拉分盆地三维演化初探——以新疆富蕴断裂拉分盆地为例
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摘要
拉分盆地指沿着走滑断裂带弯曲部位,由于拉张而产生的地形上的低洼处,多形成于走滑断裂带次级断裂的间列部位。拉分盆地研究对于探讨走滑断裂扩展方式及分段性意义重大;分布于大型走滑断裂带上的拉分盆地,对于断裂带上地震临震预测具有一定的指示作用;此外,该类盆地往往与油气资源、成矿热液的运移、聚集、产出关系密切。本文在综述前人对拉分盆地演化过程中几何学、地貌学特征变化的基础上,选取了发育于富蕴断裂带上的小型拉分盆地为研究对象,借助后差分测量仪器——SOUTH北极星9600及其配套软件SOUTHGPS与SOUTHCASS7.0等研究手段,获得了该盆地的等高线模型,并结合拉分盆地三维沉降模型与富蕴断裂带走滑断裂特征,估算其滑脱面的深度为40m;根据地震前后盆地的拉分与沉降的模式;探讨了拉分构造中水平错断与垂直沉降的转化关系以及拉分盆地的三维演化问题。
The pull-apart basin formed around the steps of the strike-slip fault refers to a low terrain area due to tensile force from the fault.The study of pull-apart basins especially the ones occurring along the large-scale strike-slip faults not only plays an important role in the research on strike-slip fault's expansion and segmentation but also has some significance in the prediction of impending earthquake along the fault.Besides,these basins usually provide space for the migration,accumulation and production of oil,gas and mineral resources.The authors summarized the geometric and geomorphologic features of the evolution of the pull-apart basin based on previous research results,and chose a small pull-apart basin along the Fuyun fault to study its geometric and geomorphologic characteristics.Based on the survey using the differential global positioning system(DGPS) measurement instruments——SOUTH 9600 Polaris and data processing using SOUTH GPS and SOUTH CASS7.0 software,the authors constructed the contour pattern of the basin.Then,according to the model which explains the offsetting and sinking change of the pull-apart basin before and after the earthquake,the authors calculated the depth of its detachment,which turns out to be about 40 m below the surface.On such a basis,the relationship between the pull-apart's horizon offset and vertical sinking is concluded,and the three-dimensional evolution features of the pull-apart basin are deduced.
The pull-apart basin formed around the steps of the strike-slip fault refers to a low terrain area due to tensile force from the fault.The study of pull-apart basins especially the ones occurring along the large-scale strike-slip faults not only plays an important role in the research on strike-slip fault's expansion and segmentation but also has some significance in the prediction of impending earthquake along the fault.Besides,these basins usually provide space for the migration,accumulation and production of oil,gas and mineral resources.The authors summarized the geometric and geomorphologic features of the evolution of the pull-apart basin based on previous research results,and chose a small pull-apart basin along the Fuyun fault to study its geometric and geomorphologic characteristics.Based on the survey using the differential global positioning system(DGPS) measurement instruments——SOUTH 9600 Polaris and data processing using SOUTH GPS and SOUTH CASS7.0 software,the authors constructed the contour pattern of the basin.Then,according to the model which explains the offsetting and sinking change of the pull-apart basin before and after the earthquake,the authors calculated the depth of its detachment,which turns out to be about 40 m below the surface.On such a basis,the relationship between the pull-apart's horizon offset and vertical sinking is concluded,and the three-dimensional evolution features of the pull-apart basin are deduced.
引文
陈社发,邓起东.1985.现代地壳运动研究[M].北京:地震出版社:98-106.
丁晓,沈扬,徐汉林.1995.中国南方走滑拉分盆地遥感构造解析[J].南方油气地质,1(2):15-22.
姜波,徐嘉炜.1989.一个中生代的拉分盆地——宁芜盆地的形成与演化[J].地质科学,4:314-322.
强祖基,胡思颐,胡海燕.1982.郯庐深断裂带的构造及演化特征[C]//构造地质论丛编辑部.构造地质论丛.北京:地质出版社:94-96.
