大型结构面产状影响下应力波传播规律研究
|
摘要
首先验证基于离散元法的数值软件UDEC模拟应力波在岩体中传播的可行性。然后,运用离散元数值模拟技术,对应力波穿越不同产状大型结构面的传播特征进行探讨,并以龙门山地区的3条主要断裂对汶川地震应力波传播规律影响为实例加以说明,确认断裂隔震效应以及断裂上盘效应。研究结果表明:(1)应力波在结构面两侧造成的地表动力响应存在异常,靠近震源一侧的地表响应强烈;(2)结构面倾角对应力波的反射作用表现出随结构面倾角增大先增大后减小的趋势,随着结构面数量的增加,透过结构面的应力波产生的扰动越弱;(3)汶川地震中汶川—茂县断裂和灌县—安县断裂对汶川地震地震波具有明显的阻隔作用,使汶川—茂县断裂上盘靠近断裂的地表垂向加速度峰值比不存在断裂时降低38%,灌县—安县断裂下盘靠近断裂的地表加速度峰值则降低47%;(4)断裂对地震波的反射使得映秀—北川断裂上、下盘地表动力响应异常增强,与不存在断裂情况时相比,该断裂上、下盘两侧岩体的垂向加速度峰值分别升高了41%和32%。本研究结果反映断裂的隔震效应与上盘效应。
First of all,the feasibility of using a universal distinct element code(UDEC) to simulate stress waves propagation in rockmass has been validated.Then,the study about the rules of stress waves crossing fractures which have various attitudes has been conducted.The three main fractures in Longmenshan region affecting the stress waves propagation are used as an example to validate the rules of stress waves crossing fractures and illustrate the shock isolation effects and the hanging wall effects of the large-scale fracture.The main research results can be summarized as follows:(1) The dynamic responses of the earth?s surface beside the fractures are anomalous compared with that on the fractures;and the dynamic responses of the earth?s surface on the side of hypocenter will be more seriously than that on the other side.(2) With the increasing of fractures attitudes from 0° to 90°,the shock isolation effects of fractures on stress waves firstly will increase and then will decrease;and the dynamic responses caused by transmitted waves will be weaker with the increasing of the amount of fractures.(3) Wenchuan—Maoxian fault and Guanxian—Anxian fault are not coseismic fault;so they have shown good shock isolation in the process of Wenchuan earthquake.Compared to the condition without faults,the vertical peak ground accelerations of hanging wall surface of Wenchuan—Maoxian fault and foot wall surface of Guanxian—Anxian fault decrease 38% and 47% respectively.(4) Because of the faults reflecting the earthquake waves,the dynamic responses of earth?s surfaces of the hanging wall and footwall of Yingxiu—Beichuan fault are serious compared to the state without faults.The vertical peak ground accelerations of the hanging wall and footwall surface of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault increase 41% and 32% respectively.The above research results reflect the shock isolation effect and hanging wall effect of fractures.
First of all,the feasibility of using a universal distinct element code(UDEC) to simulate stress waves propagation in rockmass has been validated.Then,the study about the rules of stress waves crossing fractures which have various attitudes has been conducted.The three main fractures in Longmenshan region affecting the stress waves propagation are used as an example to validate the rules of stress waves crossing fractures and illustrate the shock isolation effects and the hanging wall effects of the large-scale fracture.The main research results can be summarized as follows:(1) The dynamic responses of the earth?s surface beside the fractures are anomalous compared with that on the fractures;and the dynamic responses of the earth?s surface on the side of hypocenter will be more seriously than that on the other side.(2) With the increasing of fractures attitudes from 0° to 90°,the shock isolation effects of fractures on stress waves firstly will increase and then will decrease;and the dynamic responses caused by transmitted waves will be weaker with the increasing of the amount of fractures.(3) Wenchuan—Maoxian fault and Guanxian—Anxian fault are not coseismic fault;so they have shown good shock isolation in the process of Wenchuan earthquake.Compared to the condition without faults,the vertical peak ground accelerations of hanging wall surface of Wenchuan—Maoxian fault and foot wall surface of Guanxian—Anxian fault decrease 38% and 47% respectively.(4) Because of the faults reflecting the earthquake waves,the dynamic responses of earth?s surfaces of the hanging wall and footwall of Yingxiu—Beichuan fault are serious compared to the state without faults.The vertical peak ground accelerations of the hanging wall and footwall surface of Yingxiu-Beichuan fault increase 41% and 32% respectively.The above research results reflect the shock isolation effect and hanging wall effect of fractures.
引文
[1]肖树芳,杨淑碧.岩体力学[M].北京:地质出版社,1987:1–4.(XIAO Shufang,YANG Shubi.Mechanics of rock mass[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1987:1–4.(in Chinese))
[2]孙广忠.岩体结构力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1988:1–14.(SUN Guangzhong.Structural mechanics of rock mass[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:1–14.(in Chinese))
[3]GOODMAN R E.Methods of geological engineering in discontinuous rocks[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1976:300–368.
