新疆和周边地区地壳厚度和V_p/V_s比值变化的接收函数约束
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摘要
我们用修订后的接收函数H-κ叠加算法估计了新疆和周边地区90个地震台站下的地壳厚度和波速比V_P/V_S.该地区平均地壳厚度约为52 km,变化范围约为33～79 km.最厚地壳位于西昆仑山的TAG台站,最薄地壳在塔拉斯Κ费尔干那断层附近的NRN台站.对每个台站的点地壳厚度估计结果进行了线性各向同性变差模型的标准克里金空间插值,得到了新疆和周边地区0.1°×0.1°分辨率的地壳厚度横向变化图像.该图像显示研究区域地壳厚度变化和地表地形有很强的相关性,即盆地比周围造山带地壳厚度薄,显示该地区莫霍面由盆地向两侧造山带倾斜的特征.波速比估计的结果范围为1.61～1.89,平均值为1.76.波速比复杂的变化说明地壳内物质成分构成的复杂性,这种复杂性可能由于地幔物质随着构造活动上涌侵入地壳内部所致,同时地幔物质的底侵可能对该地区地壳增厚有贡献.
We have estimated crustal thicknesses and V_p/V_s ratios under 90 seismic stations in Xinjiang and its surrounding regions.The technique we used is the modified H-κ stacking method.The average crustal thickness in this region is about 52 km.The crustal thicknesses range from about 33 km to 79 km.The thickest crust is under TAG station,which is situated in the West Kunlun mountains.On the other hand,the thinnest crust is under NRN station,which is near the Talas-Fergana fault.In order to get the map of the crustal thickness variations,the crustal thicknesses under all stations were gridded with standard Kriging technique for a linear isotropic variogram model.The resolution of the gridded map is 0.1°×0.1°,and the map shows strong correlations to the surface topography.The crustal thicknesses under the basin regions are thinner than that under orogenic regions.This implies that the Moho under the basins dip into the orogenic belt.The V_p/V_s ratios range from 1.61 to 1.89,with the average value of 1.76.The complex variation of V_p/V_s ratios characterizes the complex crustal composition of this region. The complex composition of the crust is probably caused by the mantle upwelling.This complexity also implies that underplating may be one of the reasons of the crustal thickening in the study area.
We have estimated crustal thicknesses and V_p/V_s ratios under 90 seismic stations in Xinjiang and its surrounding regions.The technique we used is the modified H-κ stacking method.The average crustal thickness in this region is about 52 km.The crustal thicknesses range from about 33 km to 79 km.The thickest crust is under TAG station,which is situated in the West Kunlun mountains.On the other hand,the thinnest crust is under NRN station,which is near the Talas-Fergana fault.In order to get the map of the crustal thickness variations,the crustal thicknesses under all stations were gridded with standard Kriging technique for a linear isotropic variogram model.The resolution of the gridded map is 0.1°×0.1°,and the map shows strong correlations to the surface topography.The crustal thicknesses under the basin regions are thinner than that under orogenic regions.This implies that the Moho under the basins dip into the orogenic belt.The V_p/V_s ratios range from 1.61 to 1.89,with the average value of 1.76.The complex variation of V_p/V_s ratios characterizes the complex crustal composition of this region. The complex composition of the crust is probably caused by the mantle upwelling.This complexity also implies that underplating may be one of the reasons of the crustal thickening in the study area.
