无机生油假说及其在中国的应用前景
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摘要
无机生油假说认为,原油和天然气和近地表的生物物质没有根本联系,它们是生成于地幔内的非生物来源的碳氢化合物。因而油气不是一个不可再生资源,而是一个可再生资源。无机生油假说得到地质学、物理学和化学等三个基本学科的支持。在地质观察上,发现全球许多大油田的油气储藏与原始生物物质之间数量上有巨大落差,难于解释它们是由生物生成的。此外,有许多地区在结晶基底或变质基底内,或直接位于其上的沉积岩中发现石油。从生物生油假说来说,也是无法理解的。在化学上,早在二战期间,德国已由人工合成石油(费托合成),并生产了占德国战争中用油的9%的石油。无可争辩地说明,无机可以生成石油。根据化学(物理学)热力学理论分析确认,甲烷是唯一一种在标准温压条件(温度为298.15 K;压力为101325 Pa)下稳定的碳氢化合物,从甲烷形成正常烷属烃只有在压力>3×106kPa、温度>700°C时(相当于地下深度约100 km)才有可能。在地壳内的温压条件下由生物变质形成石油的假说,与化学热力学的基本原则相抵触。从氧化的有机分子,如碳水化合物(C6H12O6)形成较高的碳氢化合物在任何条件下都是不可能的。根据我国长期对深部构造的研究,笔者认为在中国东部及西太平洋蘑菇云岩石圈地幔发育的地区是寻找巨型无机油气田的有利地区,建议在发育蘑菇云岩石圈地幔地区开展无机油气田的勘探,并在无机油气田远景地区布置超深参数钻,以评价含油气远景。另外建议加强物探工作,尤其是研究地震勘探处理基底内三维含油气构造的技术。
The abiogenetic petroleum origin hypothesis argues that the crude oil and natural petroleum gas have no intrinsic connection with biological matter originating near the surface of the Earth.They are primordial materials which have been erupted from great depths.Therefore,they are renewable resources instead of non-renewable resources.The abiogenetic hypothesis has been supported by geological,physical and chemical evidence.Geologists found that no source rocks could form enormous volumes of hydrocarbons in many huge oil fields,and that therefore the most plausible explanation is abiotic deep petroleum.Besides,oil and gas have been found in basal rocks or in sediments directly above basal rocks,which could hardly be explained by biogenetic hypothesis.In chemical aspect,the Fischer–Tropsch process(or Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) has converted a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.By thermodynamical analysis,the most significant conclusion is that methane is the only hydrocarbon that is stable at STP.The formation of normal alkanes from methane is thermodynamically possible only at pressures >30 kbar and temperatures >700°C which correspond to a depth of ~100 km below the Earth's surface(equivalent to the depth of the upper mantle).As a result,higher hydrocarbons such as those found in natural petroleum at the Earth's surface are metastable.By contrast,the formation of higher hydrocarbons from oxidized organic molecules is not thermodynamically possible under any conditions.Based on deep structure study,the authors hold that East China and West Pacific area,where mashroom cloud mantle is developed,are favorable for finding abiogenetic oil fields.The authors suggest drilling deep boreholes to evaluate oil potential and strengthening geophysical exploration,especially for basal structure.
The abiogenetic petroleum origin hypothesis argues that the crude oil and natural petroleum gas have no intrinsic connection with biological matter originating near the surface of the Earth.They are primordial materials which have been erupted from great depths.Therefore,they are renewable resources instead of non-renewable resources.The abiogenetic hypothesis has been supported by geological,physical and chemical evidence.Geologists found that no source rocks could form enormous volumes of hydrocarbons in many huge oil fields,and that therefore the most plausible explanation is abiotic deep petroleum.Besides,oil and gas have been found in basal rocks or in sediments directly above basal rocks,which could hardly be explained by biogenetic hypothesis.In chemical aspect,the Fischer–Tropsch process(or Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) has converted a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.By thermodynamical analysis,the most significant conclusion is that methane is the only hydrocarbon that is stable at STP.The formation of normal alkanes from methane is thermodynamically possible only at pressures >30 kbar and temperatures >700°C which correspond to a depth of ~100 km below the Earth's surface(equivalent to the depth of the upper mantle).As a result,higher hydrocarbons such as those found in natural petroleum at the Earth's surface are metastable.By contrast,the formation of higher hydrocarbons from oxidized organic molecules is not thermodynamically possible under any conditions.Based on deep structure study,the authors hold that East China and West Pacific area,where mashroom cloud mantle is developed,are favorable for finding abiogenetic oil fields.The authors suggest drilling deep boreholes to evaluate oil potential and strengthening geophysical exploration,especially for basal structure.