[4]BARTON N R.A model study of rock joint deformation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1972,9(5):579–602.
[5]BARTON N R.Review of a new shear strength criterion for rock joints[J].Engineering Geology,1973,7(4):287–332.
[6]BANDIS S C,LUMSDEN A C,Barton N R.Fundamentals of rock joint deformation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1983,20(6):249–268.
[7]ZHAO J.Joint surface matching and shear strength,part A:joint matching coefficient(JMC)[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1997,34(2):173–178.
[8]PYRAK-NOLTE L J.Seismic visibility of fractures[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Berkeley,USA:University of California,1988.
[9]李夕兵.论岩体软弱结构面对应力波传播的影响[J].爆炸与冲击,1993,13(4):334–342.(LI Xibing.Influence of structural weakness planes in rock mass on the propagation of stress wave[J].Explosion and Shock Wave,1993,13(4):334–342.(in Chinese))
[10]王明洋,钱七虎.爆炸应力波通过节理裂隙带的衰减规律[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(2):42–46.(WANG Mingyang,QIAN Qihu.Attenuation law of explosive stress wave propagation in cracks[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1995,17(2):42–46.(in Chinese))
[11]WANG W H,LI X B,ZUO Y J,et al.3DEC modeling on effect of joints and interlayer on wave propagation[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2006,16(3):728–734.
[12]LEMOS J V.A distinct element model for dynamic analysis of jointed rock with application to dam foundation and fault motion[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Minnesota:University of Minnesota,1987.
[13]MILLER R K.The effects of boundary friction on the propagation of elastic waves[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1978,68(4):987–998.
[14]CHEN S G,ZHAO J.A study of UDEC modeling for blast wave propagation in jointed rock masses[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1996,35(1):93–98.
[15]CUNDALL P A.A computer model for simulating progressive large-scale movements in blocky rock systems[C]//Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics.Nancy,France:[s.n.],1971:11–18.
[16]KUHLMEYER R L,LYSMER J.Finite element method accuracy for wave propagation problems[J].Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,ASCE,1973,99(5):421–427.
[17]朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震发生过程的动力学机制研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):418–427.(ZHU Shoubiao,ZHANG Peizhen.A study on the dynamical mechanisms of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(2):418–427.(in Chinese))
[18]王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.汶川5.12地震发震机制的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):105–113.(WANG Lianjie,CUI Junwen,ZHOU Chunjing,et al.Numerical modeling for Wenchuan earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):105–113.(in Chinese))
[19]周荣军,黄润秋,雷建成,等.四川汶川8.0级地震地表破裂与震害特点[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11):2 173–2 183.(ZHOU Rongjun,HUANG Runqiu,LEI Jiancheng,et al.Surface rupture and hazard characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude 8.0 in Sichuan province[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(11):2 173–2 183.(in Chinese))
[20]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(HUANG Ruiqiu,LI Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazard induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(in Chinese))
[21]藤吉文,白登海,杨辉,等.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1 385–1 402.(TENG Jiwen,BAI Denghai,YANG Hui,et al.Deep processes and dynamic responses associated with the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake of 2008[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5):1 385–1 402.(in Chinese))
[22]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597–629.(XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YE Jianqing,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface rupture and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597–629.(in Chinese))
[23]李勇,黄润秋,周荣军,等.龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):3–16.(LI Yong,HUANG Runqiu,ZHOU Rongjun,et al.Geological background of Longmenshan seismic belt and surface ruptures in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):3–16.(in Chinese))
[24]张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1 066–1 073.(ZHANG Peizhen,XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4):1 066–1 073.(in Chinese))
[25]张勇,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38(10):1 186–1 194.(ZHANG Yong,FENG Wanpeng,XU Lisheng,et al.Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2008,38(10):1 186–1 194.(in Chinese))
[2]孙广忠.岩体结构力学[M].北京:科学出版社,1988:1–14.(SUN Guangzhong.Structural mechanics of rock mass[M].Beijing:Science Press,1988:1–14.(in Chinese))
[3]GOODMAN R E.Methods of geological engineering in discontinuous rocks[M].New York:John Wiley and Sons,1976:300–368.
[4]BARTON N R.A model study of rock joint deformation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1972,9(5):579–602.
[5]BARTON N R.Review of a new shear strength criterion for rock joints[J].Engineering Geology,1973,7(4):287–332.
[6]BANDIS S C,LUMSDEN A C,Barton N R.Fundamentals of rock joint deformation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1983,20(6):249–268.
[7]ZHAO J.Joint surface matching and shear strength,part A:joint matching coefficient(JMC)[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1997,34(2):173–178.
