孟加拉湾盆地构造特征与动力学演化:来自卫星重力与地震资料的新认识
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摘要
为了揭示孟加拉湾盆地的构造特征和中生代以来的动力学演化,对研究区卫星重力数据进行滤波、梯度和延拓等深度处理,对相关地震剖面进行标准化处理,在研究区建立了8条主干剖面.自由空气重力异常及其深度处理结果显示在盆地西部、海岭内部及盆地东部分别发育北西向破碎带、近东西向断裂和北东向线性构造,分别反映了海底北西向扩张、海岭侵位及印度洋洋壳北东向俯冲的影响.主干剖面经标准化处理后划分出上白垩统-第四系5套层系,结合重力异常与地层厚度,将孟加拉湾盆地划分为西部坳陷、85°E海岭隆起、中央坳陷、90°E海岭隆起和若开坳陷5个构造单元.85°E海岭隆起内发育的多个孤立高隆起是热点幕式喷发的响应,控制着碰撞前盆地"西厚东薄"的沉积格局,而碰撞后孟加拉扇体系在始新世至中新世期间一直向南迁移,未受到海岭的明显影响.90°E海岭南段(7°~14°N)的俯冲消减促进了安达曼增生楔的向西生长,北段(14°~20°N)的俯冲作用则控制着若开坳陷、印缅增生楔和孟加拉湾盆地沉积中心的演化.构造特征和动力学演化分析表明盆地经历了原始大洋盆地(晚白垩世-早渐新世)和残留洋盆地(晚渐新世-)2个主要演化阶段.
Based on the satellite-derived gravity data processed by applying various image enhancement methods(including filter,gradient and continuation)and processing of the standardized seismic profiles,plus the establishment of 8 major seismic cross sections,the tectonic features and dynamic evolution of the bay of Bengal basin are explored in this study.Free-air gravity anomalies and their results of enhanced processing indicate that there are NW-trending fracture zones in the west,EW-trending faults in the 90°E ridge,and NE-trending linear structures in the east of the basin,which suggest the influence of sea floor spreading,ridge emplacement and Indian Ocean crust subduction.According to the standardized seismic reection proling results,gravity anomalies and stratum thickness,the basin is divided into the following five tectonic units:west depression,85°E ridge,central depression,90°E ridge and Rakhine depression.Prior to the collision,the sedimentary framework was controlled by multiple isolated rises developed in 85°E ridge,which was the response of episodic eruption processes of the hotspot.Whereas,the post collisional sediments known as the Bengal fan sediments were not prominently affected by the ridge and the sediments kept on migrating southward during the Eocene to Miocene.The subduction of the 90°E ridge promoted the west-ward growth of Andaman accretionary in the south(7°-14°N)and controlled the evolution of Rakhine depression,IndoBurmese wedge and the depocenter of the bay of Bengal basin in the north(14°-20°N).It is found that the protooceanic basin stage(Late Cretaceous to Early Oligocene)and the remnant ocean basin stage(Late Oligocene to present)are two main episodes in the bay of Bengal basin.
Based on the satellite-derived gravity data processed by applying various image enhancement methods(including filter,gradient and continuation)and processing of the standardized seismic profiles,plus the establishment of 8 major seismic cross sections,the tectonic features and dynamic evolution of the bay of Bengal basin are explored in this study.Free-air gravity anomalies and their results of enhanced processing indicate that there are NW-trending fracture zones in the west,EW-trending faults in the 90°E ridge,and NE-trending linear structures in the east of the basin,which suggest the influence of sea floor spreading,ridge emplacement and Indian Ocean crust subduction.According to the standardized seismic reection proling results,gravity anomalies and stratum thickness,the basin is divided into the following five tectonic units:west depression,85°E ridge,central depression,90°E ridge and Rakhine depression.Prior to the collision,the sedimentary framework was controlled by multiple isolated rises developed in 85°E ridge,which was the response of episodic eruption processes of the hotspot.Whereas,the post collisional sediments known as the Bengal fan sediments were not prominently affected by the ridge and the sediments kept on migrating southward during the Eocene to Miocene.The subduction of the 90°E ridge promoted the west-ward growth of Andaman accretionary in the south(7°-14°N)and controlled the evolution of Rakhine depression,IndoBurmese wedge and the depocenter of the bay of Bengal basin in the north(14°-20°N).It is found that the protooceanic basin stage(Late Cretaceous to Early Oligocene)and the remnant ocean basin stage(Late Oligocene to present)are two main episodes in the bay of Bengal basin.
引文
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Bastia,R.,Das,S.,Radhakrishna,M.,2010a.Pre-and PostCollisional Depositional History in the Upper and Middle Bengal Fan and Evaluation of Deepwater ReservoirPotential along the Northeast Continental Margin of India.Marine and Petroleum Geology,27(9):2051-2061.doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2010.04.007
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Clark,M.K.,Bilham,R.,2008.Miocene Rise of the ShillongPlateau and the Beginning of the End for the EasternHimalaya.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,269(3-4):337-351.doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.045
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Curray,J.R.,Emmel,F.J.,Moore,D.G.,2002.The BengalFan:Morphology,Geometry,Stratigraphy,History andProcesses.Marine and Petroleum Geology,9(10):1191-1223.doi:10.1016/S0264-8172(03)00035-7
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Fisher,R.L.,Jantsch,M.J.,Comer,R.L.,1982.GeneralBathymetric Chart of the Oceans(GEBCO).Can.Hydrogr.Serv.,Ottawa.
