西宁湟水河隐伏断裂发育模式探讨
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摘要
近些年来一些地震表明,强震不仅发生在地表出露的活动断裂上,还发育在一些隐伏的未出露地表的构造上。大陆内部块体间的变形带不只是一条活动断裂,而是具有很大宽度的构造变形带,这已被大量的地震活动性资料所证实。因此,要正确评估地震危险性,就要研究构造带上地层变形的模型,而不仅是单条断裂的变形。湟水河隐伏断裂为一条隐伏在西宁市的断裂,位于西宁盆地中部,长12km,走向EW,浅层地震探测结果表明该断裂由两条正断层组成地堑式构造,横跨西宁地区的地层剖面研究结果指出湟水河隐伏断裂发育在宽缓背斜的核部,而宽缓的背斜和向斜由新近系红色泥岩组成。根据褶皱与断裂的关系认为,湟水河隐伏断裂为在北东向的区域主压应力作用下,褶皱变形过程中,在背斜的核部伴生形成的次级张性地堑式正断层。该褶皱及相关断裂发育在西宁盆地滑脱面之上,属于浅表性的断层,活动性不显著。
A few facts observed in recent years show that strong earthquakes occur not only in the exposed surface of active faults but also in some concealed structures.The deformation zone is not only an active fault in the mainland block but also a structural deformation zone with great width,as has been confirmed by a lot of seismic activity data.In order to correctly assess the risk of earthquakes,it is necessary to study the deformation of the stratigraphic model of the structure instead of studying only a single fault.The Huangshui River concealed fault is buried under the city of Xining,and the shallow seismic survey results show that the rupture fault is composed of two normal faults,and the area is across Xining City.Based on a study and analysis of the stratigraphic section,the authors hold that the broad anticline and syncline are composed of Neogene red mudstone,which was formed through deformation.The Huangshui River fault was developed in the core of the anticline,as shown by the relationship between the folds and faults.The Huangshui River concealed fault was formed under the main pressure in northeast direction,composed of two normal faults in the core of the anticline.The fault is on the slideway of Xining basin and belongs to a superficial fault,whose activity is not significant.
A few facts observed in recent years show that strong earthquakes occur not only in the exposed surface of active faults but also in some concealed structures.The deformation zone is not only an active fault in the mainland block but also a structural deformation zone with great width,as has been confirmed by a lot of seismic activity data.In order to correctly assess the risk of earthquakes,it is necessary to study the deformation of the stratigraphic model of the structure instead of studying only a single fault.The Huangshui River concealed fault is buried under the city of Xining,and the shallow seismic survey results show that the rupture fault is composed of two normal faults,and the area is across Xining City.Based on a study and analysis of the stratigraphic section,the authors hold that the broad anticline and syncline are composed of Neogene red mudstone,which was formed through deformation.The Huangshui River fault was developed in the core of the anticline,as shown by the relationship between the folds and faults.The Huangshui River concealed fault was formed under the main pressure in northeast direction,composed of two normal faults in the core of the anticline.The fault is on the slideway of Xining basin and belongs to a superficial fault,whose activity is not significant.
引文
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[6]李智敏,田勤俭,姚生海,等.青海大通断裂带初步研究[J].地震地质,2007,29(4):856-862.Li Zhimin,Tian Qinjian,Yao Shenghai,et al.A preliminary study on datong fault belt[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(4):856-862(in Chinese with English abstract).
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[8]王萍,苏旭,田勤俭,等.西宁市北川河西岸断层、湟水河断层活动性的钻探研究[J].震灾防御技术,2007,2(2):147-157.Wang Ping,Su Xu,Tian Qinjian,et al.Drill data analysis on activities of huangshuihe fault and Beichuanhe west fault in Xining City[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2007,2(2):147-157(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]杨永平,兰孝奇,夏开旺,等.GPS相位平滑伪距差分定位技术的试验研究[J].工程勘察,2006,(2):52-56,45.Yang Yongping,Lan Xiaoqi,Xia Kaiwang,et al.Experimental study of GPS phase smoothing pseudorange differential positioning technology[J].Journal of Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2006,(2):52-56,45(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10]张军龙,田勤俭,张小龙,等.DGPS方法在新构造研究中的应用探讨[J].地学前缘,2008,15(4):290-297.Zhang Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Zhang Xiaolong,et al.The applications of DGPS method in neo-tectonic research[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(4):290-297.
[11]张军龙,田勤俭,李智敏,等.西宁盆地浅层滑脱面与地震关系探讨[J].地震,2008,28(1):114-120.Zhang Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,et al.The relationship between detachment surface and seismicity in Xining basin[J].Earthquake,2008,15(4):290-297.