引文
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[2]Open University,Earth's Physical Resources:Petroleum.http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?name=S278_1
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[13]Keith S,Swan M.Hydrothermal Hydrocarbons[C]AAPGResearch Conference,2005,Calgary,Canada,2005.
[14]Kenney J,Kutcherov V,Bendeliani N,et al.The evolution ofmulticomponent systems at high pressures:VI.The thermodynamicstability of the hydrogen-carbon system:The genesis ofhydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum[J].Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences USA 2002,99:10976-10981.
[15]Gold Thomas.The deep,hot biosphere[C]//Copernicus Books.1999,
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[18]袁学诚,秦岭岩石圈速度结构与蘑菇云构造模型[J].中国科学(D辑),1996,26,(3):209-215.Yuan Xuecheng:Velocity structure of the Qinling lithosphere andmushroom cloud model[J].Science in China(SeriesD),1996,36(3):235-244(in Chinese).
[19]袁学诚.再论岩石圈地幔蘑菇云构造及其深部成因[J],中国地质,2007,34(5),737-758.Yuan Xuecheng.Mushroom structure of the lithospheric mantleand its genesis at depth:revisited[J]Geology in China,2007,34(5),737-758(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]袁学诚,华九如.华南岩石圈三维结构[J].中国地质,2011,38(1):1-19.Yuan Xuecheng,Hua Jiuru.3D Lithospheric structure of SouthChina[J].Geology in China,2011,38(1):1-19(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
[21]袁学诚,李善芳,管烨.瑞雷-泰勒不稳定性与中国东部岩石圈-三论岩石圈地幔蘑菇云构造[J].中国地质,2012,39(1):1-11.Yuan Xuecheng,Li Shanfang,Guan Ye.Reileigh-Taylorinstability and lithosphere of eastern China[J],Geology in China,2012,39(1):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]Zi An,Guo Zhanqian,Bai Zhenguo,et al.Geochemistry andtectonic environment and reservoir formation of mantle-derivednatural gas in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2004.
[23]Guo Z Q.Wang X B,Abiotic origin gas in Songliao Basin[J].Science in China(SeriesB),1994,(3):
[24]Guo Z Q,Wang X B,Liu W L.Reservoir-forming features ofabiotic origin gas in Songliao Basin[J].Science in China(SeriesD),1997,40(6):621-626.
[25]郭占谦,杨步增,李星军,等.松辽盆地无机成因气藏模式[J].天然气工业,2000,20(6),30-33.Guo Zhanqian,Yang Buzeng,Li Xingjun,et al.Abiogenic gasreservoir modes found in Songliao basin[J].Natur.Gas Ind.,2000,20(6):30-33(in Chinese with English abstract).
[26]Kenney J F.Considerations about recent predictions of impendingshortages of petroleum evaluated from the perspective of modernpetroleum science[J].Energy World,1996,240:16-18.http://www.gasresources.net.
[27]张景廉,张虎权,张宁,等.非生物(无机)成因油气基础科学问题[J].天然气地球科学,2006,17(1):19-24.Zhang Jinglian,Zhang Huquan,Zhang Ning,et al.Thefundamental science and theory on abiogenic(inorganic origin)oiland gas[J].Natural Gas Earth Science,2006,17(1):19-24(in Chinese with English abstract).
[2]Open University,Earth's Physical Resources:Petroleum.http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?name=S278_1
[3]中国石油新闻中心.中国陆相石油地质理论的发展,2007.http://news.cnpc.com.cnC NPC.The Development of terrestrial facies theory on origin ofpetroleum in China[2007-09-07 09:03].http://news.cnpc.com.cn.
[4]胡社荣.中国早期陆相生油理论新考[J].石油学报,1999,(2):104-106.Hu Sherong.The early stage of the terrestrial facies theory on originof petroleum in China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,1999,(2):104-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]Wikipedia,Abiogenic petroleum origin.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiogenic_petroleum_origin
[6]Wikipedia,Nikolai Kudryavtsev.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Kudryavtsev
[7]Kudryavtsev N A.Petroleum economy[J].Neftianoye Khozyaistvo,1951(9):17–29(in Russian).
[8]Anirbid Sircar,Hydrocarbon production from fractured basementformations[J].Current Science,2004,87(2):147-151.
