基于物源数量的泥石流危险性评估——以都江堰白沙河为例
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摘要
汶川地震通过诱发滑坡和崩塌产生大量松散固体物质促进了泥石流的暴发,且大多数地震次生泥石流为超大规模,对地震灾后重建造成严重威胁。从区域上进行泥石流灾害危险性评估是目前地震灾区恢复重建和区域经济发展所必须而又紧迫的工作。通过对地震次生泥石流形成条件的分析,提出了一种基于泥石流物源数量,并结合遥感及GIS技术的泥石流危险性快速评估方法。通过在都江堰白沙河59个小流域的应用证明,评估结果与实际灾害情况较吻合,能够为地震灾区泥石流防灾减灾提供参考。此方法适用于地震灾区在短时间内物源突然富集的流域,并且受到遥感图像精度的影响,同时也具有一定时限性,需要根据遥感图像进行周期性更新。此方法能对地震灾区大区域泥石流危险性进行快速评估分级,尤其适用于野外调查无法开展的河流上游区域的泥石流评估。
Abundant debris deriving from the landslides and rock avalanches triggered by large earthquakes could significantly alter the characteristics and occurrence frequency of debris flows in the earthquake stricken areas.There is an urgent need for a quick and easy method to assess debris flow hazard to aid the recovery activities by the local residents.Conventional methods are mainly based on field investigations which are time consuming and resources demanding.In addition,as the loose materials are gradually taken away by debris flows,the debris flow occurrence frequency will change with time and more regular updates are needed with the debris flow hazard maps.Therefore,a GIS based system using satellite remote sensing and digital elevation model is proposed in this study.The debris-flow potential index based on the volume of unstable debris is used as the assessment criterion.The proposed method is applied to a case study in the river area affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake 2008.It has been found that the resulted hazard map corresponded well with the observed debris hazards.The validity of the proposed method is depended on the digital data and need regularly update from the latest satellite images with more up-to-date debris accumulation information.
Abundant debris deriving from the landslides and rock avalanches triggered by large earthquakes could significantly alter the characteristics and occurrence frequency of debris flows in the earthquake stricken areas.There is an urgent need for a quick and easy method to assess debris flow hazard to aid the recovery activities by the local residents.Conventional methods are mainly based on field investigations which are time consuming and resources demanding.In addition,as the loose materials are gradually taken away by debris flows,the debris flow occurrence frequency will change with time and more regular updates are needed with the debris flow hazard maps.Therefore,a GIS based system using satellite remote sensing and digital elevation model is proposed in this study.The debris-flow potential index based on the volume of unstable debris is used as the assessment criterion.The proposed method is applied to a case study in the river area affected by the Wenchuan Earthquake 2008.It has been found that the resulted hazard map corresponded well with the observed debris hazards.The validity of the proposed method is depended on the digital data and need regularly update from the latest satellite images with more up-to-date debris accumulation information.
引文
[1]许强.四川省8.13特大泥石流灾害特点、成因与启示[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(5):596-608.
[2]Benda L,Cundy T.Predicting deposition of debris flowsin mountain channels[J].Canadian Geotechnical Jour-nal,1990,27:409-417.
[3]Auer K,Shakoor A.A statistical approach to evaluatedebris avalanche activity in central Virginia[J].Engi-neering Geology,1993,33:305-321.
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[14]范建蓉,田兵伟,程根伟,等.基于多源遥感数据的5.12汶川地震诱发堰塞体信息提取[J].山地学报,2008,26:257-262.
[15]王文杰,潘英姿,徐卫华,等.四川汶川地震对生态系统破坏及其生态影响分析[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(5):110-116.
[16]陈晓清,崔鹏,程尊兰,等.5.12汶川地震堰塞湖危险性应急评估[J].地学前缘,2008,15(4):244-249.
[17]童立强.“5.12”汶川大地震极重灾区地震堰塞湖应急遥感调查[J].国土资源遥感,2008(3):71-64.
[18]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280-282
[19]周必凡,李德基,罗德富,等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991:4-5.
[20]四川省水利水电局水文总站.四川省水文手册[S].1979.
[21]Guzzetti F,Ardizzone F,Cardinali M,et al.Landslidevolumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria,central Italy[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,279:222-229.
