薄层时频特征的正演模拟
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摘要
基于正演模拟的薄层时频特征响应分析是薄层定性识别与厚度定量预测的基础与关键.本文基于波场延拓理论,利用深度域相移法对不同厚度薄层进行了正演模拟.采用广义S变换对零偏移距地震道的反射复合波进行瞬时频谱分析,发现当薄层顶底反射系数极性相反时,复合波的干涉作用具有升频降幅作用,而极性相同时具有升幅降频作用;理论推导和实验分析均证明主峰值频率与薄层双程旅行时间厚度存在定量解析关系,这为薄层厚度定量预测提供了重要的技术手段;由于峰值频率对反射系数大小与极性变化不敏感,因此,峰值频率方法与时域振幅方法相比更具稳定性.
The time-frequency response analysis based on forward modeling is a basis and key to qualitative determination and quantitative thickness prediction for thin layers.The thin layers with different thicknesses are modeled by phase-shift method based on the wave field extrapolation.The time-frequency responses on reflection composite wavelet from zero-offset trace are analyzed by generalized S transform.With the top and bottom reflection coefficients having an opposite polarity,the interference of reflection composite wavelet can lead to frequency elevation and amplitude decreasing.However,with the top and bottom reflection coefficients having an identical polarity,the interference of reflection composite wavelet can lead to amplitude elevation and frequency decreasing.The theoretical derivation and experimental analysis show that the peak frequency has a quantitative analytical relation with the two-way time thickness of reflection composite wavelet that can give a technological mean for predicting thin-layer thickness quantitatively.Since the peak frequency is not sensitive to the reflection coefficient,thin-layer thickness prediction of peak frequency method is a more stable than that of time-domain amplitude method.
The time-frequency response analysis based on forward modeling is a basis and key to qualitative determination and quantitative thickness prediction for thin layers.The thin layers with different thicknesses are modeled by phase-shift method based on the wave field extrapolation.The time-frequency responses on reflection composite wavelet from zero-offset trace are analyzed by generalized S transform.With the top and bottom reflection coefficients having an opposite polarity,the interference of reflection composite wavelet can lead to frequency elevation and amplitude decreasing.However,with the top and bottom reflection coefficients having an identical polarity,the interference of reflection composite wavelet can lead to amplitude elevation and frequency decreasing.The theoretical derivation and experimental analysis show that the peak frequency has a quantitative analytical relation with the two-way time thickness of reflection composite wavelet that can give a technological mean for predicting thin-layer thickness quantitatively.Since the peak frequency is not sensitive to the reflection coefficient,thin-layer thickness prediction of peak frequency method is a more stable than that of time-domain amplitude method.
引文
[1]Widess M B.How thin is a thin bed?Geophysics,1973,38(6):1176-1180.
[2]Kallweitt R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phase wavelets.Geophysics,1982,47(7):1035-1046.
[3]苏盛甫.薄储集层的反射特征和定量解释方法.石油地球物理勘探,1988,23(4):387-402.Su S F.Thin-reservoir reflection and the quantitativeinterpretation method.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),1988,23(4):387-402.
[4]凌云,郭向宇,高军等.油藏地球物理面临的挑战与发展方向.石油物探,2010,49(4):319-336.Ling Y,Guo X Y,Gao J,et al.The technical challenges on thedevelopment trend of reservoir geophysics.GeophysicalProspecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2010,49(4):319-336.
[5]王润秋,李兰兰,李会俭.塔里木地区勘探地震正演模拟研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1875-1882.Wang R Q,Li L L,Li H J.Forward modeling research forseismic exploration of Tarim area.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(8):1875-1882.
[6]Gochioco L M.Modeling studies of interference reflections inthin layered media bounded by coal seams.Geophysics,1992,57(9):1209-1216.
[7]Gochioco L M.Tuning effect and interference reflectionsfrom thin beds and coal seams.Geophysics,1992,56(8):1288-1295.
[8]Knapp R W.Energy distribution in wavelets and implicationson resolving power.Geophysics,1993,58(1):39-46.
[9]De Voogd N,den Rooijen N.Thin-layer response andspectral bandwidth.Geophysics,1983,48(1):12-18.
[10]凌云,西晓宇,孙德胜等.薄储层叠后反演影响因素分析与地震属性解释研究.石油物探,2008,47(6):531-558.Ling Y,Xi X Y,Sun D S,et al.Analysis on affecting factorsof post-stack inversion and seismic attribute interpretation ofthin reservoir.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(inChinese),2008,47(6):531-558.
[11]孙鲁平,郑晓东,首皓等.薄层地震峰值频率与厚度关系研究.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(2):254-259.Sun L P,Zheng X D,Shou H,et al.The study of relationbetween thin-layer thickness and peak frequency.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2010,45(2):254-259.
[12]Okaya D A.Spectral properties of the earth′s contribution toseismic resolution.Geophysics,1995,60(1):244-251.
[13]Marfurt K J,Kirlin R L.Narrow-band spectral analysis andthin-bed tuning.Geophysics,2001,66(4):1274-1283.
