库车褶皱-冲断带拜城凹陷盐构造特征与成因
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摘要
关于沉积差异负载对褶皱-冲断带中塑性盐岩变形的影响仍然不清楚,库车褶皱-冲断带拜城凹陷受到的构造挤压变形微弱,凹陷中沉积了巨厚的盐上覆层,是研究沉积差异负载如何影响塑性盐岩变形的天然实验室.根据野外地表调查结果、钻井资料和二维地震剖面,约束库车褶皱-冲断带拜城凹陷盐构造特征,并探讨盐构造成因机制.盐顶构造图揭示拜城凹陷盐上覆层发育东、西2个沉积中心,东沉积中心位于拜城县附近,西沉积中心位于BZ1井南侧,二者之间(大宛齐乡附近)形成大宛齐盐枕和拜城凹陷鞍部.钻井资料和地震剖面显示:(1)东、西沉积中心下伏盐岩流动减薄,二者之间盐岩聚集加厚;(2)大宛齐盐枕核部盐岩聚集发生于上新世晚期-现今;(3)上新世末期-现今,拜城凹陷鞍部下伏盐岩聚集加厚,盐岩厚度往东、西沉积中心逐渐减薄,形成东西向背形构造.基于盐构造特征和前人研究成果,提出库车褶皱-冲断带拜城凹陷盐构造相关的盐岩流动变形模型,认为沉积差异负载在库车褶皱-冲断带盐岩变形中发挥着重要作用:(1)在挤压应力和沉积差异负载作用下,以东、西沉积中心为圆心,盐岩向四周放射状流动;(2)盐岩变形以沿挤压方向(N-S)流动为主,但剖面间(E-W)流动也很明显.
The role of differential sedimentary loading in deformation of viscous rock salt in contractional setting is unclear.Combined with field observation,well and seismic data,salt structures in Baicheng sag,Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt were constrained,and their formation mechanisms were investigated.The structural map of top salt shows that two depocenters were developed in Baicheng sag,eastern depocenter near Baicheng County and western depocenter to the south of well BZ1,respectively.Dawanqi salt pillow and saddle of Baicheng sag were developed between two depocenters.Seismic and well data reveals that:(1) the salt layer below two depocenters is very thin,while thick salt layer has accumulated between two depocenters;(2) Dawanqi salt pillow formed from the Late Pliocene to present;(3) the saddle of Baicheng sag,which is an antiform structure in E-W trend,formed from the end of Late Pliocene to present.Based on our investigations and previous studies,we propose a model showing salt flow related to salt structures in Baicheng sag,Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt,and it suggests that differential sedimentary loading plays an important role in Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt:(1) under bulk shortening and differential sedimentary loading,salt flew out of depocenter in three-dimensional;(2) salt flew dominantly along the direction of contraction(N-S) and also obviously along strike(E-W).
The role of differential sedimentary loading in deformation of viscous rock salt in contractional setting is unclear.Combined with field observation,well and seismic data,salt structures in Baicheng sag,Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt were constrained,and their formation mechanisms were investigated.The structural map of top salt shows that two depocenters were developed in Baicheng sag,eastern depocenter near Baicheng County and western depocenter to the south of well BZ1,respectively.Dawanqi salt pillow and saddle of Baicheng sag were developed between two depocenters.Seismic and well data reveals that:(1) the salt layer below two depocenters is very thin,while thick salt layer has accumulated between two depocenters;(2) Dawanqi salt pillow formed from the Late Pliocene to present;(3) the saddle of Baicheng sag,which is an antiform structure in E-W trend,formed from the end of Late Pliocene to present.Based on our investigations and previous studies,we propose a model showing salt flow related to salt structures in Baicheng sag,Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt,and it suggests that differential sedimentary loading plays an important role in Kuqa fold-and-thrust belt:(1) under bulk shortening and differential sedimentary loading,salt flew out of depocenter in three-dimensional;(2) salt flew dominantly along the direction of contraction(N-S) and also obviously along strike(E-W).
