塔北哈拉哈塘奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层发育特征及主要岩溶期次
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摘要
位于塔北隆起中部的哈拉哈塘地区,具有良好的油气成藏条件,是近期塔北油气勘探的突破新区,勘探的主要目标是奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层。本文通过对区域沉积、构造演化背景的分析,利用钻井、岩芯、地震等资料,对本区岩溶型储层的沉积和成岩作用特征进行了研究,探讨了储层发育的主要岩溶阶段、岩溶模式及主控因素。结果表明哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层的主体在一间房组和鹰山组一段,储集空间主要为近层状分布的溶蚀孔洞/洞穴和裂缝,岩溶储层的发育主要受控于一间房组沉积末期的准同生期岩溶和志留系沉积之前的表生期(潜山+顺层)岩溶。前一期岩溶具有区域分布较均匀、规模较小的特点;后一期岩溶在前期岩溶的基础上发育,并根据古地貌的差异在平面上分为4个区:北部Ⅰ区一间房组直接暴露,发育古潜山岩溶;Ⅱ区一间房组之上覆盖了厚度不等的吐木休克组、良里塔格组和桑塔木组,岩溶主要受控于河流和断裂的下切及由北部Ⅰ区地表水补给的地下水顺层岩溶;南部的Ⅲ区和Ⅳ区发育顺层及沿断裂的岩溶和淡水与南部海水的混合水岩溶。在以上两期主要岩溶作用的影响下,哈拉哈塘一间房组和鹰山组一段地层发育近层状岩溶洞穴、孔洞、角砾孔和裂缝,形态多变,具有极强的非均质性。
Favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation existed in Halahatang area of central Tabei,which recently made it a breakthrough area for hydrocarbon exploration in northern Tarim Basin.The main targets explored are karstified Ordovician carbonate reservoirs.Based on the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of this area,integrated data of drilling wells,boreholes and seismic analysis are used to determine the sedimentary and diagenetic characteristics of the reservoir sections.The main stages and the corresponding models of karstification,and the controlling factors of each model,are proposed.The results show that the major reservoir sections are the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation and the first member of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Yingshan Formation.Nearly layered cave or caverns and fractures are main reserving spaces.These spaces were formed mainly by karstification after the deposition of the Yijianfang Formation and by the burial hill karstification and bedded karstification during the hypergenesis before the Silurian sedimentation.The first stage of karstification was generally developed with a relatively small scale.However,the formed vugs,caverns and fractures are the passageway of water,which is the basis of the later karstification.The second stage of karstification(pre-Silurian) was largely controlled by the palaeogeomorphology and could be separated into four regions:region-I to region-IV from north to south.The region-I in the north was characterized by the direct exposure of the Yijianfang Formation and the development of the burial hill karstification.The Yijianfang Formation was covered by the Upper Ordovician Tumxuk,Lianglitag and Sangtamu formations with different thicknesses in the region-II.And the karstification was controlled by the down-cutting rivers and fractures and the subsurface water fed through the exposed Yijianfang Formation from region-I.In the region-III and region-IV of southern Halahatang,bedded karstification,karstification along fractures and by mixed water of meteric from north and marine from south were developed.After these two major stages of karstification,nearly layered karstic caverns,vugs,breccias and fractures were formed with different shapes and strong heterogeneity in the Yijianfang Formation and the first member of the Yingshan Formation.
Favorable conditions for hydrocarbon accumulation existed in Halahatang area of central Tabei,which recently made it a breakthrough area for hydrocarbon exploration in northern Tarim Basin.The main targets explored are karstified Ordovician carbonate reservoirs.Based on the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of this area,integrated data of drilling wells,boreholes and seismic analysis are used to determine the sedimentary and diagenetic characteristics of the reservoir sections.The main stages and the corresponding models of karstification,and the controlling factors of each model,are proposed.The results show that the major reservoir sections are the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation and the first member of the Lower-Middle Ordovician Yingshan Formation.Nearly layered cave or caverns and fractures are main reserving spaces.These spaces were formed mainly by karstification after the deposition of the Yijianfang Formation and by the burial hill karstification and bedded karstification during the hypergenesis before the Silurian sedimentation.The first stage of karstification was generally developed with a relatively small scale.However,the formed vugs,caverns and fractures are the passageway of water,which is the basis of the later karstification.The second stage of karstification(pre-Silurian) was largely controlled by the palaeogeomorphology and could be separated into four regions:region-I to region-IV from north to south.The region-I in the north was characterized by the direct exposure of the Yijianfang Formation and the development of the burial hill karstification.The Yijianfang Formation was covered by the Upper Ordovician Tumxuk,Lianglitag and Sangtamu formations with different thicknesses in the region-II.And the karstification was controlled by the down-cutting rivers and fractures and the subsurface water fed through the exposed Yijianfang Formation from region-I.In the region-III and region-IV of southern Halahatang,bedded karstification,karstification along fractures and by mixed water of meteric from north and marine from south were developed.After these two major stages of karstification,nearly layered karstic caverns,vugs,breccias and fractures were formed with different shapes and strong heterogeneity in the Yijianfang Formation and the first member of the Yingshan Formation.
