中国大陆地表温度年变基准场研究
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摘要
非构造活动或非地震因素对地表热辐射场(地表温度)的影响,对于利用卫星热红外遥感探索地震前兆抑或断层活动有着重要的现实意义.地表温度中,典型非构造活动或非地震因素成份有:由太阳辐射引起的稳定年周期成份和与地形、纬度及能量平衡等因素有关的长期稳定成份,合称年变基准场.本文根据2000-2008年的MODIS/Terra地表温度产品,利用小波分析提取了中国大陆地表温度的年变基准场.在此基础上,结合热传导方程和数学物理方法,获得了年变基准场的(半)定量化表达式.进一步,利用地表温度的长期稳定成份,获得了温度与海拔、纬度变化之间的定量关系:海拔每增加100 m,温度降低0.51±0.01 K;纬度每增加1°,温度降低0.77±0.08 K.总之,年变基准场可为利用热红外辐射提取地壳活动信息提供一种参考背景.温度与海拔、纬度变化之间的定量关系则可用来校正地形起伏和纬度变化对地表温度的影响.
Research on the influence of non-tectonic or non-seismic factors on thermal radiation of land surface has an important practical significance as to use the satellite thermal infrared remote sensing to explore seismic precursor or fault activity. In land surface temperature(LST), which may be obtained from satellite image, there exist two kinds of typical non-tectonic or non-seismic components as the following:the annual variation, produced by the solar radiation, and the longtime stable temperature, related with topography, latitude and energy balance on land surface. The sum of these two typical components is defined as normal annual variation field (NAVF) of land surface temperature. In this paper, the annual variation field of LST in China is extracted by using the method of wavelet, based on LST from 2000 to 2008. Then, theoretical equation of NAVF is gotten by heat theory and mathematic physical method. Furthermore, the quantitative relationships between temperature and altitude or latitude are obtained:temperature decreases 0. 51i0. 01K with altitude rising 100 m, and temperature decreases 0. 77±0. 08K with latitude rising 1 degree. In sum, NAVF may be used as a basic background to analyze anomaly of thermal radiation further, and the relationship between temperature and altitude or latitude could be used to revise effects of topography and latitude variations on LST.
Research on the influence of non-tectonic or non-seismic factors on thermal radiation of land surface has an important practical significance as to use the satellite thermal infrared remote sensing to explore seismic precursor or fault activity. In land surface temperature(LST), which may be obtained from satellite image, there exist two kinds of typical non-tectonic or non-seismic components as the following:the annual variation, produced by the solar radiation, and the longtime stable temperature, related with topography, latitude and energy balance on land surface. The sum of these two typical components is defined as normal annual variation field (NAVF) of land surface temperature. In this paper, the annual variation field of LST in China is extracted by using the method of wavelet, based on LST from 2000 to 2008. Then, theoretical equation of NAVF is gotten by heat theory and mathematic physical method. Furthermore, the quantitative relationships between temperature and altitude or latitude are obtained:temperature decreases 0. 51i0. 01K with altitude rising 100 m, and temperature decreases 0. 77±0. 08K with latitude rising 1 degree. In sum, NAVF may be used as a basic background to analyze anomaly of thermal radiation further, and the relationship between temperature and altitude or latitude could be used to revise effects of topography and latitude variations on LST.