引文
Chen,S.P.,Tang,L.J.,Jin,Z.J.,et al.,2004.Thrust andfold tectonics and the role of evaporites in deformationin the western Kuqa Foreland of Tarim basin,Northwest China.Marine and Petroleum Geology,21(8):1027-1042.doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.01.008
Gaullier,V.,Vendeville,B.C.,2005.Salt tectonics driven bysediment progradation:partⅡ—radial spreading ofsedimentary lobes prograding above salt.AAPG Bulletin,89(8):1081-1089.doi:10.1306/03310503064
Ge,H.X.,Jackson,M.P.A.,Vendeville,B.C.,1997.Kinematics and dynamics of salt tectonics driven by progradation.AAPG Bulletin,81(3):398-423.
Gemmer,L.,Ings,S.J.,Medvedev,S.,et al.,2004.Salt tectonics driven by differential sediment loading:stabilityanalysis and finite-element experiments.Basin Research,16(2):199-218.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2004.00229.x
2004.00229.xHardy,S.,Poblet,J.,1994.Geometric and numerical modelof progressive limb rotation in detachment folds.Geolo-gy,22(4):371-374.doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0371:GANMOP>2.3.CO;2
Harrison,J.C.,1995.Tectonics and kinematics of a forelandfolded belt influenced by salt,Arctic Canada.In:Jackson,M.P.A.,Roberts,D.G.,Snelson,S.,eds.,Salttectonics:aglobal perspective.AAPG Memoirs,65:379-412.
Hossack,J.,1995.Geometric rules of section balancing forsalt structures.In:Jackson,M.P.A.,Roberts,D.G.,Snelson,S.,eds.,Salt tectonics:aglobal perspective.AAPG Memoir,65:29-40.
Hudec,M.R.,Jackson,M.P.A.,2007.Terra infirma:understanding salt tectonics.Earth-Science Reviews,82(12):1-28.doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001
Jackson,M.P.A.,Talbot,C.J.,1991.A glossary of salt tectonics.Bureau of Economic Geology,The University ofTexas at Austin,Texas,Geological Circular,91-4:1-42.
Li,S.Q.,2009.Compression salt tectonics and synkinematicsstrata record in the middle to western Kuqa foreland basin,southern Tian Shan(Dissertateion).Zhejiang University,Hangzhou(in Chinese with English abstract).
McClay,K.R.,Dooley,T.,Lewis,G.,1998.Analog modeling of progradational delta systems.Geology,26(9):771-774.doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0771:AMOPDS>2.3.CO;2
Mitra,S.,2003.A unified kinematic model for the evolutionof detachment folds.Journal of Structural Geology,25(10):1659-1673.doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00198-0
Stewart,S.A.,1996.Influence of detachment layer thicknesson style of thin-skinned shortening.Journal of Structural Geology,18(10):1271-1274.doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00052-1
Tang,L.J.,Jia,C.Z.,Jin,Z.J.,et al.,2003.Tertiary saltpillow structures in the central sector of the Kuqa foreland and fold-and-thrust belt,Tarim basin,NorthwestChina.Chinese Journal of Geology,38(3):413-424(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,L.J.,Jia,C.Z.,Jin,Z.J.,et al.,2004a.Salt tectonicevolution and hydrocarbon accumulation of Kuqa foreland fold belt,Tarim basin,NW China.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,41(1-3):97-108.doi:10.1016/S0920-4105(03)00146-3
Tang,L.J.,Jia,C.Z.,Pi,X.J.,et al.,2004b.Salt-relatedstructural styles of Kuqa foreland fold belt,northernTarim basin.Science in China(Ser.D),47(10):886895.doi:10.1360/02yd0121
Tang,P.C.,Wang,X.,Xie,H.W.,et al.,2010.The Quelearea of the Kuqa depression,Tarim basin,NW China:cenozoic salt structures,evolution and controlling factors.Acta Geologica Sinica,84(12):1735-1745(inChinese with English abstract).
