科学版),28(2):1-5.
Wu Kongyou,Zha Ming.Qu Jiangxiu and Tian Hui.2004.Control of Bogeda Mountain uplift on the structural formation and evolution in Beisantai region.Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),28(2):1—5.
张传恒,刘典波,张传林,王自强,余琪祥.2005.新疆博格达山初始隆升时间的地层学标定.地学前缘,12(1):294—302.
Zhang Chunheng,Liu Dianbo,Zhang Chuanlin,Wang Ziqiang and Yu Qixiang.2005.Stratigraphic constraints on the initial uplift age of Bogda Shan,Xinjiang,north-west China.Earth Science Frontiers,12(1):294—302.
Allen M B.Windly B F and Zhang C.1993.Paleozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan,central Asia.Tectonophysics,220(1—4):89—115.
Allen M B,Sengor A M C and Natalin B A.1995.Junggar,Turfan and Alakol Basins as Late Permian to Early Triassic extensional structures in a sinistral shear zone in the Altaid orogenic collage,central Asia.Journal of the Geological Society,152(2):327—338.
Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,You H and Wang G.1993.Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tien Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan.Journal of Geophysical Research,98(B4): 6755—6804.
Burchfiel B C,Brown E T,Deng Q D,Feng X Y,Li J,Molnar P,Shi J B,Wu Z M and You H C.1999.Crustal shortening on the margins of the Tien Shan,Xinjiang,China.International Geology Review,41;665—700.
Charreau J,Gumiaux C,Avouac J P,Augier R,Chen Y,Barrier L,Gilder S,Dominguez S,Charles N and Wang Q C.2009.The Neogene Xiyu Formation,a diachronous prograding gravel wedge at front of the Tianshan:Climatic and tectonic implications.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,287(3—4):298—310.
Charvet J,Shu L S and Laurent-Charvet S.2007.Paleozoic structural and geodynamic evolution of eastern Tianshan(NW China):Welding of the Tarim and Junggar plates.Episodes,30(3):162—186.
Chen K,Gumiaux C,Augier R,Chen Y,Wang Q C,Lin W and Wang S L.2011.The Mesozoic palaeorelief of the northern Tian Shan(China).Terra Nova,23(3):195—205.
Gao J,Li M S,Xiao X C,Tang Y Q and He G Q.1998.Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogen,northwestern China. Tectonophysics,287(1—4):213—231.
Green T J,Carroll A R,Wartes M,Graham S A and Wooden J L.2005.Integrated provenance analysis of a complex orogenic terrane;Mesozoic uplift of the Bogda Shan and inception of the Turpan-Hami Basin,NW China.Journal of Sedimentary Research,75(2);251—267.
Hendrix M S,Graham S A,Carroll A R,Sobel E R,Mcknight C L,Schulein B J and Wang Z X.1992.Sedimentary record and climatic implications of recurrent deformation in the Tian Shan;Evidence from Mesozoic strata of the north Tarim,south Junggar,and Turpan Basins,northwest China.Geological Society of America Bulletin,104(1):53—79.
Hendrix M S,Dumitru T A and Graham S A.1994.Late Oligocene-Early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tien-Shan:An early effect of the India-Asia collision.Geology,22(6):487—490.
Jolivet M,Dominguez S,Charreau J,Chen Y,Li Y G and Wang Q C.2010.Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic history of the central Chinese Tian Shan:Reactivated tectonic structures and active deformation.Tectonics,29;TC6019,doi:10.1029/ 2010TC002712.
Laurent-Charvet S.Charvet J,Monie P and Shu L S.2003.Late Paleozoic strike-slip shear zones in eastern central Asia(NW China):New structural and geochronological data.Tectonics,22(2):doi:10.1029/2001TC901047.
Li C X,Guo Z J and Dupont-Nivet G.2011.Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation across the northern foreland of the Chinese Tian Shan.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,42(5):1066—1073.
Lin W,Faure M,Shi Y H,Wan Q C and Li Z.2009.Palaeozoic tectonics of the south-western Chinese Tianshan:New insights from a structural study of the high-pressure/low-temperature met amorphic belt.International Journal of Earth Sciences,98(6):1259—1274.
Sengor A M C.Natalin B A and Burtman V S.1993.Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal growth in Eurasia.Nature,364:299—307.