[12]田勤俭,李智敏,张军龙,等.西宁市活断层地震构造模型初步研究[J].地震地质,2007,29(2):311-319.Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,Zhang Junlong,et al.A preliminary study on seismotectonic model for the active faults in Xining urban area[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(2):311-319(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[13]丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.活断层分段原则、方法与应用[M].北京:地震出版社,1993.Ding Guoyu,Tian Qinjian,Kong Fanchen,et al.The Principle of Active Fault Segmentation,Methods and Application[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1993(in Chinese).
[14]涂德龙,王赞军,曾包红,等.青海省湟水盆地全新世活动断裂分布及其活动特征研究[J].西北地震学报,1998,20(4)83-90.Tu Delong,Wang Zanjun,Zeng baohong,et al.Study on distribution and activity characters of the Holocene faults in the Huangshui Basin,Qinghai Province[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1998,20(4)83-90(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]滕瑞增,金瑶泉,李西侯,等.西秦岭北缘断裂带新活动特征[J],西北地震学报,1994,16(2):85-90.Teng Ruizeng,Jin Yaoquan,Li Xihou,et al.Recent activity characteristics of the fault zone at northern edge of western Qinling Mountain[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1994,16(2):85-90(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]王二七,张旗.青海拉脊山:一个多阶段抬升的构造窗[J].地质科学,2000,35(4)493-500.Wang Erqi,Zhang Qi.The Lajishan fault belt in Qinghai Province:A multi-staged uplifting structural window[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2000,35(4):493-500(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]袁道阳,石玉成,刘百篪.青藏高原东北缘地区晚第四纪水系沉积物年代标尺的初步研究[J].地震地质,1999,21(1),1-8.Yuan Daoyang,Shi Yucheng,Liu Baichi.Study on the time scale of late Quaternary hydrogenic sediments along the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,1999,21(1):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18]袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J].地质学报,2004,78(2):270-278.Yuan Daoyang,Zhang Peizhen,Liu Baichi,et al.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of Late Quaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2004,78(2):270-278(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]张军龙,田勤俭,李智敏,等.差分GPS方法在城市活断层探测中的应用探讨[J].地震,2007,27(3):74-81.Zhang Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,et al.Use of differential GPS in detecting active faults in cities[J].Earthquake,2007,27(3):74-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]曾永年,马海州,李珍,等.西宁地区湟水阶地的形成与发育[J].地理科学,1995,15(3):254-258.Zeng Yongnian,Ma Haizhou,Li Zhen,et al.A study on terrace formation and development of the Huangshui river in Xining area[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1995,15(3):254-258(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]Li Zhimin,Tian Qinjian,Yao Shenghai,et al.A preliminary study on the datong fault belt[J].Earthquake Research in China,2008,22(3):348-355.
[22]Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,Zhang Junlong,et al.A preliminary study on seismotectonic model for the active faults in Xining urban area[J].Earthquake Research in China,2008,22(1):15-23.
[2]William R.Lettis,Donald L.Wells,John N.Baldwin.Empirical observations regarding reverse earthquakes,blind thrust faults,and quaternary deformation:Are blind thrust faults truly blind[J]-Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1997,87:1171-1198.
[3]田勤俭,丁国瑜,申旭辉.青藏高原东北隅强震构造模型[J].地震,2002,22(1):9-16.Tian Qinjian,Ding Guoyu,Shen Xuhui.Seismic tectonic model of the northeastern corner of the Tibet Plateau[J].Earthquake,2002,22(1):9-16(in Chinese with English abstract).
[4]袁道阳,刘小龙,张培震,等.青海热水-日月山断裂带的新活动特征[J].地震地质,2003,25(1),155-166.Yuan Daoyang,Liu Xiaolong,Zhang Peizhen,et al.Characteristics of the modern activity of the Reshui-Riyueshan fault zone in Qinghai Province[J].Seismology and Geology,2003,25(1),155-166(in Chinese with English abstract).
[5]袁道阳,张培震,雷中生,等.青海拉脊山断裂带新活动特征的初步研究[J].中国地震,2005,21(1),93-102.Yuan Daoyang,Zhang Peizhen,Lei Zhongsheng,et al.A preliminary study on the new activity features of the Lajishan mountain fault zone in Qinghai Province[J].Earthquake Research in China,2005,21(1)93-102(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]李智敏,田勤俭,姚生海,等.青海大通断裂带初步研究[J].地震地质,2007,29(4):856-862.Li Zhimin,Tian Qinjian,Yao Shenghai,et al.A preliminary study on datong fault belt[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(4):856-862(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]李智敏,田勤俭,高占武,等.西宁城市活动断裂地表特征初步研究[J].地震,2005,25(4):119-126.Li Zhimin,Tian QinJian,Gao Zhanwu,et al.Study of the surficial features of the active faults in Xining City[J].Earthquake,2005,25(4):119-126(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]王萍,苏旭,田勤俭,等.西宁市北川河西岸断层、湟水河断层活动性的钻探研究[J].震灾防御技术,2007,2(2):147-157.Wang Ping,Su Xu,Tian Qinjian,et al.Drill data analysis on activities of huangshuihe fault and Beichuanhe west fault in Xining City[J].Technology for Earthquake Disaster Prevention,2007,2(2):147-157(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]杨永平,兰孝奇,夏开旺,等.GPS相位平滑伪距差分定位技术的试验研究[J].工程勘察,2006,(2):52-56,45.Yang Yongping,Lan Xiaoqi,Xia Kaiwang,et al.Experimental study of GPS phase smoothing pseudorange differential positioning technology[J].Journal of Geotechnical Investigation&Surveying,2006,(2):52-56,45(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10]张军龙,田勤俭,张小龙,等.DGPS方法在新构造研究中的应用探讨[J].地学前缘,2008,15(4):290-297.Zhang Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Zhang Xiaolong,et al.The applications of DGPS method in neo-tectonic research[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2008,15(4):290-297.
