南海北部神狐陆坡限制型滑塌体特征及成因机理
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摘要
滑塌体是深水沉积的重要组成部分,研究滑塌体沉积有助于揭示深水沉积过程。利用高精度多道地震资料,首次在南海北部神狐陆坡段发现了规模逾千平方千米的限制型滑塌体,它在顺坡滑塌时,未能超越下坡地层的围限,突然终止于下坡未变形地层中,因此陡冲斜坡两侧的地震相特征发生截然的变化。滑塌体整体呈楔形,内部呈杂乱反射,前端存在逆冲断层以及挤压褶皱。由于顺坡滑塌距离较短,因此与非限制型滑塌体相比,限制型滑塌体内部地层连续性较好。结合神狐滑塌体地震反射特征并通过与世界典型滑塌体的对比,可知滑塌体的厚度、地形坡度二者共同控制了神狐滑塌体的发育类型,前端地形突起对其发育没有影响。
Landslides constitute important aspects of deepwater sediment fill;and the study of the landslide does much help unveiling the deposition process in deepwater settings.Using the high resolution multichannel seismic profiles,the frontally confined landslide is firstly discovered in Shenhu slope of the Northern South China Sea,of which distribution area is over 1 000 km2.The landslide undergoes a restricted downslope translation and does not overrun the undeformed downslope strata,so the seismic facies features are definitely different in the two sides of the ramp.With the internally chaotic reflection,the landslide is externally wedge shaped and the impressive fold and thrust develop in the toe domain of the landslide.Comparing with the frontally emergent landslide,the continuity of the frontally confined landslide sediment is better for the shorter downslope transport distance.Combined with the seismic reflection features of the slide and the comparison among the Shenhu landslide and the worldwide landslides,the type of the landslide is determined by the thickness of the slide and the slope angle,but the positive landform-Yitong shoal has no effect on the Shenhu landslide's evolution.
Landslides constitute important aspects of deepwater sediment fill;and the study of the landslide does much help unveiling the deposition process in deepwater settings.Using the high resolution multichannel seismic profiles,the frontally confined landslide is firstly discovered in Shenhu slope of the Northern South China Sea,of which distribution area is over 1 000 km2.The landslide undergoes a restricted downslope translation and does not overrun the undeformed downslope strata,so the seismic facies features are definitely different in the two sides of the ramp.With the internally chaotic reflection,the landslide is externally wedge shaped and the impressive fold and thrust develop in the toe domain of the landslide.Comparing with the frontally emergent landslide,the continuity of the frontally confined landslide sediment is better for the shorter downslope transport distance.Combined with the seismic reflection features of the slide and the comparison among the Shenhu landslide and the worldwide landslides,the type of the landslide is determined by the thickness of the slide and the slope angle,but the positive landform-Yitong shoal has no effect on the Shenhu landslide's evolution.
引文
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15 Gee M J R,Uy H S,Warren J,et al.The Brunei slide:a giant sub-marine landslide on the northwest Borneo margin revealed by 3D seis-mic data[J].Marine Geology,2007,246:9-23
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17 Booth J M,O'Leary D W.A statistical overview of mass movementcharacteristics on the North American Atlantic outer continental margin[J].Marine Geotechnology,1991,10:1-18
18 Frey Martinez J,Cartwright J,James D.Frontally confined versusfrontally emergent submarine landslides:A 3D seismic characterization[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:585-604
19王海荣,王英民,邱燕,等.南海北部陆坡的地貌形态及其控制因素[J].海洋学报,2008,30(2):70-79[Wang Haiying,WangYingmin,Qiu Yian,et al.Geomorphology and its control of deep-wa-ter slope of the margin of the South China Sea[J].Acta OceanologicaSinica,2008,30(2):70-79]
20蒋恕,王华,Weimer P.深水沉积层序特点及构成要素[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2008,33(6):825-833[Jiang Shu,Wang Hua,Weimer P.Sequence stratigraphy characteristics and sedi-mentary elements in deepwater[J].Earth Science-Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,2008,33(6):825-833]