Shao L Y,Zhang P F,Hilton J,Gayer R,Wang Y B,Zhao C Y and Luo Z.2003.Paleoenvironments and paleogeography of the Lower and lower Middle Jurassic coal measures in the Turpan-Hami oil-prone coal basin,northwestern China.AAPG Bulletin,87(2):335—355.
Shu L S,Wang B,Zhu W B,Guo Z J,Charvet J and Zhang Y.2011.Timing of initiation of extension in the Tianshan,based on structural,geochemical and geochronological analyses of bimodal volcanism and olistostrome in the Bogda Shan(NW China).International Journal of Earth Sciences,100(2):1647—1663.
Tapponnier P and Molnar P.1977.Active faulting and tectonics in China.Journal of Geophysical Research,82(20):2905—2932.
Wang B,Shu L S,Cluzel D,Faure M and Charvet J.2007.Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Yili Block(Xinjiang,NW China);Implication for the tectonic evolution of western Tianshan.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,29(1):148—159.
Wang B,Faure M,Shu L S,de Jong K,Charvet J,Cluzel D,Jahn B M,Chen Y and Ruffet G.2010.Structural and geochronological study of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Kekesu section(northwestern China):Implications for the Late Paleozoic tectonics of the southern Tianshan.The Journal of Geology,118(1 ):59—77.
Wang Q C,Li S J and Du Z L.2009.Differential uplift of the Chinese Tianshan since the Cretaceous;Constraints from sedimentary petrography and apatite fission-track dating.International Journal of Earth Sciences,98(6):1341—1363.
Wartes M A,Carroll A R and Greene T J.2002.Permian sedimentary record of the Turpan-Hami Basin and adjacent regions, northwest China:Constraints on postamalgamation tectonic evolution.Geological Society of America Bulletin,114(2): 131—152.
Windley B F,Allen M B,Zhang C,Zhao Z Y and Wang G R.1990.Paleozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan Range,central Asia.Geology,18(2):128—131.
Xiao W J,Windley B F,Badarch G,Sun S,Li J L,Qin K Z and Wang Z.2004.Palaeozoic accretionary and convergent tectonics of the southern Altaids:Implications for the growth of Central Asia.Journal of the Geological Society,161(3):339—342.
Fang Shihu,Guo Zhaojie,Wu Chaodong,Zhang Zhicheng,Wang Meina and Yuan Qingdong.2006.Jurassic clastic composition in the southern Junggar Basin,northwest China;Implications for basin-range pattern and tectonic attributes.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(2):196—209.
顾连兴,胡受奚,于春水,吴昌志,严正富.2001.论博格达俯冲撕裂型裂谷的形成与演化.岩石学报,17(4):585—597.
Gu Lianxing,Hu Shouxi,Yu Chunshui,Wu Changzhi and Yan Zhengfu.2001.Initiation and evolution of the Bogda subudction- torn-type rift.A eta Petrologica Sinica,17(4):585—597.
李锦轶.2004.新疆东部新元古代晚期和古生代构造格局及其演变.地质论评,50(3):304—322.
Li Jinyi.2004.Late Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic tectonic framework and evolution of eastern Xinjiang,N W China.Geological Review,50(3):304—322.
马瑞士,舒良树,孙家齐.1993.东天山构造演化与成矿.北京:地质出版社.1—202.
Ma Ruishi,Shu Liangshu and Sun Jiaqi.1993.The Tectonic Framework and Crust Evolution in Eastern Tianshan.Beijing: Geological Publishing House.1—202.
沈传波,梅廉夫,刘麟,汤济广,周锋.2006.新疆博格达山中新生代隆升-热历史的裂变径迹记录.海洋地质与第四纪地质,26(3):87—92.
Shen Chuanbo,Mei Lianfu.Liu Lin,Tang Jiguang and Zhou Feng.2006.Evidence from apatite and zircon fission track analysis for Mesozoic-Cenozoic uplift thermal history of Bogeda Mountain of Xinjiang,northwest China.Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology,26(3):87—92.
舒良树,朱文斌,王博,Faure M,Charvet J,Cluzel D.2005.新疆博格达南缘后碰撞期陆内裂谷和水下滑塌构造.岩石学报,21(1):25—36.
Shu Lingshu.Zhu Wenbin,Wang Bo,Faure M,Charvet J and Cluzel D.2005.The post-collision intracontinental rifting and olistostrome on the southern slope of Bogda Mountains,Xinjiang.Acta Petrologica Sinica,21(1):25—36.