引文
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Cui HF,Zheng DM and Teng TY.2009.Petroleum geologiccharacteristics and exploration orientation in Halahatang Depressionof Tabei uplift.Lithologic Reservoirs,21(2):54-58(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Dai FG,Yang KS and Liu DY.2009.Geological interpretation of the seismic profile in Tarim Basin and tectonic evolution of this area.Geology in China,36(4):747-760(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Gao JX,Tang JW,Zhang XF,Tao XW,Yang YK,Chen ZY,Song XMand Liu B.2012.Types and periods of fractures in carbonate coresof Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Halahatang area,northernTarim Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,33(1):64-73(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
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He FQ.2002.Karst weathering crust oil-gas field on carbonateunconformity:An example from the Tahe Oilfield in the Ordovicianreservoir in the Tarim basin.Geological Review,48(4):391-397(in Chinese with English abstract)
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Jiao ZF and Gao ZQ.2008.Formation,evolution and hydrocarboncontrolling geological conditions of major paleohighs,Tarim Basin.Natural Gas Geosciences,19(5):639-646(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
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Ni XF,Zhang LJ,Shen AJ,Qiao ZF and Han LJ.2010.Diagenesis andpore evolution of the Ordovician karst reservoir in YengimahallaHanilcatam region of Tarim Basin.Journal of Palaeogeography,12(4):467-479(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ritorto M,Screaton EJ,Martin JB and Moore PJ.2009.Relativeimportance and chemical effects of diffuse and focused recharge in aneogenetic karst aquifer:An example from the unconfined upperFloridan aquifer,USA.Hydrogeology Journal,17(7):1687-1698
Vacher HL and Mylroie JE.2002.Eogenetic karst from the perspective ofan equivalent porous medium.Carbonates and Evaporites,17:182-196
Xu GQ,Liu SG,Li GR,Wu HZ and Yan XB.2005.Comparison oftectonic evolutions and petroleum geological conditions in Tazhongand Tabei palaeohighs in Tarim Basin.Oil and Gas Geology,26(1):114-120(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yan XB,Li TJ,Zhang T,Li GX,Jin XH and Ma XJ.2005.Differencesbetween formation conditions of Ordovician karstic reservoirs inTazhong and Tahe areas.Oil and Gas Geology,26(2):202-207(in Chinese with English abstract)
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Zhang GY,Zhao WZ,Wang HJ,Li HH and Liu L.2007.Multicycletectonic evolution and composite petroleum systems in the TarimBasin.Oil and Gas Geology,28(5):653-662(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
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Bao ZD,Jin ZJ,Sun LD,Wang ZM,Wang QH,Zhang QH,Shi XZ,LiW,Wu MB,Gu QY,Wu XM and Zhang HW.2006.Sea-levelfluctuation of the Tarim area in the Early Paleozoic respondence fromgeochemistry and karst.Acta Geologica Sinica,80(3):366-373(in Chinese with English abstract)
Bao ZD,Qi YC,Jin ZJ,Zhang XL,Hu GC,Zhang QH,Shi XZ,Li W,Yang F,Pan WQ and Sun YS.2007.Karst developmentrespondence to sea-level flucturation:A case from the Tarim area inthe Early Paleozoic.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(2):205-211(inChinese with English abstract)
CroizéD,Ehrenberg SN,Bjrlykke K,Renard F and Jahren J.2010.Petrophysical properties of bioclastic platform carbonates:Implications for porosity controls during burial.Marine andPetroleum Geology,27:1765-1774
Cui HF,Zheng DM and Teng TY.2009.Petroleum geologiccharacteristics and exploration orientation in Halahatang Depressionof Tabei uplift.Lithologic Reservoirs,21(2):54-58(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Dai FG,Yang KS and Liu DY.2009.Geological interpretation of the seismic profile in Tarim Basin and tectonic evolution of this area.Geology in China,36(4):747-760(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Gao JX,Tang JW,Zhang XF,Tao XW,Yang YK,Chen ZY,Song XMand Liu B.2012.Types and periods of fractures in carbonate coresof Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in Halahatang area,northernTarim Basin.Acta Petrolei Sinica,33(1):64-73(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Guidry SA,Grasmueck M,Carpenter DG,Gombos Jr AM,Bachtel SLand Viggiano DA.2007.Karst and early fracture networks incarbonates,Turks and Caicos Islands,British West Indies.Journalof Sedimentary Research,77:508-524