21 Gee M J R,Gawthorpe R L,Friedmann J S.Giant striations at thebase of a submarine landslide[J].Marine Geology,2005,214:287-294
22 Trincardi F,Argnani A.Gela submarine slide:a major basin-wide e-vent in the Plio-Quaternary foredeep of Sicily[J].Geo-marine Let-ters,1990,10:13-21
23 Lee H,Locat J,Dartnell P,et al.Regional variability of slope stabil-ity:application to the Eel margin,California[J].Marine Geology,1999,154:305-321
24 Lastras G,De Basio F V,Canals M,et al.Conceptual and numericalmodeling of the BIG'95 Debris flow,western Mediterranean Sea[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2005,75:784-797
25 Bull S,Cartwright J,Huuse M.A review of kinematic indicators frommass-transport complexes using 3D seismic data[J].Marine and Pe-troleum Geology,2009,26:1132-1151
26 Huvenne V A I,Croker-Peter F,Henriet J P.A refreshing 3D view ofan ancient sediment collapse and slope failure[J].Terra Nova,2002,14(1):33-40
27 Dingle R V.The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a shared con-tinental margin(SE Africa)[J].Journal Geological Society London,1977,134:293-310
28 Dingle R V.Large allochtonous sediment masses and their role in theconstruction of the continental slope and rise off southwestern Africa[J].Marine Geology,1980,37:333-354
29 Moscardelli L,Wood L,Mann P.Mass-transport complexes and asso-ciated processes in the offshore area of Trinidad and Venezuela[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(7):1059-1088
30 Solheim A,Berg K,Forsberg C F,et al.The Storegga Slide com-plex:repetitive large scale sliding with similar cause and development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:97-107
2李磊,王英民,张莲美,等.块状搬运复合体的识别、演化及其油气勘探意义[J].沉积学报,2010,28(1):76-82[Li Lei,WangYingmin,Zhang Lianmei,et al.Identification and evolution of masstransport complexes and its significance for oil and gas exploration[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2010,28(1):76-82]
3 Masson D G,Huggett Q J,Brunsden D.The surface texture of theSaharan debris flow and some speculations on submarine debris flowprocesses[J].Sedimentology,1993,40:583-598
4 Gee M J R,Masson D G,Watts A B,et al.The Saharan Debris flow:an insight into the mechanics of long runout debris flows[J].Sedimen-tology,1999,46:317-335
5 Laberg J S,Vorren T O.The Trandjupet slide,offshore Norway-mor-phology,evacuation and triggering mechanisms[J].Marine Geology,2000,171:95-114
6 Vanneste M,Mienert J,Bunz S.The Hinlopen slide:a giant,subma-rine slope failure on the northern Svalbard margin,Arctic Ocean[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2006,245:373-388
7 McAdoo B G,Pratson L F,Orange D L.Submarine landslide geomor-phology,U.S.continental slope[J].Marine Geology,2000,169:103-136
8 Lastras G,Canals M,Hughes-Clarke J E,et al.Seafloor imagery fromthe BIG'95 debris flow,western Mediterranean[J].Geology,2002,30:871-874
9 Frey Martinez J,Cartwright J,Hall B.3D seismic interpretation ofslump complexes:examples from the continental margin of Israel[J].Basin Research,2005,17(1):83-108
10孙运宝,吴时国,王志君,等.南海北部白云大型海底滑坡的几何形态与变形特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28(6):69-77[Sun Yunbao,Wu Shiguo,Wang Zhijun,et al.The geometryand deformation characteristics of Baiyun submarine landslide[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2008,28(6):69-77]
11王大伟,吴时国,董冬冬,等.琼东南盆地第四纪块体搬运体系的地震特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(3):69-74[Wang Dawei,Wu Shiguo,Dong Dongdong,et al.Seismic charac-teristics of Quaternary mass transport deposits in Qiongdongnan basin[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2009,29(3):69-74]