引文
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[10] 杨主恩,张先康,赵瑞斌等.天山中段的深浅构造特征.地震地质,2005,27(1) :11～19 Yang Z E,Zhang X K,Zhao R B,et al.Characteristics of shallow and deep structures of the middle segment of the Tianshan mountains,China.Seismology and Geology ,2005,27(1) :11～19
[11] Wang C Y,Yang Z E ,Luo H,et al.Crustal structure of the northern margin of the eastern Tianshan,China,and its tectonic implications for the 1906 Ms7． 7 Manas earthquake.Earth Planet.Set.Lett,2004,223,187～202
[12] 李海鸥,姜枚,王亚军等.新疆富蕴库尔勒剖面接收函数方法获得的地壳上地幔结构成像.地质学报,2006,80(1) :135～141 Li H O,Jiang M,Wang Y J,et al.Image of crust and upper mantle structure along the array from Fuyun to Kuerle by P-to-S converted waves.Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chinese),2006,80(1) :135～141
[13] 郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉等.中国境内天山地壳上地幔结构 的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1693～1700 Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Seismic tomography of the crust and upper mantle structure underneath the Chinese Tianshan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(6) :1693～1700
[14] 胥颐,刘建华,刘福田等.天山帕米尔结合带的地壳速度结构及地震活动研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :469～476 Xu Y,Liu J H,Liu F T,et al.Crustal velocity structureand seismic activity in the Tianshan-Pamir conjunctive zone.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2) :469～476
[15] Mahdi H,Pavlis G L.Velocity variations in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Tien Shan inferred from Rayleigh wave dispersion:Implications for tectonic and dynamic processes.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B2) ;2963-2703
[16] Cotton F,Avouac J P.Crustal and upper-mantle structure under the Tien Shan from surface wave dispersion.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1994,84(1-4) :95～109
[17] Romanowicz B A.Constrains on the structure of the Tibet Plateau from pure path phase velocities of Love and Rayleigh waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1982,87(B8) :6865～6883
[18] Roecker S W,Sabitova T M,Vinnik L P,et al.Three-demisional elastic wave velocity structure of the western and central Tien Shan.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B9) :15779～15795
[19] Ketter B S,Velsco A A,Ammon C J,et al.Path-specific velocity structure of western China from surface-wave dispersion.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2006,163(7) :1235～1255
[20] 钱辉,许志琴,姜枚等.西昆仑接收函数反演与构造解析.中国质,2006,33(2) :309～316 Qian H,Xu Z Q,Jiang M,et al.Receiver function inversion and structural analysis in the west Kunlun.Geology in China (in Chinese),2006,33(2) :309～316
[21] 李顺成,刘启元,陈九辉等.横跨天山的宽频带流动地震台阵观测.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4) :955～960 Li S C,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Passive broadband seismic array observation across Tianshan.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2005,20(4) :955～960
[22] 李昱,刘启元,陈九辉等.天山地壳上地幔的S波速度结构.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(3) :344～352 Li Y,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.The Swave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath the Chinese Tienshan.Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese),2007,37(3) :344～352
[23] 米宁,王良书,李华等.天山和塔里木盆山接合部地壳上地幔速度结构研究.科学通报,2005,50(4) :363～368 Mi N,Wang I S,Li H,et al.The crust and upper mantle velocity structure of Tienshan and Tarim junction zone.Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese),2005,50(4) :363～368
[24] 姜枚,许志琴,薛光琦等.青海茫崖-新疆若羌地震探测剖面及其深部构造的研究.地质学报,1 999,73(2) :153～161 Jiang M,Xu Z Q,Xue G Q,et al.Seismic profiling between Mangnai,Qinghai and Ruoqiang,Xinjiang and infrastructure study.ActaGeological Sinica (in Chinese),1999,73(2) :153～161
[25] Kosarev G L,Petersen N V,Vinnik L P,et al.Receiver functions for the Tien Shan analog broadband network:Contrasts in the evolution of structures across the Talasso-Fergana fault.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B3) :4437~4448
[26] Zhu L P,Kanamori H.Moho depth variation in southern California from teleseismic receiver functions.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B2) :2969～2960
[27] Ligorria J P,Ammon C J.Iterative deconvolution and receiver-function estimation.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1999,89(5) :1395~1400
[28] Eaton D W,Dineva A,Mereu R.Crustal thickness and Vp/Vs variations in the Grenville orogen (Ontario,Canada) from analysis of teleseismic receiver functions.Tectonophysics,2006,420(1-2) :223~238