[14]Partyka G A,Gridley J M,Lopez J.Interpretationalapplications of spectral decomposition in reservoircharacterization.The Leading Edge,1999,18(3):353-360.
[15]Pinnegar R C,Mansinha L.The S-transform with windowsof arbitrary and varying shape.Geophysics,2003,68(1):381-385.
[16]高静怀,陈文超,李幼铭等.广义S变换与薄互层地震响应分析.地球物理学报,2003,46(4):526-532.Gao J H,Chen W C,Li Y M.Generalized S transform andseismic response analysis of thin interbeds.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(4):526-532.
[17]陈学华,贺振华,黄德济等.时频域油气储层低频阴影检测.地球物理学报,2009,52(1):215-221.Chen X H,He Z H,Huang D J,et al.Low frequencyshadow detection of gas reservoirs in time-frequency domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1):215-221.
[18]Koefoed O,De Voogd N.The linear properties of thinlayers,with an application to synthetic seismograms over coalseams.Geophysics,1980,45(8):1254-1268.
[19]凌云研究小组.应用振幅的调谐作用探测地层厚度小于1/4波长地质目标.石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(3):268-274.Ling Yun study group.Application of amplitude tuning insurveying geologic target thickness less than 1/4wavelength.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2003,38(3):268-274.
[20]Zeng H L.How thin is a thin bed?An alternativeperspective.The Leading Edge,2009,28(10):1192-1197.
[21]Marangakis A,Oostalnt J K,Coruh J.Use of integratedenergy spectra for thin-layer recognition.Geophysics,1985,50(3):495-500.
[22]Puryear C I,Castagna J P.An algorithm for calculation ofbed thickness and reflection coefficients from amplitudespectrum:76th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expl.Geophys.,Expanded Abstracts,2006:1767-1770.
[23]Charles I P,Castagna J P.Layer-thickness determination andstratigraphic interpretation using spectral inversion:Theoryand application.Geophysics,2008,73(2):R37-R48.
[24]Rubino J G,Velis D.Thin-bed prestack spectral inversion.Geophysics,2009,74(4):R49-R57.
[25]Robertson J D,Nogami H H.Complex seismic trace analysisof thin beds.Geophysics,1984,49(4):344-352.
[26]Zeng H L.Geologic significance of anomalous instantaneousfrequency.Geophysics,2010,75(3):P23-P30.
[27]Knapp R W.Vertical resolution of thick beds,thin beds,andthin-bed cyclothems.Geophysics,1990,55(9):1183-1190.
[28]Chung H M,Lawton D C.Frequency characteristics ofseismic reflections from thin beds.Canadian Journal ofExploration Geophysics,1995,31(1):3-37.
[29]凌云研究组.地震分辨率极限问题的研究.石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(4):435-442.Ling Yun Research Group.Study of seismic resolution limit.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2004,39(4):435-442.
[30]姚陈,蔡明刚,王赟.各向同性薄层反射理论地震图.地球物理学报,2010,53(1):164-170.Yao C,Cai M G,Wang Y.Synthetic seismograms ofreflection from isotropic thin layer.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(1):164-170.
[31]杨真,冯涛,Wang S G.0.9m薄煤层SH型槽波频散特征及波形模式.地球物理学报,2010,53(2):442-449.Yang Z,Feng T,Wang S G.Dispersion characteristics andwave shape mode of SH channel wave in a 0.9m-thin coalseam.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(2):442-449.
[32]Lange J N,Almoghrabi H A.Lithology discrimination forthin layers using wavelet signal parameters.Geophysics,1988,53(12):1512-1519.
[33]Almoghrabi H,Lange J.Layers and bright spots.Geophysics,1986,51(3):699-709.
[2]Kallweitt R S,Wood L C.The limits of resolution of zero-phase wavelets.Geophysics,1982,47(7):1035-1046.
[3]苏盛甫.薄储集层的反射特征和定量解释方法.石油地球物理勘探,1988,23(4):387-402.Su S F.Thin-reservoir reflection and the quantitativeinterpretation method.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),1988,23(4):387-402.
[4]凌云,郭向宇,高军等.油藏地球物理面临的挑战与发展方向.石油物探,2010,49(4):319-336.Ling Y,Guo X Y,Gao J,et al.The technical challenges on thedevelopment trend of reservoir geophysics.GeophysicalProspecting for Petroleum(in Chinese),2010,49(4):319-336.
[5]王润秋,李兰兰,李会俭.塔里木地区勘探地震正演模拟研究.地球物理学报,2010,53(8):1875-1882.Wang R Q,Li L L,Li H J.Forward modeling research forseismic exploration of Tarim area.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(8):1875-1882.
[6]Gochioco L M.Modeling studies of interference reflections inthin layered media bounded by coal seams.Geophysics,1992,57(9):1209-1216.
[7]Gochioco L M.Tuning effect and interference reflectionsfrom thin beds and coal seams.Geophysics,1992,56(8):1288-1295.