沈军,李盈甄,汪一鹏,宋方敏.2003.阿尔泰山活动断裂[J].地学前缘,10(特刊):132-141.
田勤俭.1998.老龙湾拉分盆地演化与海原断裂带走滑活动[D].北京:中国地震局地质所:1-111.
王义天,李继亮.1999.走滑断层作用的相关构造[J].地质科技情报,18(3):30-34.
新疆自治区地震局.1985.富蕴地震断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社:1-201.
杨金中,赵玉灵,沈远超,曾庆栋,李光明.1999.胶莱盆地与金矿形成[J].黄金,20(9):1-6.
张之武.2009.新疆阿尔泰山富蕴断裂带几何学与地貌学特征研究[D].北京:中国科学院青藏高原研究所:1-64.
张之武,付碧宏,粟田泰夫.2008.新疆阿尔泰山南部富蕴右旋走滑断裂带晚第四纪错断水系的遥感分析研究[J].第四纪研究,28(2):273-279.
周永胜,李建国,王绳祖.2003.用物理实验模拟研究走滑断裂和拉分盆地[J].地质力学学报,9(1):1-13
朱志澄,韦必则,张旺生.1999.构造地质学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社:195-197.
AYDIN A,NUR A.1982.Evolution of pull-apart basins and their scale independence[J].Tectonics,1(1):91-105.
BURCHFIEL B C,STEWART J H.1966.“Pull-Apart” origon of the central segment of Death Valley,California[J].Geology Society of America Bulletin,77:439-442.
CHEN She-fa,DENG Qi-dong.1985.The evolution and structure assemblages of pull-apart basin in Southwest Huashan fault.Study on Modern Crustal Movement[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press:98-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
DING Xiao,SHEN Yang,XU Han-lin.1995.The research of the striking pull-apart basin in South China by remote sensing[J].Southern Petroleum Geology,1(2):15-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
DOOLEY T,MCCLAY K.1997.Analogue modeling of pull-apart basins[J].The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,81(11):1804-1826.
FU Bi-hong,AWATA Y,DU Jian-guo,TADASHI M,GUO Jian-ming.2005.Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the14November2001great Kunlun earthquake,North Tibetan,China[J].Tectonophysics,407(1-2):43-63.
JIANG Bo,XU Jia-wei.1989.The formation and evolution of Ningwu basin——pull-apart basin formatted in Mesozoic[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,4:314-322(in Chinese with English abstract).
KOIDE H,BHATTACHARJI S.1971.Geometric patterns of active strike-slip faults and their significance as indicators for areas of energy release[M].Energetics of Geological Processes.New York:Springer Verlag:3465-3478.
MANN,WANG Yi-peng,HEMPTON M,BRADLY D.1983.De-velopment of pull-apart basins[J].The Journal of Geology,91:529-544.
MCCLAY K,BONORA M.2001.Analog modles of the restraining stepovers in the strike-slip fault systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,85(2):233-260.
MCCLAY K,DOOLEY T.1995.Analogue models of pull-apart basins[J].Geology,23(8):711-714.
QIANG Zu-ji,HU Si-yi,HU Hai-yan.1982.The structure and evolution features of the Tanlu Fault[C]//Editorial Staff of Structural Geology Forum.Structural Geology Forum.Beijing:Geological Publishing House:94-96(in Chinese with English abstract).
QUENNELL A M.1958.The structural and Geomorphic evolution of the Dead Sea Rift[J].Quat.Jour.Geol.Soc.,114:2-24.
SHEN Jun,LI Ying-zhen,WANG Yi-peng,SONG Fang-min.2003.The active faults in Altay Mountains[J].Earth Science Frontiers,10(Suppl):132-141(in Chinese with English abstract).
SYLVESTER A G.1988.Strike-slip fault[J].Geology Society of America Bulletin,100:1666-1703.
TIAN Qin-jian.1998.Evolution of the Laolongwan pull-apart basin and strike-slipping of the Haiyuan Fault Zone[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration:1-111(in Chinese with English abstract).