Gulley J,Martin JB,Screaton EJ and Moore PJ.2011.River reversalsinto karst springs:A model for cave enlargement in eogenetic karstaquifers.GSA Bulletin,123(34):457-467
He DF,Zhou XY,Zhang CJ and Yang XF.2007.The prototypes and itsevolution of Ordovician Tarim Basin.Chinese Science Bulletin,52(Suppl.):126-135(in Chinese)
He FQ.2002.Karst weathering crust oil-gas field on carbonateunconformity:An example from the Tahe Oilfield in the Ordovicianreservoir in the Tarim basin.Geological Review,48(4):391-397(in Chinese with English abstract)
Jia CZ and Wei GQ.2003.The summary of the achievements on thetectonic researches in Tarim basin during the period of9th Five-YearPlan.Petroleum Exploration and Development,30(1):11-14(inChinese with English abstract)
Jiao ZF and Gao ZQ.2008.Formation,evolution and hydrocarboncontrolling geological conditions of major paleohighs,Tarim Basin.Natural Gas Geosciences,19(5):639-646(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Liu XF,Peng DT,Liu SP,Zhong GF,Wan LG and Shi WD.1996.Structural framework and origin of the northern Tarim uplift.Journalof Jianghan Petroleum Institute18(4):26-30(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
LüHT,Zhang DJ and Yang YC.2009.Stages of paleokarstichypergenesis in Ordovician reservoir,Tahe Oilfield.GeologicalScience and Technology Information,28(6):71-75,83(inChinese with English abstract)
Meyers WJ.1988.Paleokarstic features on Mississippian limestones,NewMexico.In:James NP and Choquette PW(eds.).Paleokarst.NewYork:Springer-Verlag,306-328
Moore CH.2001.Carbonate Reservoirs Porosity Evolution and Diagenesisin a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework.Amsterdam:Elsevier,1-225
Mylroie JE and Carew JL.1995.Karst development on CarbonateIslands.In:Budd DA,Saller AH and Harris PM(eds.).Unconformities and Porosity in Carbonate Strata.AmericanAssociation of Petroleum Geologists,Memoir,63:55-76
Ni XF,Zhang LJ,Shen AJ,Pan WQ and Qiao ZF.2009.Paleokarstification types,karstification periods and superimpositionrelationship of Ordovician carbonates in northern Tarim Basin.Geology in China,36(6):1312-1321(in Chinese with Englishabstract)
Ni XF,Zhang LJ,Shen AJ,Qiao ZF and Han LJ.2010.Diagenesis andpore evolution of the Ordovician karst reservoir in YengimahallaHanilcatam region of Tarim Basin.Journal of Palaeogeography,12(4):467-479(in Chinese with English abstract)
Ritorto M,Screaton EJ,Martin JB and Moore PJ.2009.Relativeimportance and chemical effects of diffuse and focused recharge in aneogenetic karst aquifer:An example from the unconfined upperFloridan aquifer,USA.Hydrogeology Journal,17(7):1687-1698
Vacher HL and Mylroie JE.2002.Eogenetic karst from the perspective ofan equivalent porous medium.Carbonates and Evaporites,17:182-196
Xu GQ,Liu SG,Li GR,Wu HZ and Yan XB.2005.Comparison oftectonic evolutions and petroleum geological conditions in Tazhongand Tabei palaeohighs in Tarim Basin.Oil and Gas Geology,26(1):114-120(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yan XB,Li TJ,Zhang T,Li GX,Jin XH and Ma XJ.2005.Differencesbetween formation conditions of Ordovician karstic reservoirs inTazhong and Tahe areas.Oil and Gas Geology,26(2):202-207(in Chinese with English abstract)
Yu RL.2005.Characteristics and significance of the Caledonian karst inthe Tahe oil field,the Tarim Basin.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,27(5):468-478(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhang GY,Zhao WZ,Wang HJ,Li HH and Liu L.2007.Multicycletectonic evolution and composite petroleum systems in the TarimBasin.Oil and Gas Geology,28(5):653-662(in Chinese withEnglish abstract)
Zhang T,Yun L,Wu XW and Ye DS.2005.The application ofstrontium isotopes in division of paleokarst stages in Tahe field.Petroleum Geology&Experiment,27(3):299-303(in Chinesewith English abstract)
Zhang ZM and Jia CZ.1997.Paleohighs in craton basin of Tarim andexploration objectives.Journal of Xi'an Petroleum Institute,12(3):8-13(in Chinese with English abstract)
Zhu QJ and Wang B.1999.Integratively quantitative method for fractureanalysis of Ordovician system in Lunnan area.OGP,34(2):180189
艾华国,兰林英,张克银.1998.塔里木盆地不整合面下的碳酸盐岩成岩作用及孔隙特征.新疆石油地质,19(2):112-120
安海亭,李海银,王建忠,都小芳.2009.塔北地区构造和演化特征及其对油气成藏的控制.大地构造与成矿学,33(1):142-147
鲍志东,金之钧,孙龙德,王招明,王清华,张清海,时晓章,李伟,吴茂炳,顾乔元,武新民,张宏伟.2006.塔里木地区早古生代海平面波动特征:来自地球化学及岩溶的证据.地质学报,80(3):366-373
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