[11]张军龙,田勤俭,李智敏,等.西宁盆地浅层滑脱面与地震关系探讨[J].地震,2008,28(1):114-120.Zhang Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,et al.The relationship between detachment surface and seismicity in Xining basin[J].Earthquake,2008,15(4):290-297.
[12]田勤俭,李智敏,张军龙,等.西宁市活断层地震构造模型初步研究[J].地震地质,2007,29(2):311-319.Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,Zhang Junlong,et al.A preliminary study on seismotectonic model for the active faults in Xining urban area[J].Seismology and Geology,2007,29(2):311-319(in Chinesewith English abstract).
[13]丁国瑜,田勤俭,孔凡臣,等.活断层分段原则、方法与应用[M].北京:地震出版社,1993.Ding Guoyu,Tian Qinjian,Kong Fanchen,et al.The Principle of Active Fault Segmentation,Methods and Application[M].Beijing:Seismological Press,1993(in Chinese).
[14]涂德龙,王赞军,曾包红,等.青海省湟水盆地全新世活动断裂分布及其活动特征研究[J].西北地震学报,1998,20(4)83-90.Tu Delong,Wang Zanjun,Zeng baohong,et al.Study on distribution and activity characters of the Holocene faults in the Huangshui Basin,Qinghai Province[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1998,20(4)83-90(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15]滕瑞增,金瑶泉,李西侯,等.西秦岭北缘断裂带新活动特征[J],西北地震学报,1994,16(2):85-90.Teng Ruizeng,Jin Yaoquan,Li Xihou,et al.Recent activity characteristics of the fault zone at northern edge of western Qinling Mountain[J].Northwestern Seismological Journal,1994,16(2):85-90(in Chinese with English abstract).
[16]王二七,张旗.青海拉脊山:一个多阶段抬升的构造窗[J].地质科学,2000,35(4)493-500.Wang Erqi,Zhang Qi.The Lajishan fault belt in Qinghai Province:A multi-staged uplifting structural window[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2000,35(4):493-500(in Chinese with English abstract).
[17]袁道阳,石玉成,刘百篪.青藏高原东北缘地区晚第四纪水系沉积物年代标尺的初步研究[J].地震地质,1999,21(1),1-8.Yuan Daoyang,Shi Yucheng,Liu Baichi.Study on the time scale of late Quaternary hydrogenic sediments along the northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Seismology and Geology,1999,21(1):1-8(in Chinese with English abstract).
[18]袁道阳,张培震,刘百篪,等.青藏高原东北缘晚第四纪活动构造的几何图像与构造转换[J].地质学报,2004,78(2):270-278.Yuan Daoyang,Zhang Peizhen,Liu Baichi,et al.Geometrical imagery and tectonic transformation of Late Quaternary active tectonics in northeastern margin of Qinghai-Xizang plateau[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2004,78(2):270-278(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]张军龙,田勤俭,李智敏,等.差分GPS方法在城市活断层探测中的应用探讨[J].地震,2007,27(3):74-81.Zhang Junlong,Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,et al.Use of differential GPS in detecting active faults in cities[J].Earthquake,2007,27(3):74-81(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]曾永年,马海州,李珍,等.西宁地区湟水阶地的形成与发育[J].地理科学,1995,15(3):254-258.Zeng Yongnian,Ma Haizhou,Li Zhen,et al.A study on terrace formation and development of the Huangshui river in Xining area[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,1995,15(3):254-258(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]Li Zhimin,Tian Qinjian,Yao Shenghai,et al.A preliminary study on the datong fault belt[J].Earthquake Research in China,2008,22(3):348-355.
[22]Tian Qinjian,Li Zhimin,Zhang Junlong,et al.A preliminary study on seismotectonic model for the active faults in Xining urban area[J].Earthquake Research in China,2008,22(1):15-23.
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