TEATINIA P,TOSIB L,STROZZIC T,CARBOGNINB L,RIZZETTOB F.2005.Mapping regional land displacements in the Venice coastland by an integrated monitoring system[J].Remote Sensing of Environment.98(4):403-413.
WANG Yi-tian,LI Ji-liang.1999.The relation structures about the strike-slip fault[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,18(3):30-34(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xinjiang Seismological Bureau.1985.Fuyun Earthquake Fault Zone in Xinjiang,China[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press:1-201(in Chinese).
YANG Jin-zhong,ZHAO Yu-ling,SHEN Yuan-chao,ZENG Qing-dong,LI Guang-ming.1999.The formation of the gold ore and the Jiaolai Basin[J].Gold,20(9):1-6(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHANG Pei-zhen,BURCHFIEL B C,CHEN She-fa,DENG Qi-dong.1989.Extinction of pull-apart basin[J].Geology,17:814-817.
ZHANG Zhi-wu.2009.Geometric and geomorphologic features of the Fuyun Fault Zone in the Altay Mountains,Xinjiang,China[D].Beijing:Institute of Tibetan Plateau:1-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHANG Zhi-wu,FU Bi-hong,AWATA Y.2008.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets along the Fuyun right lateral strike-slip fault,Altay Mountains,China[J].Quaternary Science,28(2):273-279(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHOU Yong-sheng,LI Jian-guo,WANG Sheng-zu.2003.The study of the strike slip fault and pull-apart basin by the Physics Simulation[J].Journal of Geomechanics,9(1):1-13(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHU Zhi-cheng,WEI Bi-ze,ZHANG Wang-sheng.1999.Structure Geology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press:195-197(in Chinese).
丁晓,沈扬,徐汉林.1995.中国南方走滑拉分盆地遥感构造解析[J].南方油气地质,1(2):15-22.
姜波,徐嘉炜.1989.一个中生代的拉分盆地——宁芜盆地的形成与演化[J].地质科学,4:314-322.
强祖基,胡思颐,胡海燕.1982.郯庐深断裂带的构造及演化特征[C]//构造地质论丛编辑部.构造地质论丛.北京:地质出版社:94-96.
沈军,李盈甄,汪一鹏,宋方敏.2003.阿尔泰山活动断裂[J].地学前缘,10(特刊):132-141.
田勤俭.1998.老龙湾拉分盆地演化与海原断裂带走滑活动[D].北京:中国地震局地质所:1-111.
王义天,李继亮.1999.走滑断层作用的相关构造[J].地质科技情报,18(3):30-34.
新疆自治区地震局.1985.富蕴地震断裂带[M].北京:地震出版社:1-201.
杨金中,赵玉灵,沈远超,曾庆栋,李光明.1999.胶莱盆地与金矿形成[J].黄金,20(9):1-6.
张之武.2009.新疆阿尔泰山富蕴断裂带几何学与地貌学特征研究[D].北京:中国科学院青藏高原研究所:1-64.
张之武,付碧宏,粟田泰夫.2008.新疆阿尔泰山南部富蕴右旋走滑断裂带晚第四纪错断水系的遥感分析研究[J].第四纪研究,28(2):273-279.
周永胜,李建国,王绳祖.2003.用物理实验模拟研究走滑断裂和拉分盆地[J].地质力学学报,9(1):1-13
朱志澄,韦必则,张旺生.1999.构造地质学[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社:195-197.
AYDIN A,NUR A.1982.Evolution of pull-apart basins and their scale independence[J].Tectonics,1(1):91-105.
BURCHFIEL B C,STEWART J H.1966.“Pull-Apart” origon of the central segment of Death Valley,California[J].Geology Society of America Bulletin,77:439-442.
CHEN She-fa,DENG Qi-dong.1985.The evolution and structure assemblages of pull-apart basin in Southwest Huashan fault.Study on Modern Crustal Movement[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press:98-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
DING Xiao,SHEN Yang,XU Han-lin.1995.The research of the striking pull-apart basin in South China by remote sensing[J].Southern Petroleum Geology,1(2):15-22(in Chinese with English abstract).