引文
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[11] 陈梅花,邓志辉,贾庆华.地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究-以2001年昆仑山8． 1级地震为例.地震地质,2003,25(1) :100-108 Chen M H, Deng Z H, Jia Q H. The relationship between the satellite infrared anomalies before earthquake and the seismogenic fault: A case study on the 2001 Kunlun earthquake. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2003,25(1) : 100-108
[12] 郭卫英,单新建,马瑾.对2001年昆仑山8． 1级地震前断层带红外增温异常的讨论.地震地质,2004,26(3) :548-556 Guo W Y, Shan X J, Ma J. Disussion on the anomalous increase of ground temperature along the seismgenic fault before the Kunlunshan M_s8． 1 earthquake in 2001． Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2004, 26(3) : 548-556
[13] 单新建,屈春燕,马瑾.卫星热红外观测与发震断层不同段落交替活动特征分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2) :58-62 Shan X J, Qu C Y, Ma J. Satellite thermal infrared observation and analysis on alternate activity of different segments of seismogenic fault. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese), 2005 ,25(2) : 58-62
[14] 曲春燕,马瑾,单新建.一次卫星热红外地震前兆现象的证伪.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :490-495 Qu C Y, Ma J, Shan X J. Counterevidence for an earthquake precursor of satellite thermal infrared anomalies. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2006 ,49(2) :490-495
[15] 陈顺云,马瑾,刘力强等.巴基斯坦地震前热红外辐射增强现象.自然科学进展,2006,16(11) :1437-1490 Chen S Y, Ma J, Liu L Q, et al. An enhancive phenomenon of thermal infrared radiation prior to Pakistan earthquake.Progress in Natural Science (in Chinese), 2006,16(11) :1437-1490
[16] 钟美娇.张元生.2005年10月8日巴基斯坦7． 8级地震热红外异常.西北地震学报,2007,29(2) :137-140 Zhong M J, Zhang Y S. Thermal infrared anomaly before Pakistan earthquake (M_s = 7． 8) on October 8, 2005． Northwestern Seismological Journal (in Chinese) , 2007 ,29(2) : 137-140
[17] 马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索-以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例.地震地质,2000,22(3) :210-215 Ma J, Shan X J. An attempt to study activity of fault using remote sensing technology; A case of the Mani earthquake.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2000, 22(3) :210-215
[18] 马瑾,汪一鹏,陈顺云等.卫星热红外信息与断层活动关系讨论.自然科学进展,2005,15(11) :77-85 Ma J, Wang Y P, Chen S Y, et al. Insights into correlation between satellite infrared information and fault activities.Progress in Natural Science (in Chinese), 2005,15(11) :77-85
[19] 陈顺云,马瑾,刘培洵等.中国地表亮度温度年变基准场.地震地质,2004,26(3) :528-538 Chen S Y, Ma J, Liu P X, et al. Normal annual variation field of land surface brightness temperature in China. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2004,26(3) : 528-538
[20] Wan Z M, Zhang Y L, Zhang Q C, et al. Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data. Remote Sensing of Environment ,2002, (83) :163-180
[21] Wan Z M, Li Z L. A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivily and temperature from EOS/MODIS data. IEEETrans. Geosci. Remote Sens. ,1997,35 (4) : 980-996
[22] 陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强等.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其现今构造活动研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2006,49(3) :824-830 Chen S Y, Liu P X, Liu L Q, et al. Wavelet analyses to thermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implementation for exploring the current tectonic activity. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2006 ,49(3) : 824-830
[23] 马晓静,邓志辉,陈梅花等.中国大陆卫星红外亮温与海拔高度关系的研究.地震地质,2008,30(2) :562-572 Ma X J, Deng Z H, Chen M H, et al. Study on the relationship between the satellite infrared brightness temperature and ground elevation in the mainland of China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese) , 2008,30(2) : 562-572
[24] 方精云.我国气温直减率分布规律的研究.科学通报,1992,9:817-820 Fang J Y. A study on the distribution of temperature lapse rate in China. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 1992,9:817-820
[2] Morzova L I. Dynamics of cloud anomalies above faults in periods of natural and induced seismicity. Izvestia. Physics of the Solid Earth, 1997,33(9) :778-779
[3] Tronin A A. Satellite thermal survey-a new tool for the studies of seismoactive regions. International J. of Remote Sensing, 1996, 17:1439-1455
[4] Tronin A A, Hayakawa M, Molchanov 0 A. Thermal IR satellite data application for earthquake research in Japan and China. Journal of Geodynamics ,2002,33:519-534
[5] Ouzounov D, Freund F. Mid-infrared emission prior to strong earthquakes analyzed by remote sensing data. Advances in Space Research ,2004,33:268-273
[6] Molchanov F E, Schekotov A, et al. Lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling as governing mechanism for preseismio short-term events in atmosphere and ionosphere.Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2004,4:757-767
