川滇地区横波Q值动态变化
摘要
Q值的动态变化能够反映地壳应力、裂隙、地下流体等的变化趋势,为进一步理解地震的孕育发生提供证据.文中尝试将选自中国地震年报、四川省地震台网观测报告及云南省地震台网观测报告的数据分成6个时间段,分别对每个时间段的数据进行成像,来获得Q值的动态变化图像.首先选择一个具有超过14000条射线数据的时间段,通过原始数据加噪音的方法和Bootstrap方法对ML振幅成像的结果进行误差和可信度分析,然后在误差可接受的基础上,再对每个时间段的数据进行成像.研究结果发现:(1)原始数据的观测误差和忽略震源辐射花样对成像结果的影响比较小,40%的噪音所造成的结果误差最大不超过6%.(2)用Bootstrap方法获得的结果最大误差不超过平均Q值的8%,说明振幅层析成像方法在川滇地区的应用因采用大量数据所获得的结果是稳定可靠的,误差是比较小的.(3)分辨率测试发现,川滇地区在射线超过50条的区域,分辨率能够达到20′.(4)分别对每个时间段进行成像,从而获得Q值变化的动态图像.每个时段的区域平均Q值与中强地震的个数有明显的正相关关系,即地震个数越多,则区域平均Q值越大,这可能是区域整体应力变化的结果.通过分析地震的分布和Q值动态变化的关系还发现,大多数中强地震不是分布在Q值变化最大的区域,而是分布在Q增加和降低最大区域之间的过渡区域,这可能是由于差应力变化在过渡区最大,更容易触发地震造成的.
Variation of Q value can provide the information of crustal stress, rock cracks, and fluid variation, and evidence to understand preparation and generation of earthquake.In this study, the amplitude data from the Annual Bulletin of Chinese Earthquake and the provincial earthquake bulletins of Sichuan and Yunnan were tentatively divided into 6 time segments. Tomographic M_L amplitude method has been applied for each time segment to obtain temporal Q value variations.Firstly, a representative time segment with more than 14000 ray paths was selected to estimate the resolution and error of tomographic attenuation structure by adding random noise to original data and bootstrap method.Then, based on the detailed analysis of reliability, the same tomographic method with the same parameters was applied for all time segments.The research result shows that (1) the imaging error is small from the observation error of original data and ignoring radiation pattern of earthquake source.The error is less than 6% if 40% random noise is added to the original data.(2) The bootstrap method shows that the maximal error is less than 8% of average Q value, that means the tomographic results are stable and reliable because of huge data set in Sichuan and Yunnan region.(3) In checkerboard test, the resolution can reach 20 for the region with more than 50 ray paths in each cell.(4) The Q value variations were obtained after imaging for each time segment.A clear positive relation was found between the average Q value for each time segment and the number of middle and large earthquakes, in other words, the more earthquakes, the larger average Q, that may be resulted from the changes of regional stress.The relation between earthquake distribution and Q value variation was analyzed and we found that most of the large earthquakes did not occur in the maximal variation region of Q, but in the transition zone between maximal increase and drop of Q value.Maybe the differential stress has a maximal change in transition zone and the earthquake is easier to trigger.