Gani,M.R.,Alam,M.M.,1999.Trench-Slope ControlledDeep-Sea Clastics in the Exposed Lower Surma Groupin the Southeastern Fold Belt of the Bengal Basin,Bangladesh.Sedimentary Geology,127(3-4):221-236.doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(99)00050-0
Gopala Rao,D.,Krishna,K.S.,Sar,D.,1997.Crustal Evolution and Sedimentation History of the Bay of Bengalsince the Cretaceous.Journal of Geophysical Research,102(B8):17747-17768.doi:10.1029/96JB01339
Hall,R.,2012.Late Jurassic-Cenozoic Reconstructions of the Indonesian Region and the Indian Ocean.Tectonophysics,570-571:1-41.doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.021
Ingersoll,R.V.,Graham,S.A.,Dickinson,W.R.,1995.Remnant Ocean Basins.In:Busby,C.J.,Ingersoll,R.V.,eds.,Tectonics of Sedimentary Basins.BlackwellScience,Cambridge,MA,362-391.
Johnson,S.Y.,Nur Alam,A.M.,1991.Sedimentation andTectonics of the Sylhet Trough,Bangladesh.GeologicalSociety of America Bulletin,103(11):1513-1527.doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<1513:SATOTS>2.3.CO;2
Kent,R.W.,Storey,M.,Saunders,A.D.,et al.,1992.Comment and Reply on“Origin of the Rajmahal Traps andthe 85°E Ridge:Preliminary Reconstructions of theTrace of the Crozet Hotspot”.Geology,20(10):957-958.doi:10.1130/009 1-7613(1992)020<0957:CAROOO>2.3.CO;2
Krishna,K.S.,2003.Structure and Evolution of the AfanasyNikitin Seamount,Buried Hills and 85°E Ridge in theNorthern Indian Ocean.Earth and Planetary ScienceLetters,209(3-4):379-394.doi:org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00081-5
Krishna,K.S.,Abraham,H.,Sager,W.W.,et al.,2012.Tectonics of the Ninetyeast Ridge Derived from Spreading Records in Adjacent Oceanic Basins and Age Constraints of the Ridge.Journal of Geophysical Research,117(B04101):1-19.doi:10.1029/2011JB008805
Krishna,K.S.,Gopala Rao,D.,Ramana,M.V.,1995.Tectonic Model for the Evolution of Oceanic Crust in theNortheastern Indian Ocean from the Late Cretaceous tothe Early Tertiary.Journal of Geophysical Research,100(B10):20011-20024.doi:10.1029/94JB02464
Krishna,K.S.,Michael,L.,Bhattacharyya,R.,et al.,2009.Geoid and Gravity Anomaly Data of Conjugate Regionsof Bay of Bengal and Enderby Basin—New Constraintson Breakup and Early Spreading History between Indiaand Antarctica.Journal of Geophysical Research,114(B03102):1-21.doi:10.1029/2008JB005808
Krishna,K.S.,Neprochnov,Y.P.,Gopala Rao,D.,et al.,2001.Crustal Structure and Tectonics of the NinetyeastRidge from Seismic and Gravity Studies.Tectonics,20(3):416-433.doi:10.1029/2001TC900004
Lee,T.Y.,Lawver,L.A.,1995.Cenozoic Plate Reconstruction of Southeast Asia.Tectonophysics,251(1-4):85-138.doi:10.1016/0040-1951(95)00023-2
Liu,C.S.,Sandwell,D.T.,Curray,J.R.,1982.The Negative Gravity Field over the 85°E Ridge.Journal of Geophysical Research,87(B9):7673-7686.doi:10.1029/JB087iB09p07673
Maurin,T.,Rangin,C.,2009.Impact of the 90°E Ridge atthe Indo-Burmese Subduction Zone Imaged from DeepSeismic Reflection Data.Marine Geology,266(1-4):143-155.doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2009.07.015
Michael,L.,Krishna,K.S.,2011.Dating of the 85°E Ridge(Northeastern Indian Ocean)Using Marine MagneticAnomalies.Current Science,100(9):1314-1322.doi:org/drs/handle/2264/3853
Morley,C.K.,King,R.,Hillis,R.,et al.,2011.DeepwaterFold and Thrust Belt Classification,Tectonics,Structureand Hydrocarbon Prospectivity:A Review.EarthScience Reviews,104(1-3):41-91.doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.09.010
Murthy,K.S.R.,Rao,T.C.S.,Subrahmanyam,A.S.,etal.,1993.Structural Lineaments from the Magnetic Anomaly Maps of the Eastern Continental Margin(ECMI)and NW Bengal Fan.Marine Geology,114(1-2):171-183.doi:10.1016/0025-3227(93)90046-X
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