Vendeville,B.C.,2005.Salt tectonics driven by sedimentprogradation:partⅠ—mechanics and kinematics.AAPG Bulletin,89(8):1071-1079.doi:10.1306/03310503063
Wang,X.,Tang,P.C.,Xie,H.W.,et al.,2009.Cenozoicsalt structures and evolution in the western Kuqa depression,Tarim basin,China.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,33(1):57-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,X.,Wang,Z.M.,Xie,H.W.,et al.,2010.Cenozoicsalt tectonics and physical models in the Kuqa depression of Tarim basin,China.Science in China(Ser.D),40(12):1655-1668(in Chinese).
Weijermars,R.,Jackson,M.P.A.,Vendeville,B.,1993.Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces.Tectonophysics,217(1-2):143-174.doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90208-2
Yu,Y.X.,Ma,B.J.,Tang,L.J.,et al.,2008.Major factorscontrolling salt structures in western Kuqa depression,Tarim basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,35(1):23-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,Y.X.,Tang,L.J.,Yang,W.J.,et al.,2007.Structuralsegmentation of salt structures in the frontal ranges ofthe Kuqa foreland fold and thrust belt,northern Tarimbasin.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(2):166-173(in Chinese with English abstract).
李世琴,2009.南天山库车前陆盆地中-西段挤压盐构造及同构造沉积地层研究(博士学位论文).杭州:浙江大学.
汤良杰,贾承造,金之钧,等,2003.库车前陆褶皱冲断带中段第三系盐枕构造.地质科学,38(3):413-424.
唐鹏程,汪新,谢会文,等,2010.库车坳陷却勒地区新生代盐构造特征、演化及变形控制因素.地质学报,84(12):1735-1745.
汪新,唐鹏程,谢会文,等,2009.库车坳陷西段新生代盐构造特征及演化.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):57-65.
汪新,王招明,谢会文,等,2010.塔里木库车坳陷新生代盐构造解析及其变形模拟.中国科学(D辑),40(12):1655-1668.
余一欣,马宝军,汤良杰,等,2008.库车坳陷西段盐构造形成主控因素.石油勘探与开发,35(1):23-27.
余一欣,汤良杰,杨文静,等,2007.库车前陆褶皱——冲断带前缘盐构造分段差异变形特征.地质学报,81(2):166-173.
Gaullier,V.,Vendeville,B.C.,2005.Salt tectonics driven bysediment progradation:partⅡ—radial spreading ofsedimentary lobes prograding above salt.AAPG Bulletin,89(8):1081-1089.doi:10.1306/03310503064
Ge,H.X.,Jackson,M.P.A.,Vendeville,B.C.,1997.Kinematics and dynamics of salt tectonics driven by progradation.AAPG Bulletin,81(3):398-423.
Gemmer,L.,Ings,S.J.,Medvedev,S.,et al.,2004.Salt tectonics driven by differential sediment loading:stabilityanalysis and finite-element experiments.Basin Research,16(2):199-218.doi:10.1111/j.1365-2117.2004.00229.x
2004.00229.xHardy,S.,Poblet,J.,1994.Geometric and numerical modelof progressive limb rotation in detachment folds.Geolo-gy,22(4):371-374.doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1994)022<0371:GANMOP>2.3.CO;2
Harrison,J.C.,1995.Tectonics and kinematics of a forelandfolded belt influenced by salt,Arctic Canada.In:Jackson,M.P.A.,Roberts,D.G.,Snelson,S.,eds.,Salttectonics:aglobal perspective.AAPG Memoirs,65:379-412.
Hossack,J.,1995.Geometric rules of section balancing forsalt structures.In:Jackson,M.P.A.,Roberts,D.G.,Snelson,S.,eds.,Salt tectonics:aglobal perspective.AAPG Memoir,65:29-40.
Hudec,M.R.,Jackson,M.P.A.,2007.Terra infirma:understanding salt tectonics.Earth-Science Reviews,82(12):1-28.doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.01.001
Jackson,M.P.A.,Talbot,C.J.,1991.A glossary of salt tectonics.Bureau of Economic Geology,The University ofTexas at Austin,Texas,Geological Circular,91-4:1-42.
Li,S.Q.,2009.Compression salt tectonics and synkinematicsstrata record in the middle to western Kuqa foreland basin,southern Tian Shan(Dissertateion).Zhejiang University,Hangzhou(in Chinese with English abstract).