Variation of Q value can provide the information of crustal stress, rock cracks, and fluid variation, and evidence to understand preparation and generation of earthquake.In this study, the amplitude data from the Annual Bulletin of Chinese Earthquake and the provincial earthquake bulletins of Sichuan and Yunnan were tentatively divided into 6 time segments. Tomographic M_L amplitude method has been applied for each time segment to obtain temporal Q value variations.Firstly, a representative time segment with more than 14000 ray paths was selected to estimate the resolution and error of tomographic attenuation structure by adding random noise to original data and bootstrap method.Then, based on the detailed analysis of reliability, the same tomographic method with the same parameters was applied for all time segments.The research result shows that (1) the imaging error is small from the observation error of original data and ignoring radiation pattern of earthquake source.The error is less than 6% if 40% random noise is added to the original data.(2) The bootstrap method shows that the maximal error is less than 8% of average Q value, that means the tomographic results are stable and reliable because of huge data set in Sichuan and Yunnan region.(3) In checkerboard test, the resolution can reach 20 for the region with more than 50 ray paths in each cell.(4) The Q value variations were obtained after imaging for each time segment.A clear positive relation was found between the average Q value for each time segment and the number of middle and large earthquakes, in other words, the more earthquakes, the larger average Q, that may be resulted from the changes of regional stress.The relation between earthquake distribution and Q value variation was analyzed and we found that most of the large earthquakes did not occur in the maximal variation region of Q, but in the transition zone between maximal increase and drop of Q value.Maybe the differential stress has a maximal change in transition zone and the earthquake is easier to trigger.
引文
[1] Pei S P,Zhao J M,Rowe C A,et al.M_L amplitude tomography in north China.Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2006,96(4) :1560～1566
[2] 马宏生,汪素云,裴顺平等.川滇及周边地区地壳横波衰减的成像研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(2) :465～471 Ma HS,WangSY,PeiSP,etal.Q_0 tomography of Swave attenuation in Sichuan-Yunnan and adjacent regions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(2) .465～471
[3] 汪素云,裴顺平,许忠淮等.利用M_L振幅研究地壳横波Q值I:不同构造区的衰减特征.地球物理学报,2007,50(6) :1740～1747 Wang S Y,Pei S P,Xu Z H,et al.crustal S-wave Q estimated from M_L amplitude I:attenuation in different tectonic regions of China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(6) :1740～1747
[4] 汪素云,裴顺平,Hearn Thomas M等.利用M_L振幅研究地壳横波Q值Ⅱ:Q横向变化特征.地球物理学报,2008,51(1) :134～140 Wang S Y,Pei S P,HearnTM,etal.Crustal Q of S-wave estimated from M_L amplitude Ⅱ:Q lateral variation in China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(1) .134～140
[5] 裴顺平,苏金蓉,高 星等.日本上地壳S波衰减成像.地球物理学报,2008,51(3) :828～835 Pei S P,Su J R,Gao X,et al.S-wave attenuation tomography of upper crust in Japan.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(3) :828～835
[6] Sanders C O.Local earthquake tomography:attenuation theory and results.In:Iyer H,Hirahara K eds.Seismic Tomography:Theory and Practice.New York:Chapman and Hall,1993． 676～694
[7] Pei S P,Zhao J M,Sun Y S,et al.Upper mantle seismic velocities and anisotropy in China determined through Pn and Sn tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B05312,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004409
[8] Lees J M,Crosson R S.Tomographic inversion for threedimensional velocity structure at mount St.Helens using earthquake data.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:5716～5728