[29] Bump H A,Sheehan A.Crustal thickness variations across the northern Tien Shan from teleseismic receiver functions.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,25(7) ,1055～1058
[30] Isaacs E H,Srivastava R M,An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics.New York:Oxford University Press,1989
[31] Bassin C,Laske G,Masters G.The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America.EOSTrans.AGU,2000,81:F897
[32] Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H.Monte-Carlo inversion for a global shear velocity model of the crust and upper mantle.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,151 (1) :88～105
[33] Sun Y S,Toksoz M N,Pei S P,et al.S wave tomography of the crust and uppermost mantle in China.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113(B11) :B11307
[34] 熊小松,高锐,李秋生等.深地震探测揭示的西北地区莫霍面深度.地球学报,2010,31(1) :23～31 Xiong X S,Gao R,Li Q S,et al.The Moho depth of northwest China revealed by seismic detection.Acta Geosciengica Sinica,2010,31(1) :23～31
[35] 赵俊猛,李植纯,马宗晋.天山分段性的地球物理学分析.地学前缘,2003,10(Z1) :125～131 Zhao J M,Li Z C,Ma Z J.Geophysical evidence for segmentation of the Tianshan.Eartta Science Frontiers,2003,10(Z1) :125～131
[36] Abdrakhmatov K Y,Aladzhanov S A,Hager B H,et al.Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present day crustal deformation rates.Nature,1996,384(6608) :450～453
[37] Vinnik L P,Reigber C,Aleshin I M,et al.Receiver function tomography of the central Tien Shan.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2004,225(1-2) :131～146
[2] 高锐,肖序常,刘训等.新疆地学断面深地震反射剖面揭示的西昆仑～塔里木结合带岩石圈细结构.地球学报,2001,22(6) :547～552 Gao R,Xiao X C,Liu X,et al.Detail lithospheric structure of the contact zone of west Kunlun and Tarim evealed by deep seismic reflection profile along the Xinjiang Geotransect.Jourrnal of Earth Science (in Chinese),2001,22(6) :547～522
[3] 高锐,肖序常,高弘等.西昆仑塔里木天山岩石圈深地震探测综述.地质通报,2002,21(1) :11～18 Gao R,Xiao X C,Gao H,et al.Summary of deep seismic probing of the lithospheric structure across the West Kunlun-Tarim-Tianshan.Geological Bulletin of China (in Chinese),2002,21(1) :11～18
[4] 贺日政,高锐,李秋生等.新疆天山(独山子)西昆仑(泉水沟)地学断面地震与重力联合反演地壳构造特征.地球学报,2001,22(6) :553～558 He R Z,Gao R,Li Q S,et ah Corridor gravity fields and custal density structures in Tianshan (Dushanzi)-West Kunlun (Quanshuigou) GGT.Journal of Earth Science (in Chinese),2001,22(6) :553～558
[5] Roecker S.Constraints on the crust and upper mantle of the Kyrgyz Tien Shan from the preliminary analysis of GHENG1S broad-band data.Russ.Geol.Geophys.,2001,42(10) :1554～1565
[6] Oreshin S,Vinnik L,Peregoudov D,et al.Lithosphere and asthenosphere of the Tien Shan imaged by S receiver functions.Geophys.Res.Lett.,2002,29(8) :1111～1191
[7] 王有学,韩果花,姜 枚等.阿尔-一阿尔金地学断面地壳结构.地球物理学报,2004,47(2) :46～54 Wang Y X,Han G H,Jiang M,et al.Crustal structure along the geosciences transect from Altay to Altun Tagh.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(2) :46～54
[8] 李秋生,卢德源,高 锐等.新疆地学断面(泉水沟独山子)深地震测深成果综合研究.地球学报,2001,22(6) :534～540 Li Q S,Lu D Y,Gao R,et al.An integrated study of deep seismic sounding profiling along Xinjiang global geosciences transect (Quanshuigou-Dushanzi).Journal of Earth Science (in Chinese),2001,22(6) :534～540
[9] 高锐,管 烨,贺日政等.新疆地学断面(独山子泉水沟)走廊域及邻区地球物理调查综合研究.地球学报,2001,22(6) :527～533 Gao R,Guan Y,He R Z,et ah The integrated geophysical observation and research along the Xinjiang (XUAR) geotranseet and its surrounding areas.Journal of Earth Science (in Chinese),2001,22(6) :527～533
[10] 杨主恩,张先康,赵瑞斌等.天山中段的深浅构造特征.地震地质,2005,27(1) :11～19 Yang Z E,Zhang X K,Zhao R B,et al.Characteristics of shallow and deep structures of the middle segment of the Tianshan mountains,China.Seismology and Geology ,2005,27(1) :11～19
[11] Wang C Y,Yang Z E ,Luo H,et al.Crustal structure of the northern margin of the eastern Tianshan,China,and its tectonic implications for the 1906 Ms7． 7 Manas earthquake.Earth Planet.Set.Lett,2004,223,187～202
[12] 李海鸥,姜枚,王亚军等.新疆富蕴库尔勒剖面接收函数方法获得的地壳上地幔结构成像.地质学报,2006,80(1) :135～141 Li H O,Jiang M,Wang Y J,et al.Image of crust and upper mantle structure along the array from Fuyun to Kuerle by P-to-S converted waves.Acta Geologica Sinica (in Chinese),2006,80(1) :135～141
[13] 郭飚,刘启元,陈九辉等.中国境内天山地壳上地幔结构 的地震层析成像.地球物理学报,2006,49(6) :1693～1700 Guo B,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Seismic tomography of the crust and upper mantle structure underneath the Chinese Tianshan.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(6) :1693～1700
[14] 胥颐,刘建华,刘福田等.天山帕米尔结合带的地壳速度结构及地震活动研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :469～476 Xu Y,Liu J H,Liu F T,et al.Crustal velocity structureand seismic activity in the Tianshan-Pamir conjunctive zone.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2) :469～476