新疆维吾尔自治区区域地层表编写组.1981.西北地区区域地层表.北京:地质出版社.1—496.
Stratigraphic Chart Writing Group of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Regional.1981.Stratigraphic Table of the Northwest China.Beijing:Geological Publishing House.1—496.
汪新伟,汪新文,马永生.2007.新疆博格达山晚中生代以来的差异剥露史.地质学报,81(11):1507-1517.
Wang Xinwei,Wang Xinwen and Ma Yongsheng.2007.Differential exhumation history of Bogda Mountain,Xinjiang, northwestern China since the Late Mesozoic.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(11):1507—1517.
王宗秀,李涛,周高志,卢苗安,柳永清,李寅.2003.博格达山晚石炭纪造山活动的变形地质记录.地学前缘,10 (1):63—69.
Wang Zongxiu,Li Tao,Zhou Gaozhi,Lu Miaoan.Liu Yongqing and Li Yin.2003.Geological record of the Late-Carboniferous orogeny in Bogdashan,northern Tianshan Mountains,northwest China.Earth Science Frontier,10(1):63—69.
王宗秀,李涛.2004.新疆博格达山链新生代再生造山机理——岩石圈内切层“开”“合”造山带的典型代表.地质通报,23(3):286—293.
Wang Zongxiu and Li Tao.2004.Mechanism of Cenozoic revival orogeny in the Bogda Mountain chain,Xinjiang.Geological Bulletin of China,23(3):286—293.
王宗秀,李涛,张进,柳永清,马宗晋.2008.博格达山链新生代抬升过程及意义.中国科学,38(3):312—326.
Wang Zongxiu,Li Tao,Zhang Jin,Liu Yongqing and Ma Zongjin.2008.The uplifting process of the Bogda Mountain during the Cenozoic and its tectonic implication.Science in China(Series D),51(4):579—593.
吴孔友,查明,曲江秀,田辉.2004.博格达山隆升对北三台地区构造形成与演化的控制作用.石油大学学报(自然科学版),28(2):1-5.
Wu Kongyou,Zha Ming.Qu Jiangxiu and Tian Hui.2004.Control of Bogeda Mountain uplift on the structural formation and evolution in Beisantai region.Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),28(2):1—5.
张传恒,刘典波,张传林,王自强,余琪祥.2005.新疆博格达山初始隆升时间的地层学标定.地学前缘,12(1):294—302.
Zhang Chunheng,Liu Dianbo,Zhang Chuanlin,Wang Ziqiang and Yu Qixiang.2005.Stratigraphic constraints on the initial uplift age of Bogda Shan,Xinjiang,north-west China.Earth Science Frontiers,12(1):294—302.
Allen M B.Windly B F and Zhang C.1993.Paleozoic collisional tectonics and magmatism of the Chinese Tien Shan,central Asia.Tectonophysics,220(1—4):89—115.
Allen M B,Sengor A M C and Natalin B A.1995.Junggar,Turfan and Alakol Basins as Late Permian to Early Triassic extensional structures in a sinistral shear zone in the Altaid orogenic collage,central Asia.Journal of the Geological Society,152(2):327—338.
Avouac J P,Tapponnier P,Bai M,You H and Wang G.1993.Active thrusting and folding along the northern Tien Shan and Late Cenozoic rotation of the Tarim relative to Dzungaria and Kazakhstan.Journal of Geophysical Research,98(B4): 6755—6804.
Burchfiel B C,Brown E T,Deng Q D,Feng X Y,Li J,Molnar P,Shi J B,Wu Z M and You H C.1999.Crustal shortening on the margins of the Tien Shan,Xinjiang,China.International Geology Review,41;665—700.
Charreau J,Gumiaux C,Avouac J P,Augier R,Chen Y,Barrier L,Gilder S,Dominguez S,Charles N and Wang Q C.2009.The Neogene Xiyu Formation,a diachronous prograding gravel wedge at front of the Tianshan:Climatic and tectonic implications.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,287(3—4):298—310.
Charvet J,Shu L S and Laurent-Charvet S.2007.Paleozoic structural and geodynamic evolution of eastern Tianshan(NW China):Welding of the Tarim and Junggar plates.Episodes,30(3):162—186.