[9] Paige C C,Saunders M A.LSQR,An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse linear system.ACM Trans.Math.Software,1982,8:43～71
[10] Takenaka H,Mamada Y,Futamure H.Near-source effect on radiation pattern of high-frequency S waves:strong SHSV mixing observed from aftershocks of the 1997 northwestern Kagoshima,Japan,earthquakes.Phys.Earth Planet.Interiors,2003,137:31～43
[11] Efron B.Bootstrap methods,another look at the jackknife.Ann.Stat.,1979,7:1～26
[12] Koch M.Bootstrap inversion for vertical and lateral variations of the S wave structure and the v_p/v_s-ratio from shallow earthquakes in the Rhinegraben seismic zone,Germany.Tectonophys,1992,210:91～115
[13] Efron B,Tibshirani R.Bootstrap methods for standard errors,confidence intervals,and another measurements of statistical accuracy.Stat.Sci.,1986,1:54～77
[14] 毛燕,徐彦,王彬等.四川及邻区Lg尾波的Q值分布特征.地震研究,2005,28:38～42 Mao Y,Xu Y,Wang B,et al.Distribution characteristics of the value Q of Lg coda in Sichuan and its adjacent regions.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),2005,28 :38～42
[15] 胡家富,丛连理,苏有锦等.云南及周边地区Lg尾波Q值的分布特征.地球物理学报,2003,46:809～813 Hu J F,Cong L L,Su Y J,et al.Distribution characteristics of Q value of the Lg coda in Yunnan and its adjacent regions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46:809～813
[16] 周连庆,赵翠萍,修济刚等.川滇地区Lg波Q值层析成像.地球物理学报,2008,51:1745～1752 Zhou L Q,Zhao C P,Xiu J G,et al.Tomography of Q Lg in Sichuan-Yunnan zone.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51:1745～1752
[17] 邓起东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学D辑,2002,32(12) :1020～1030 Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China.Science in China(Series D-Earth Sciences),2003,46(4) :356～372
[18] Mitchell B J.An elastic structure and evolution of continental crust and upper mantle from seismic surface wave attenuation.Rev.of Geophysics,1995,33(4) :441～462
[19] 刘建华,胥颐,郝天珧.地震波衰减的物理机制研究.地球物理学进展,2004,19:1～17 Liu J H,Xu Y,Hao T Y.Study on physical mechanism of the seismic wave.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2004,19:1～17
[20] Walsh J B.Seismic waves attenuation in rock due to friction.J.Geophys.Res.,1966,71:2591～2599
[21] Johnston D H,Toksoz M N,Timur A.Attenuation of seismic wave in dry and saturated rocks:Ⅱ mechanisms.Geophysics,1979,44 :691～711
[22] Jackson D D,Anderson D L.Physical mechanisms of seismic wave attenuation.Rev.Geophys.Space Phys.,1970,8:1～63
[23] Toksoz M N,Johnston D H,Timur A.Attenuation of seismic waves in dry and saturated rocks:Ⅰ.Laboratory measurements.Geophysics,1979,44 :681～690
[24] Winkler K,Nur A.Pore fluids and seismic attenuation in rocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1979,6． 1～4
[25] Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting,2nd ed.Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,2002
[26] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学,2003,33(增刊):12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Strong earthquake activity and active blocks in China mainland.Science in China(Series D-Earth Sciences)(in Chinese),2003,33(Suppl.):12～20
[2] 马宏生,汪素云,裴顺平等.川滇及周边地区地壳横波衰减的成像研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(2) :465～471 Ma HS,WangSY,PeiSP,etal.Q_0 tomography of Swave attenuation in Sichuan-Yunnan and adjacent regions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(2) .465～471
[3] 汪素云,裴顺平,许忠淮等.利用M_L振幅研究地壳横波Q值I:不同构造区的衰减特征.地球物理学报,2007,50(6) :1740～1747 Wang S Y,Pei S P,Xu Z H,et al.crustal S-wave Q estimated from M_L amplitude I:attenuation in different tectonic regions of China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(6) :1740～1747
[4] 汪素云,裴顺平,Hearn Thomas M等.利用M_L振幅研究地壳横波Q值Ⅱ:Q横向变化特征.地球物理学报,2008,51(1) :134～140 Wang S Y,Pei S P,HearnTM,etal.Crustal Q of S-wave estimated from M_L amplitude Ⅱ:Q lateral variation in China.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(1) .134～140