McClay,K.R.,Dooley,T.,Lewis,G.,1998.Analog modeling of progradational delta systems.Geology,26(9):771-774.doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0771:AMOPDS>2.3.CO;2
Mitra,S.,2003.A unified kinematic model for the evolutionof detachment folds.Journal of Structural Geology,25(10):1659-1673.doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(02)00198-0
Stewart,S.A.,1996.Influence of detachment layer thicknesson style of thin-skinned shortening.Journal of Structural Geology,18(10):1271-1274.doi:10.1016/S0191-8141(96)00052-1
Tang,L.J.,Jia,C.Z.,Jin,Z.J.,et al.,2003.Tertiary saltpillow structures in the central sector of the Kuqa foreland and fold-and-thrust belt,Tarim basin,NorthwestChina.Chinese Journal of Geology,38(3):413-424(in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang,L.J.,Jia,C.Z.,Jin,Z.J.,et al.,2004a.Salt tectonicevolution and hydrocarbon accumulation of Kuqa foreland fold belt,Tarim basin,NW China.Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,41(1-3):97-108.doi:10.1016/S0920-4105(03)00146-3
Tang,L.J.,Jia,C.Z.,Pi,X.J.,et al.,2004b.Salt-relatedstructural styles of Kuqa foreland fold belt,northernTarim basin.Science in China(Ser.D),47(10):886895.doi:10.1360/02yd0121
Tang,P.C.,Wang,X.,Xie,H.W.,et al.,2010.The Quelearea of the Kuqa depression,Tarim basin,NW China:cenozoic salt structures,evolution and controlling factors.Acta Geologica Sinica,84(12):1735-1745(inChinese with English abstract).
Vendeville,B.C.,2005.Salt tectonics driven by sedimentprogradation:partⅠ—mechanics and kinematics.AAPG Bulletin,89(8):1071-1079.doi:10.1306/03310503063
Wang,X.,Tang,P.C.,Xie,H.W.,et al.,2009.Cenozoicsalt structures and evolution in the western Kuqa depression,Tarim basin,China.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,33(1):57-65(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang,X.,Wang,Z.M.,Xie,H.W.,et al.,2010.Cenozoicsalt tectonics and physical models in the Kuqa depression of Tarim basin,China.Science in China(Ser.D),40(12):1655-1668(in Chinese).
Weijermars,R.,Jackson,M.P.A.,Vendeville,B.,1993.Rheological and tectonic modeling of salt provinces.Tectonophysics,217(1-2):143-174.doi:10.1016/0040-1951(93)90208-2
Yu,Y.X.,Ma,B.J.,Tang,L.J.,et al.,2008.Major factorscontrolling salt structures in western Kuqa depression,Tarim basin.Petroleum Exploration and Development,35(1):23-27(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yu,Y.X.,Tang,L.J.,Yang,W.J.,et al.,2007.Structuralsegmentation of salt structures in the frontal ranges ofthe Kuqa foreland fold and thrust belt,northern Tarimbasin.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(2):166-173(in Chinese with English abstract).
李世琴,2009.南天山库车前陆盆地中-西段挤压盐构造及同构造沉积地层研究(博士学位论文).杭州:浙江大学.
汤良杰,贾承造,金之钧,等,2003.库车前陆褶皱冲断带中段第三系盐枕构造.地质科学,38(3):413-424.
唐鹏程,汪新,谢会文,等,2010.库车坳陷却勒地区新生代盐构造特征、演化及变形控制因素.地质学报,84(12):1735-1745.
汪新,唐鹏程,谢会文,等,2009.库车坳陷西段新生代盐构造特征及演化.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):57-65.
汪新,王招明,谢会文,等,2010.塔里木库车坳陷新生代盐构造解析及其变形模拟.中国科学(D辑),40(12):1655-1668.
余一欣,马宝军,汤良杰,等,2008.库车坳陷西段盐构造形成主控因素.石油勘探与开发,35(1):23-27.
余一欣,汤良杰,杨文静,等,2007.库车前陆褶皱——冲断带前缘盐构造分段差异变形特征.地质学报,81(2):166-173.
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