[15] Mahdi H,Pavlis G L.Velocity variations in the crust and upper mantle beneath the Tien Shan inferred from Rayleigh wave dispersion:Implications for tectonic and dynamic processes.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B2) ;2963-2703
[16] Cotton F,Avouac J P.Crustal and upper-mantle structure under the Tien Shan from surface wave dispersion.Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors,1994,84(1-4) :95～109
[17] Romanowicz B A.Constrains on the structure of the Tibet Plateau from pure path phase velocities of Love and Rayleigh waves.J.Geophys.Res.,1982,87(B8) :6865～6883
[18] Roecker S W,Sabitova T M,Vinnik L P,et al.Three-demisional elastic wave velocity structure of the western and central Tien Shan.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B9) :15779～15795
[19] Ketter B S,Velsco A A,Ammon C J,et al.Path-specific velocity structure of western China from surface-wave dispersion.Pure Appl.Geophys.,2006,163(7) :1235～1255
[20] 钱辉,许志琴,姜枚等.西昆仑接收函数反演与构造解析.中国质,2006,33(2) :309～316 Qian H,Xu Z Q,Jiang M,et al.Receiver function inversion and structural analysis in the west Kunlun.Geology in China (in Chinese),2006,33(2) :309～316
[21] 李顺成,刘启元,陈九辉等.横跨天山的宽频带流动地震台阵观测.地球物理学进展,2005,20(4) :955～960 Li S C,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.Passive broadband seismic array observation across Tianshan.Progress in Geophysics (in Chinese),2005,20(4) :955～960
[22] 李昱,刘启元,陈九辉等.天山地壳上地幔的S波速度结构.中国科学(D辑),2007,37(3) :344～352 Li Y,Liu Q Y,Chen J H,et al.The Swave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle underneath the Chinese Tienshan.Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese),2007,37(3) :344～352
[23] 米宁,王良书,李华等.天山和塔里木盆山接合部地壳上地幔速度结构研究.科学通报,2005,50(4) :363～368 Mi N,Wang I S,Li H,et al.The crust and upper mantle velocity structure of Tienshan and Tarim junction zone.Chinese Science Bulletin (in Chinese),2005,50(4) :363～368
[24] 姜枚,许志琴,薛光琦等.青海茫崖-新疆若羌地震探测剖面及其深部构造的研究.地质学报,1 999,73(2) :153～161 Jiang M,Xu Z Q,Xue G Q,et al.Seismic profiling between Mangnai,Qinghai and Ruoqiang,Xinjiang and infrastructure study.ActaGeological Sinica (in Chinese),1999,73(2) :153～161
[25] Kosarev G L,Petersen N V,Vinnik L P,et al.Receiver functions for the Tien Shan analog broadband network:Contrasts in the evolution of structures across the Talasso-Fergana fault.J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(B3) :4437~4448
[26] Zhu L P,Kanamori H.Moho depth variation in southern California from teleseismic receiver functions.J.Geophys.Res.,2000,105(B2) :2969～2960
[27] Ligorria J P,Ammon C J.Iterative deconvolution and receiver-function estimation.Bull.Seismol.Soc.Am.,1999,89(5) :1395~1400
[28] Eaton D W,Dineva A,Mereu R.Crustal thickness and Vp/Vs variations in the Grenville orogen (Ontario,Canada) from analysis of teleseismic receiver functions.Tectonophysics,2006,420(1-2) :223~238
[29] Bump H A,Sheehan A.Crustal thickness variations across the northern Tien Shan from teleseismic receiver functions.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,25(7) ,1055～1058
[30] Isaacs E H,Srivastava R M,An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics.New York:Oxford University Press,1989
[31] Bassin C,Laske G,Masters G.The current limits of resolution for surface wave tomography in North America.EOSTrans.AGU,2000,81:F897
[32] Shapiro N M,Ritzwoller M H.Monte-Carlo inversion for a global shear velocity model of the crust and upper mantle.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,151 (1) :88～105
[33] Sun Y S,Toksoz M N,Pei S P,et al.S wave tomography of the crust and uppermost mantle in China.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113(B11) :B11307
[34] 熊小松,高锐,李秋生等.深地震探测揭示的西北地区莫霍面深度.地球学报,2010,31(1) :23～31 Xiong X S,Gao R,Li Q S,et al.The Moho depth of northwest China revealed by seismic detection.Acta Geosciengica Sinica,2010,31(1) :23～31
[35] 赵俊猛,李植纯,马宗晋.天山分段性的地球物理学分析.地学前缘,2003,10(Z1) :125～131 Zhao J M,Li Z C,Ma Z J.Geophysical evidence for segmentation of the Tianshan.Eartta Science Frontiers,2003,10(Z1) :125～131
[36] Abdrakhmatov K Y,Aladzhanov S A,Hager B H,et al.Relatively recent construction of the Tien Shan inferred from GPS measurements of present day crustal deformation rates.Nature,1996,384(6608) :450～453
[37] Vinnik L P,Reigber C,Aleshin I M,et al.Receiver function tomography of the central Tien Shan.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2004,225(1-2) :131～146
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