[22]陈宁生,黄蓉,李欢,等.汶川5.12地震次生泥石流沟应急判识方法与指标[J].山地学报,2009,27(1):108-114.
[23]陈宁生,第宝锋,李战鲁,等.5.12汶川地震龙门山风景区地震次生山地灾害特征与处理建议[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):272-275.
[2]Benda L,Cundy T.Predicting deposition of debris flowsin mountain channels[J].Canadian Geotechnical Jour-nal,1990,27:409-417.
[3]Auer K,Shakoor A.A statistical approach to evaluatedebris avalanche activity in central Virginia[J].Engi-neering Geology,1993,33:305-321.
[4]Cheng K Y,Lin L K,Chang S Y.The filed investiga-tion and GIS application in a potential hazardous area ofdebris flow[C]∥Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation:Me-chanics,Prediction,and Assessment,Proceedings of theFirst International Conference.New York:ASCE,1997:83-92.
[5]Nakagawa H,Takahashi T.Estimation of a debris-flowhydrograph and hazard area[C]∥Debris-Flow HazardsMitigation:Mechanics,Prediction,and Assessment.Proceedings of First International Conference.NewYork:ASCE,1997:64-73.
[6]Lin P S,Feng T Y,Lee C M.A study on the initiationcharacteristics of debris flow in gravelly deposits[J].Journal of Chinese Soil and Water Conservation,1993,24(1):55-64.
[7]Lin P S,Lin J Y,Hung J C,et al.Assessing debris-flow hazard in a watershed in Taiwan[J].EngineeringGeology,2002,66:295-313.
[8]Di B F,Chen N S,Cui P,et al.GIS-based risk analysisof debris flow:an application in Sichuan,southwestChina[J].International Journal of Sediment Research,2008,23:138-148.
[9]唐川.基于GIS技术对云南省泥石流的风险评估[J].地理科学,2002,22(3):300-304.
[10]Melelli L,Taramelli A.An example of debris-flowshazard modeling using GIS[J].Natural Hazards andEarth System Sciences,2004,4:347-358.
[11]Wang C X,Esaki T,Xie M W,et al.Landslide anddebris-flow hazard analysis and prediction using GIS inMinamata-Hougawachi area,Japan[J].Environ Geol.2006,51:91-102.
[12]Han Y S,Liu H J,Zhong D L.et al.GIS-based riskassessment of debris flow disasters in the upper reachof Yangtze River[J].Wuhan University Journal ofNatural Sciences,2007,12(4):657-662.
[13]Di B F,Zeng H J,Zhang M H,et al.Quantifying thespatial distribution of soil mass wasting processes afterthe 2008 earthquake in Wenchuan,China:A casestudy of the Longmenshan area[J].Remote Sensing ofEnvironment,2010,114:761-771.
[14]范建蓉,田兵伟,程根伟,等.基于多源遥感数据的5.12汶川地震诱发堰塞体信息提取[J].山地学报,2008,26:257-262.
[15]王文杰,潘英姿,徐卫华,等.四川汶川地震对生态系统破坏及其生态影响分析[J].环境科学研究,2008,21(5):110-116.
[16]陈晓清,崔鹏,程尊兰,等.5.12汶川地震堰塞湖危险性应急评估[J].地学前缘,2008,15(4):244-249.
[17]童立强.“5.12”汶川大地震极重灾区地震堰塞湖应急遥感调查[J].国土资源遥感,2008(3):71-64.
[18]崔鹏,韦方强,何思明,等.5.12汶川地震诱发的山地灾害及减灾措施[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):280-282
[19]周必凡,李德基,罗德富,等.泥石流防治指南[M].北京:科学出版社,1991:4-5.
[20]四川省水利水电局水文总站.四川省水文手册[S].1979.
[21]Guzzetti F,Ardizzone F,Cardinali M,et al.Landslidevolumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria,central Italy[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,279:222-229.
[22]陈宁生,黄蓉,李欢,等.汶川5.12地震次生泥石流沟应急判识方法与指标[J].山地学报,2009,27(1):108-114.
[23]陈宁生,第宝锋,李战鲁,等.5.12汶川地震龙门山风景区地震次生山地灾害特征与处理建议[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):272-275.
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