[8]PYRAK-NOLTE L J.Seismic visibility of fractures[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Berkeley,USA:University of California,1988.
[9]李夕兵.论岩体软弱结构面对应力波传播的影响[J].爆炸与冲击,1993,13(4):334–342.(LI Xibing.Influence of structural weakness planes in rock mass on the propagation of stress wave[J].Explosion and Shock Wave,1993,13(4):334–342.(in Chinese))
[10]王明洋,钱七虎.爆炸应力波通过节理裂隙带的衰减规律[J].岩土工程学报,1995,17(2):42–46.(WANG Mingyang,QIAN Qihu.Attenuation law of explosive stress wave propagation in cracks[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,1995,17(2):42–46.(in Chinese))
[11]WANG W H,LI X B,ZUO Y J,et al.3DEC modeling on effect of joints and interlayer on wave propagation[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2006,16(3):728–734.
[12]LEMOS J V.A distinct element model for dynamic analysis of jointed rock with application to dam foundation and fault motion[Ph.D.Thesis][D].Minnesota:University of Minnesota,1987.
[13]MILLER R K.The effects of boundary friction on the propagation of elastic waves[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,1978,68(4):987–998.
[14]CHEN S G,ZHAO J.A study of UDEC modeling for blast wave propagation in jointed rock masses[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts,1996,35(1):93–98.
[15]CUNDALL P A.A computer model for simulating progressive large-scale movements in blocky rock systems[C]//Proceedings of the Symposium of the International Society for Rock Mechanics.Nancy,France:[s.n.],1971:11–18.
[16]KUHLMEYER R L,LYSMER J.Finite element method accuracy for wave propagation problems[J].Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division,ASCE,1973,99(5):421–427.
[17]朱守彪,张培震.2008年汶川Ms8.0地震发生过程的动力学机制研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):418–427.(ZHU Shoubiao,ZHANG Peizhen.A study on the dynamical mechanisms of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2009,52(2):418–427.(in Chinese))
[18]王连捷,崔军文,周春景,等.汶川5.12地震发震机制的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,2009,15(2):105–113.(WANG Lianjie,CUI Junwen,ZHOU Chunjing,et al.Numerical modeling for Wenchuan earthquake mechanism[J].Journal of Geomechanics,2009,15(2):105–113.(in Chinese))
[19]周荣军,黄润秋,雷建成,等.四川汶川8.0级地震地表破裂与震害特点[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(11):2 173–2 183.(ZHOU Rongjun,HUANG Runqiu,LEI Jiancheng,et al.Surface rupture and hazard characteristics of Wenchuan earthquake with magnitude 8.0 in Sichuan province[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(11):2 173–2 183.(in Chinese))
[20]黄润秋,李为乐.“5.12”汶川大地震触发地质灾害的发育分布规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(HUANG Ruiqiu,LI Weile.Research on development and distribution rules of geohazard induced by Wenchuan earthquake on 12th May,2008[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(12):2 585–2 592.(in Chinese))
[21]藤吉文,白登海,杨辉,等.2008汶川Ms8.0地震发生的深层过程和动力学响应[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1 385–1 402.(TENG Jiwen,BAI Denghai,YANG Hui,et al.Deep processes and dynamic responses associated with the Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake of 2008[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(5):1 385–1 402.(in Chinese))
[22]徐锡伟,闻学泽,叶建青,等.汶川Ms8.0地震地表破裂及其发震构造[J].地震地质,2008,30(3):597–629.(XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,YE Jianqing,et al.The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake surface rupture and its seismogenic structure[J].Seismology and Geology,2008,30(3):597–629.(in Chinese))
[23]李勇,黄润秋,周荣军,等.龙门山地震带的地质背景与汶川地震的地表破裂[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(1):3–16.(LI Yong,HUANG Runqiu,ZHOU Rongjun,et al.Geological background of Longmenshan seismic belt and surface ruptures in Wenchuan earthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2009,17(1):3–16.(in Chinese))
[24]张培震,徐锡伟,闻学泽,等.2008年汶川8.0级地震发震断裂的滑动速率、复发周期和构造成因[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(4):1 066–1 073.(ZHANG Peizhen,XU Xiwei,WEN Xueze,et al.Slip rates and recurrence intervals of the Longmenshan active fault zone,and tectonic implications for the mechanism of the May 12 Wenchuan earthquake,2008,Sichuan,China[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2008,51(4):1 066–1 073.(in Chinese))
[25]张勇,冯万鹏,许力生,等.2008年汶川大地震的时空破裂过程[J].中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38(10):1 186–1 194.(ZHANG Yong,FENG Wanpeng,XU Lisheng,et al.Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2008,38(10):1 186–1 194.(in Chinese))
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心