DOOLEY T,MCCLAY K.1997.Analogue modeling of pull-apart basins[J].The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,81(11):1804-1826.
FU Bi-hong,AWATA Y,DU Jian-guo,TADASHI M,GUO Jian-ming.2005.Complex geometry and segmentation of the surface rupture associated with the14November2001great Kunlun earthquake,North Tibetan,China[J].Tectonophysics,407(1-2):43-63.
JIANG Bo,XU Jia-wei.1989.The formation and evolution of Ningwu basin——pull-apart basin formatted in Mesozoic[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,4:314-322(in Chinese with English abstract).
KOIDE H,BHATTACHARJI S.1971.Geometric patterns of active strike-slip faults and their significance as indicators for areas of energy release[M].Energetics of Geological Processes.New York:Springer Verlag:3465-3478.
MANN,WANG Yi-peng,HEMPTON M,BRADLY D.1983.De-velopment of pull-apart basins[J].The Journal of Geology,91:529-544.
MCCLAY K,BONORA M.2001.Analog modles of the restraining stepovers in the strike-slip fault systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,85(2):233-260.
MCCLAY K,DOOLEY T.1995.Analogue models of pull-apart basins[J].Geology,23(8):711-714.
QIANG Zu-ji,HU Si-yi,HU Hai-yan.1982.The structure and evolution features of the Tanlu Fault[C]//Editorial Staff of Structural Geology Forum.Structural Geology Forum.Beijing:Geological Publishing House:94-96(in Chinese with English abstract).
QUENNELL A M.1958.The structural and Geomorphic evolution of the Dead Sea Rift[J].Quat.Jour.Geol.Soc.,114:2-24.
SHEN Jun,LI Ying-zhen,WANG Yi-peng,SONG Fang-min.2003.The active faults in Altay Mountains[J].Earth Science Frontiers,10(Suppl):132-141(in Chinese with English abstract).
SYLVESTER A G.1988.Strike-slip fault[J].Geology Society of America Bulletin,100:1666-1703.
TIAN Qin-jian.1998.Evolution of the Laolongwan pull-apart basin and strike-slipping of the Haiyuan Fault Zone[D].Beijing:Institute of Geology,China Earthquake Administration:1-111(in Chinese with English abstract).
TEATINIA P,TOSIB L,STROZZIC T,CARBOGNINB L,RIZZETTOB F.2005.Mapping regional land displacements in the Venice coastland by an integrated monitoring system[J].Remote Sensing of Environment.98(4):403-413.
WANG Yi-tian,LI Ji-liang.1999.The relation structures about the strike-slip fault[J].Geological Science and Technology Information,18(3):30-34(in Chinese with English abstract).
Xinjiang Seismological Bureau.1985.Fuyun Earthquake Fault Zone in Xinjiang,China[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press:1-201(in Chinese).
YANG Jin-zhong,ZHAO Yu-ling,SHEN Yuan-chao,ZENG Qing-dong,LI Guang-ming.1999.The formation of the gold ore and the Jiaolai Basin[J].Gold,20(9):1-6(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHANG Pei-zhen,BURCHFIEL B C,CHEN She-fa,DENG Qi-dong.1989.Extinction of pull-apart basin[J].Geology,17:814-817.
ZHANG Zhi-wu.2009.Geometric and geomorphologic features of the Fuyun Fault Zone in the Altay Mountains,Xinjiang,China[D].Beijing:Institute of Tibetan Plateau:1-64(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHANG Zhi-wu,FU Bi-hong,AWATA Y.2008.Late Quaternary systematic stream offsets along the Fuyun right lateral strike-slip fault,Altay Mountains,China[J].Quaternary Science,28(2):273-279(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHOU Yong-sheng,LI Jian-guo,WANG Sheng-zu.2003.The study of the strike slip fault and pull-apart basin by the Physics Simulation[J].Journal of Geomechanics,9(1):1-13(in Chinese with English abstract).
ZHU Zhi-cheng,WEI Bi-ze,ZHANG Wang-sheng.1999.Structure Geology[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosciences Press:195-197(in Chinese).
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