[8]Knapp R W.Energy distribution in wavelets and implicationson resolving power.Geophysics,1993,58(1):39-46.
[9]De Voogd N,den Rooijen N.Thin-layer response andspectral bandwidth.Geophysics,1983,48(1):12-18.
[10]凌云,西晓宇,孙德胜等.薄储层叠后反演影响因素分析与地震属性解释研究.石油物探,2008,47(6):531-558.Ling Y,Xi X Y,Sun D S,et al.Analysis on affecting factorsof post-stack inversion and seismic attribute interpretation ofthin reservoir.Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum(inChinese),2008,47(6):531-558.
[11]孙鲁平,郑晓东,首皓等.薄层地震峰值频率与厚度关系研究.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(2):254-259.Sun L P,Zheng X D,Shou H,et al.The study of relationbetween thin-layer thickness and peak frequency.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2010,45(2):254-259.
[12]Okaya D A.Spectral properties of the earth′s contribution toseismic resolution.Geophysics,1995,60(1):244-251.
[13]Marfurt K J,Kirlin R L.Narrow-band spectral analysis andthin-bed tuning.Geophysics,2001,66(4):1274-1283.
[14]Partyka G A,Gridley J M,Lopez J.Interpretationalapplications of spectral decomposition in reservoircharacterization.The Leading Edge,1999,18(3):353-360.
[15]Pinnegar R C,Mansinha L.The S-transform with windowsof arbitrary and varying shape.Geophysics,2003,68(1):381-385.
[16]高静怀,陈文超,李幼铭等.广义S变换与薄互层地震响应分析.地球物理学报,2003,46(4):526-532.Gao J H,Chen W C,Li Y M.Generalized S transform andseismic response analysis of thin interbeds.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2003,46(4):526-532.
[17]陈学华,贺振华,黄德济等.时频域油气储层低频阴影检测.地球物理学报,2009,52(1):215-221.Chen X H,He Z H,Huang D J,et al.Low frequencyshadow detection of gas reservoirs in time-frequency domain.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(1):215-221.
[18]Koefoed O,De Voogd N.The linear properties of thinlayers,with an application to synthetic seismograms over coalseams.Geophysics,1980,45(8):1254-1268.
[19]凌云研究小组.应用振幅的调谐作用探测地层厚度小于1/4波长地质目标.石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(3):268-274.Ling Yun study group.Application of amplitude tuning insurveying geologic target thickness less than 1/4wavelength.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2003,38(3):268-274.
[20]Zeng H L.How thin is a thin bed?An alternativeperspective.The Leading Edge,2009,28(10):1192-1197.
[21]Marangakis A,Oostalnt J K,Coruh J.Use of integratedenergy spectra for thin-layer recognition.Geophysics,1985,50(3):495-500.
[22]Puryear C I,Castagna J P.An algorithm for calculation ofbed thickness and reflection coefficients from amplitudespectrum:76th Ann.Internat Mtg.,Soc.Expl.Geophys.,Expanded Abstracts,2006:1767-1770.
[23]Charles I P,Castagna J P.Layer-thickness determination andstratigraphic interpretation using spectral inversion:Theoryand application.Geophysics,2008,73(2):R37-R48.
[24]Rubino J G,Velis D.Thin-bed prestack spectral inversion.Geophysics,2009,74(4):R49-R57.
[25]Robertson J D,Nogami H H.Complex seismic trace analysisof thin beds.Geophysics,1984,49(4):344-352.
[26]Zeng H L.Geologic significance of anomalous instantaneousfrequency.Geophysics,2010,75(3):P23-P30.
[27]Knapp R W.Vertical resolution of thick beds,thin beds,andthin-bed cyclothems.Geophysics,1990,55(9):1183-1190.
[28]Chung H M,Lawton D C.Frequency characteristics ofseismic reflections from thin beds.Canadian Journal ofExploration Geophysics,1995,31(1):3-37.
[29]凌云研究组.地震分辨率极限问题的研究.石油地球物理勘探,2004,39(4):435-442.Ling Yun Research Group.Study of seismic resolution limit.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2004,39(4):435-442.
[30]姚陈,蔡明刚,王赟.各向同性薄层反射理论地震图.地球物理学报,2010,53(1):164-170.Yao C,Cai M G,Wang Y.Synthetic seismograms ofreflection from isotropic thin layer.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2010,53(1):164-170.
[31]杨真,冯涛,Wang S G.0.9m薄煤层SH型槽波频散特征及波形模式.地球物理学报,2010,53(2):442-449.Yang Z,Feng T,Wang S G.Dispersion characteristics andwave shape mode of SH channel wave in a 0.9m-thin coalseam.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(2):442-449.
[32]Lange J N,Almoghrabi H A.Lithology discrimination forthin layers using wavelet signal parameters.Geophysics,1988,53(12):1512-1519.
[33]Almoghrabi H,Lange J.Layers and bright spots.Geophysics,1986,51(3):699-709.
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