[9]Kudryavtsev N A.Oil and Gas Origin[M].Nedra,Moscow.1973:216(in Russian).
[10]Szatmari P.Petroleum formation by Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis inPlate Tectonics[J].The American Association of PetroleumGeologists Bulletin,1989,73(8):989-998.
[11]Szatmari P,Da Fonseca T,Miekeley N.Trace Element Evidencefor Major Contribution to Commercial Oils by SerpentinizingMantle Peridotites[C].AAPG Research Conference,Calgary,Canada,2005.
[12]Charlou J L,Donval J P,Jean-Baptiste P,et al.Abiogenicpetroleum generated by serpentinization of oceanic mantellic rocks[C].AAPG Research Conference,2005.
[13]Keith S,Swan M.Hydrothermal Hydrocarbons[C]AAPGResearch Conference,2005,Calgary,Canada,2005.
[14]Kenney J,Kutcherov V,Bendeliani N,et al.The evolution ofmulticomponent systems at high pressures:VI.The thermodynamicstability of the hydrogen-carbon system:The genesis ofhydrocarbons and the origin of petroleum[J].Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences USA 2002,99:10976-10981.
[15]Gold Thomas.The deep,hot biosphere[C]//Copernicus Books.1999,
[16]Gold Thomas.The origin of methane(and oil)in the crust of theearth.U.S.G.S.Professional Paper 1993,The Future of EnergyGases.USGS.Retrieved on 2006-10-10.
[17]Gold T.Power from the Earth:Deep Earth Gas-Energy for theFuture[M].J.M.Dent and Sons Ltd,London,1987:197.
[18]袁学诚,秦岭岩石圈速度结构与蘑菇云构造模型[J].中国科学(D辑),1996,26,(3):209-215.Yuan Xuecheng:Velocity structure of the Qinling lithosphere andmushroom cloud model[J].Science in China(SeriesD),1996,36(3):235-244(in Chinese).
[19]袁学诚.再论岩石圈地幔蘑菇云构造及其深部成因[J],中国地质,2007,34(5),737-758.Yuan Xuecheng.Mushroom structure of the lithospheric mantleand its genesis at depth:revisited[J]Geology in China,2007,34(5),737-758(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]袁学诚,华九如.华南岩石圈三维结构[J].中国地质,2011,38(1):1-19.Yuan Xuecheng,Hua Jiuru.3D Lithospheric structure of SouthChina[J].Geology in China,2011,38(1):1-19(in Chinese withEnglish abstract).
[21]袁学诚,李善芳,管烨.瑞雷-泰勒不稳定性与中国东部岩石圈-三论岩石圈地幔蘑菇云构造[J].中国地质,2012,39(1):1-11.Yuan Xuecheng,Li Shanfang,Guan Ye.Reileigh-Taylorinstability and lithosphere of eastern China[J],Geology in China,2012,39(1):1-11(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]Zi An,Guo Zhanqian,Bai Zhenguo,et al.Geochemistry andtectonic environment and reservoir formation of mantle-derivednatural gas in the Songliao Basin,Northeastern China[J].Geotectonica et Metallogenia,2004.
[23]Guo Z Q.Wang X B,Abiotic origin gas in Songliao Basin[J].Science in China(SeriesB),1994,(3):
[24]Guo Z Q,Wang X B,Liu W L.Reservoir-forming features ofabiotic origin gas in Songliao Basin[J].Science in China(SeriesD),1997,40(6):621-626.
[25]郭占谦,杨步增,李星军,等.松辽盆地无机成因气藏模式[J].天然气工业,2000,20(6),30-33.Guo Zhanqian,Yang Buzeng,Li Xingjun,et al.Abiogenic gasreservoir modes found in Songliao basin[J].Natur.Gas Ind.,2000,20(6):30-33(in Chinese with English abstract).
[26]Kenney J F.Considerations about recent predictions of impendingshortages of petroleum evaluated from the perspective of modernpetroleum science[J].Energy World,1996,240:16-18.http://www.gasresources.net.
[27]张景廉,张虎权,张宁,等.非生物(无机)成因油气基础科学问题[J].天然气地球科学,2006,17(1):19-24.Zhang Jinglian,Zhang Huquan,Zhang Ning,et al.Thefundamental science and theory on abiogenic(inorganic origin)oiland gas[J].Natural Gas Earth Science,2006,17(1):19-24(in Chinese with English abstract).
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