[7] 强祖基,徐秀登,赁常恭.热红外异常-临震前兆.科学通报,1990,35(17) :1324-1327 Qiang Z J, Xu X D, Dian C G. Satellite infrared thermo-anomaly: Earthquake imminent precursor. Chinese ScienceBulletin (in Chinese) ,1990,35(17) :1324-1327
[8] 徐秀登,强祖基,赁常恭.临震卫星热红外异常与地面增温异常.科学通报,1991,36(4) :291-294 Xu X D, Qiang Z J, Dian C G. Earthquake imminent infrared thermal anomaly and temperature increase on earth surface. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 1991, 36 ( 4 ) :291-294
[9] 强祖基,赁常恭,李玲芝等.卫星热红外图像亮温异常短临震兆.中国科学(D辑),1998,28(6) :564-573 Qiang Z J, Dian C G, Li L Z, et al. Satellite infrared brightness temperature anomaly-earthquake imminent precursor. Science in China (Seri . D). (in Chinese), 1998,28(6) :564-573
[10] 刘德富,彭可银,刘维贺等.地震有“热征兆”.地震学报,1999,21(6) :652-656 Liu D F, Peng K Y, Liu W H, et al. Thermal omens before earthquakes. Acta Seismologica Sinica (in Chinese), 1999,21(6) :652-656
[11] 陈梅花,邓志辉,贾庆华.地震前卫星红外异常与发震断裂的关系研究-以2001年昆仑山8． 1级地震为例.地震地质,2003,25(1) :100-108 Chen M H, Deng Z H, Jia Q H. The relationship between the satellite infrared anomalies before earthquake and the seismogenic fault: A case study on the 2001 Kunlun earthquake. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2003,25(1) : 100-108
[12] 郭卫英,单新建,马瑾.对2001年昆仑山8． 1级地震前断层带红外增温异常的讨论.地震地质,2004,26(3) :548-556 Guo W Y, Shan X J, Ma J. Disussion on the anomalous increase of ground temperature along the seismgenic fault before the Kunlunshan M_s8． 1 earthquake in 2001． Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2004, 26(3) : 548-556
[13] 单新建,屈春燕,马瑾.卫星热红外观测与发震断层不同段落交替活动特征分析.大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(2) :58-62 Shan X J, Qu C Y, Ma J. Satellite thermal infrared observation and analysis on alternate activity of different segments of seismogenic fault. Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics (in Chinese), 2005 ,25(2) : 58-62
[14] 曲春燕,马瑾,单新建.一次卫星热红外地震前兆现象的证伪.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :490-495 Qu C Y, Ma J, Shan X J. Counterevidence for an earthquake precursor of satellite thermal infrared anomalies. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2006 ,49(2) :490-495
[15] 陈顺云,马瑾,刘力强等.巴基斯坦地震前热红外辐射增强现象.自然科学进展,2006,16(11) :1437-1490 Chen S Y, Ma J, Liu L Q, et al. An enhancive phenomenon of thermal infrared radiation prior to Pakistan earthquake.Progress in Natural Science (in Chinese), 2006,16(11) :1437-1490
[16] 钟美娇.张元生.2005年10月8日巴基斯坦7． 8级地震热红外异常.西北地震学报,2007,29(2) :137-140 Zhong M J, Zhang Y S. Thermal infrared anomaly before Pakistan earthquake (M_s = 7． 8) on October 8, 2005． Northwestern Seismological Journal (in Chinese) , 2007 ,29(2) : 137-140
[17] 马瑾,单新建.利用遥感技术研究断层现今活动的探索-以玛尼地震前后断层相互作用为例.地震地质,2000,22(3) :210-215 Ma J, Shan X J. An attempt to study activity of fault using remote sensing technology; A case of the Mani earthquake.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2000, 22(3) :210-215
[18] 马瑾,汪一鹏,陈顺云等.卫星热红外信息与断层活动关系讨论.自然科学进展,2005,15(11) :77-85 Ma J, Wang Y P, Chen S Y, et al. Insights into correlation between satellite infrared information and fault activities.Progress in Natural Science (in Chinese), 2005,15(11) :77-85
[19] 陈顺云,马瑾,刘培洵等.中国地表亮度温度年变基准场.地震地质,2004,26(3) :528-538 Chen S Y, Ma J, Liu P X, et al. Normal annual variation field of land surface brightness temperature in China. Seismology and Geology (in Chinese), 2004,26(3) : 528-538
[20] Wan Z M, Zhang Y L, Zhang Q C, et al. Validation of the land-surface temperature products retrieved from Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer data. Remote Sensing of Environment ,2002, (83) :163-180
[21] Wan Z M, Li Z L. A physics-based algorithm for retrieving land-surface emissivily and temperature from EOS/MODIS data. IEEETrans. Geosci. Remote Sens. ,1997,35 (4) : 980-996
[22] 陈顺云,刘培洵,刘力强等.地表热红外辐射的小波分析及其现今构造活动研究中的意义.地球物理学报,2006,49(3) :824-830 Chen S Y, Liu P X, Liu L Q, et al. Wavelet analyses to thermal infrared radiation of land surface and its implementation for exploring the current tectonic activity. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 2006 ,49(3) : 824-830
[23] 马晓静,邓志辉,陈梅花等.中国大陆卫星红外亮温与海拔高度关系的研究.地震地质,2008,30(2) :562-572 Ma X J, Deng Z H, Chen M H, et al. Study on the relationship between the satellite infrared brightness temperature and ground elevation in the mainland of China.Seismology and Geology(in Chinese) , 2008,30(2) : 562-572
[24] 方精云.我国气温直减率分布规律的研究.科学通报,1992,9:817-820 Fang J Y. A study on the distribution of temperature lapse rate in China. Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese), 1992,9:817-820
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