Chen K,Gumiaux C,Augier R,Chen Y,Wang Q C,Lin W and Wang S L.2011.The Mesozoic palaeorelief of the northern Tian Shan(China).Terra Nova,23(3):195—205.
Gao J,Li M S,Xiao X C,Tang Y Q and He G Q.1998.Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Tianshan orogen,northwestern China. Tectonophysics,287(1—4):213—231.
Green T J,Carroll A R,Wartes M,Graham S A and Wooden J L.2005.Integrated provenance analysis of a complex orogenic terrane;Mesozoic uplift of the Bogda Shan and inception of the Turpan-Hami Basin,NW China.Journal of Sedimentary Research,75(2);251—267.
Hendrix M S,Graham S A,Carroll A R,Sobel E R,Mcknight C L,Schulein B J and Wang Z X.1992.Sedimentary record and climatic implications of recurrent deformation in the Tian Shan;Evidence from Mesozoic strata of the north Tarim,south Junggar,and Turpan Basins,northwest China.Geological Society of America Bulletin,104(1):53—79.
Hendrix M S,Dumitru T A and Graham S A.1994.Late Oligocene-Early Miocene unroofing in the Chinese Tien-Shan:An early effect of the India-Asia collision.Geology,22(6):487—490.
Jolivet M,Dominguez S,Charreau J,Chen Y,Li Y G and Wang Q C.2010.Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic history of the central Chinese Tian Shan:Reactivated tectonic structures and active deformation.Tectonics,29;TC6019,doi:10.1029/ 2010TC002712.
Laurent-Charvet S.Charvet J,Monie P and Shu L S.2003.Late Paleozoic strike-slip shear zones in eastern central Asia(NW China):New structural and geochronological data.Tectonics,22(2):doi:10.1029/2001TC901047.
Li C X,Guo Z J and Dupont-Nivet G.2011.Late Cenozoic tectonic deformation across the northern foreland of the Chinese Tian Shan.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,42(5):1066—1073.
Lin W,Faure M,Shi Y H,Wan Q C and Li Z.2009.Palaeozoic tectonics of the south-western Chinese Tianshan:New insights from a structural study of the high-pressure/low-temperature met amorphic belt.International Journal of Earth Sciences,98(6):1259—1274.
Sengor A M C.Natalin B A and Burtman V S.1993.Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Paleozoic crustal growth in Eurasia.Nature,364:299—307.
Shao L Y,Zhang P F,Hilton J,Gayer R,Wang Y B,Zhao C Y and Luo Z.2003.Paleoenvironments and paleogeography of the Lower and lower Middle Jurassic coal measures in the Turpan-Hami oil-prone coal basin,northwestern China.AAPG Bulletin,87(2):335—355.
Shu L S,Wang B,Zhu W B,Guo Z J,Charvet J and Zhang Y.2011.Timing of initiation of extension in the Tianshan,based on structural,geochemical and geochronological analyses of bimodal volcanism and olistostrome in the Bogda Shan(NW China).International Journal of Earth Sciences,100(2):1647—1663.
Tapponnier P and Molnar P.1977.Active faulting and tectonics in China.Journal of Geophysical Research,82(20):2905—2932.
Wang B,Shu L S,Cluzel D,Faure M and Charvet J.2007.Geochemical constraints on Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Yili Block(Xinjiang,NW China);Implication for the tectonic evolution of western Tianshan.Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,29(1):148—159.
Wang B,Faure M,Shu L S,de Jong K,Charvet J,Cluzel D,Jahn B M,Chen Y and Ruffet G.2010.Structural and geochronological study of high-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Kekesu section(northwestern China):Implications for the Late Paleozoic tectonics of the southern Tianshan.The Journal of Geology,118(1 ):59—77.
Wang Q C,Li S J and Du Z L.2009.Differential uplift of the Chinese Tianshan since the Cretaceous;Constraints from sedimentary petrography and apatite fission-track dating.International Journal of Earth Sciences,98(6):1341—1363.
Wartes M A,Carroll A R and Greene T J.2002.Permian sedimentary record of the Turpan-Hami Basin and adjacent regions, northwest China:Constraints on postamalgamation tectonic evolution.Geological Society of America Bulletin,114(2): 131—152.
Windley B F,Allen M B,Zhang C,Zhao Z Y and Wang G R.1990.Paleozoic accretion and Cenozoic redeformation of the Chinese Tien Shan Range,central Asia.Geology,18(2):128—131.
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