[5] 裴顺平,苏金蓉,高 星等.日本上地壳S波衰减成像.地球物理学报,2008,51(3) :828～835 Pei S P,Su J R,Gao X,et al.S-wave attenuation tomography of upper crust in Japan.ChineseJ.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(3) :828～835
[6] Sanders C O.Local earthquake tomography:attenuation theory and results.In:Iyer H,Hirahara K eds.Seismic Tomography:Theory and Practice.New York:Chapman and Hall,1993． 676～694
[7] Pei S P,Zhao J M,Sun Y S,et al.Upper mantle seismic velocities and anisotropy in China determined through Pn and Sn tomography.J.Geophys.Res.,2007,112,B05312,doi:10． 1029/2006JB004409
[8] Lees J M,Crosson R S.Tomographic inversion for threedimensional velocity structure at mount St.Helens using earthquake data.J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94:5716～5728
[9] Paige C C,Saunders M A.LSQR,An algorithm for sparse linear equations and sparse linear system.ACM Trans.Math.Software,1982,8:43～71
[10] Takenaka H,Mamada Y,Futamure H.Near-source effect on radiation pattern of high-frequency S waves:strong SHSV mixing observed from aftershocks of the 1997 northwestern Kagoshima,Japan,earthquakes.Phys.Earth Planet.Interiors,2003,137:31～43
[11] Efron B.Bootstrap methods,another look at the jackknife.Ann.Stat.,1979,7:1～26
[12] Koch M.Bootstrap inversion for vertical and lateral variations of the S wave structure and the v_p/v_s-ratio from shallow earthquakes in the Rhinegraben seismic zone,Germany.Tectonophys,1992,210:91～115
[13] Efron B,Tibshirani R.Bootstrap methods for standard errors,confidence intervals,and another measurements of statistical accuracy.Stat.Sci.,1986,1:54～77
[14] 毛燕,徐彦,王彬等.四川及邻区Lg尾波的Q值分布特征.地震研究,2005,28:38～42 Mao Y,Xu Y,Wang B,et al.Distribution characteristics of the value Q of Lg coda in Sichuan and its adjacent regions.Journal of Seismological Research(in Chinese),2005,28 :38～42
[15] 胡家富,丛连理,苏有锦等.云南及周边地区Lg尾波Q值的分布特征.地球物理学报,2003,46:809～813 Hu J F,Cong L L,Su Y J,et al.Distribution characteristics of Q value of the Lg coda in Yunnan and its adjacent regions.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46:809～813
[16] 周连庆,赵翠萍,修济刚等.川滇地区Lg波Q值层析成像.地球物理学报,2008,51:1745～1752 Zhou L Q,Zhao C P,Xiu J G,et al.Tomography of Q Lg in Sichuan-Yunnan zone.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51:1745～1752
[17] 邓起东,张培震,冉勇康等.中国活动构造基本特征.中国科学D辑,2002,32(12) :1020～1030 Deng Q D,Zhang P Z,Ran Y K,et al.Basic characteristics of active tectonics of China.Science in China(Series D-Earth Sciences),2003,46(4) :356～372
[18] Mitchell B J.An elastic structure and evolution of continental crust and upper mantle from seismic surface wave attenuation.Rev.of Geophysics,1995,33(4) :441～462
[19] 刘建华,胥颐,郝天珧.地震波衰减的物理机制研究.地球物理学进展,2004,19:1～17 Liu J H,Xu Y,Hao T Y.Study on physical mechanism of the seismic wave.Progress in Geophysics(in Chinese),2004,19:1～17
[20] Walsh J B.Seismic waves attenuation in rock due to friction.J.Geophys.Res.,1966,71:2591～2599
[21] Johnston D H,Toksoz M N,Timur A.Attenuation of seismic wave in dry and saturated rocks:Ⅱ mechanisms.Geophysics,1979,44 :691～711
[22] Jackson D D,Anderson D L.Physical mechanisms of seismic wave attenuation.Rev.Geophys.Space Phys.,1970,8:1～63
[23] Toksoz M N,Johnston D H,Timur A.Attenuation of seismic waves in dry and saturated rocks:Ⅰ.Laboratory measurements.Geophysics,1979,44 :681～690
[24] Winkler K,Nur A.Pore fluids and seismic attenuation in rocks.Geophys.Res.Lett.,1979,6． 1～4
[25] Scholz C H.The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting,2nd ed.Cambridge Univ.Press,Cambridge,2002
[26] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学,2003,33(增刊):12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Strong earthquake activity and active blocks in China mainland.Science in China(Series D-Earth Sciences)(in Chinese),2003,33(Suppl.):12～20
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