12姚根顺,袁圣强,马玉波,等.琼东南华光凹陷深水重力搬运沉积体系及其油气勘探[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2009,34(3):471-476[Yao Genshun,Yuan Shengqiang,Ma Yongbo,etal.Deepwater mass transport deposition system of Huaguang depres-sion,Qiongdongnan basin and its significance for hydrocarbon explora-tion[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2009,34(3):471-476]
13吴时国,秦蕴珊.南海北部陆坡深水沉积体系研究[J].沉积学报,2009,27(5):922-930[Wu Shiguo,Qin Yunshan.The researchof deepwater depositional system in the Northern South China Sea[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2009,27(5):922-930]
14王大伟,吴时国,秦志亮,等.南海陆坡大型块体搬运体系的结构与识别特征[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2009,29(5):65-72[Wang Dawei,Wu Shiguo,Qin Zhiliang,et al.Architecture and i-dentification of large Quaternary mass transport depositions in the slopeof South China Sea[J].Marine Geology&Quaternary Geology,2009,29(5):65-72]
15 Gee M J R,Uy H S,Warren J,et al.The Brunei slide:a giant sub-marine landslide on the northwest Borneo margin revealed by 3D seis-mic data[J].Marine Geology,2007,246:9-23
16 Martinsen O J,Bakken B.Extensional and compressional zones inslumps and slides in the Namurian of County Clare,Ireland[J].Jour-nal of the Geological Society of London,1990,147:153-164
17 Booth J M,O'Leary D W.A statistical overview of mass movementcharacteristics on the North American Atlantic outer continental margin[J].Marine Geotechnology,1991,10:1-18
18 Frey Martinez J,Cartwright J,James D.Frontally confined versusfrontally emergent submarine landslides:A 3D seismic characterization[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2006,23:585-604
19王海荣,王英民,邱燕,等.南海北部陆坡的地貌形态及其控制因素[J].海洋学报,2008,30(2):70-79[Wang Haiying,WangYingmin,Qiu Yian,et al.Geomorphology and its control of deep-wa-ter slope of the margin of the South China Sea[J].Acta OceanologicaSinica,2008,30(2):70-79]
20蒋恕,王华,Weimer P.深水沉积层序特点及构成要素[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2008,33(6):825-833[Jiang Shu,Wang Hua,Weimer P.Sequence stratigraphy characteristics and sedi-mentary elements in deepwater[J].Earth Science-Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,2008,33(6):825-833]
21 Gee M J R,Gawthorpe R L,Friedmann J S.Giant striations at thebase of a submarine landslide[J].Marine Geology,2005,214:287-294
22 Trincardi F,Argnani A.Gela submarine slide:a major basin-wide e-vent in the Plio-Quaternary foredeep of Sicily[J].Geo-marine Let-ters,1990,10:13-21
23 Lee H,Locat J,Dartnell P,et al.Regional variability of slope stabil-ity:application to the Eel margin,California[J].Marine Geology,1999,154:305-321
24 Lastras G,De Basio F V,Canals M,et al.Conceptual and numericalmodeling of the BIG'95 Debris flow,western Mediterranean Sea[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2005,75:784-797
25 Bull S,Cartwright J,Huuse M.A review of kinematic indicators frommass-transport complexes using 3D seismic data[J].Marine and Pe-troleum Geology,2009,26:1132-1151
26 Huvenne V A I,Croker-Peter F,Henriet J P.A refreshing 3D view ofan ancient sediment collapse and slope failure[J].Terra Nova,2002,14(1):33-40
27 Dingle R V.The anatomy of a large submarine slump on a shared con-tinental margin(SE Africa)[J].Journal Geological Society London,1977,134:293-310
28 Dingle R V.Large allochtonous sediment masses and their role in theconstruction of the continental slope and rise off southwestern Africa[J].Marine Geology,1980,37:333-354
29 Moscardelli L,Wood L,Mann P.Mass-transport complexes and asso-ciated processes in the offshore area of Trinidad and Venezuela[J].AAPG Bulletin,2006,90(7):1059-1088
30 Solheim A,Berg K,Forsberg C F,et al.The Storegga Slide com-plex:repetitive large scale sliding with similar cause and development[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22:97-107
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