天山地壳低频应变波特征研究
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摘要
依据新疆天山地区24 a的分量式钻孔应变观测资料,分析144个M≥4.0级地震的应变波记录数据。研究发现,在39个地震前出现明显应变波,其特征如下:(1)周期为3～16 d,以3～7 d为主;(2)应变波振幅为10-7～10-5,以10-6居多;(3)随震级由小到大应变波有下列特征:①应变波图像从简单到复杂;②仪器记录应变波的比例逐步增强,从17%逐渐提高到100%;③仪器记录应变波的距离由近而远,并呈指数分布特点;④应变波持续时间逐步延长,从小震的几天到巨震的几年;⑤应变波出现、结束、最大幅度出现到地震发生时间间隔由短到长。应变波最重要的特征是出现在震前,与地震时才出现的地震波截然不同,这对灾害性地震预测有实际意义。
Based on 24 years′ observation of 4-component borehole strainmeter in Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,the low frequency strain waves prior to major earthquakes are analyzed.Among the 144 earthquakes with M≥4.0,it is found that the low frequency strain waves appeared obviously prior to 39 earthquake events.The major findings about the characteristics of the strain waves can be summarized as follows:(1) The range of the strain wave period is 3–16 days,centered at 3–7 days;(2) The amplitudes of the strain waves are between 10-7 and 10-5,with a majority at 10-6;(3) With the increase in the magnitude of the earthquake,a series of characteristics of the strain wave could present as follows:① more complicated waveforms;② increased percentage of strain wave record,from 17% for magnitude ranging from 4.0 to 4.7,to 100% for magnitude greater than 7.7;③ increased epicentral distance of strain wave record;④ longer duration of strain wave,from several days prior to small earthquakes to several years prior to great events;⑤ longer precursory interval prior to the pending earthquake.Comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the low frequency strain wave prior to major earthquake provides the practical significance for disastrous earthquake forecasting.
Based on 24 years′ observation of 4-component borehole strainmeter in Tianshan Mountains,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,the low frequency strain waves prior to major earthquakes are analyzed.Among the 144 earthquakes with M≥4.0,it is found that the low frequency strain waves appeared obviously prior to 39 earthquake events.The major findings about the characteristics of the strain waves can be summarized as follows:(1) The range of the strain wave period is 3–16 days,centered at 3–7 days;(2) The amplitudes of the strain waves are between 10-7 and 10-5,with a majority at 10-6;(3) With the increase in the magnitude of the earthquake,a series of characteristics of the strain wave could present as follows:① more complicated waveforms;② increased percentage of strain wave record,from 17% for magnitude ranging from 4.0 to 4.7,to 100% for magnitude greater than 7.7;③ increased epicentral distance of strain wave record;④ longer duration of strain wave,from several days prior to small earthquakes to several years prior to great events;⑤ longer precursory interval prior to the pending earthquake.Comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of the low frequency strain wave prior to major earthquake provides the practical significance for disastrous earthquake forecasting.
引文
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[14]蒋靖祥,尹光华,王在华,等.新疆分量式钻孔应变阶变异常的统计特征及其在地震预测中的应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23):4 072-4 078.(JIANG Jingxiang,YIN Guanghua,WANG Zaihua,et al.Statistical character of stepping change anomaly of component-type borehole strain and its application to earthquake predication in Xinjiang[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(23):4 072-4 078.(in Chinese))
[15]陈章立.地震预报的实践与思考[M].北京:地震出版社,2007:1-22.(CHEN Zhangli.Practice and speculation on earthquake predication[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2007:1-22.(in Chinese))
[16]蒋靖祥,杜文平,张进,等.新疆土层应力地震异常类型的初步分析[J].内陆地震,2007,21(1):29-38.(JIANG Jingxiang,DU Wenping,ZHANG Jin,et al.Preliminary analysis of earthquake anomaly type about Xinjiang soil layer stress[J].Inland Earthquake,2007,21(1):29-38.(in Chinese))
[17]陈玉华,李永强,王培玲,等.2001年11月14日青海省昆仑山口西8.1级地震[C]//陈棋福,郑大林,车时,等编.中国震例(2000～2002).北京:地震出版社,2008:426-520.(CHEN Yuhua,LI Yongqiang,WANG Peiling,et al.Kunlunshan Ms8.1 Earthquake on November 14,2001 in Qinghai Province[C]//CHEN Qifu,ZHENG Dalin,CHE Shi,et al ed.Earthquake Cases in China(2000—2002).Beijing:Earthquake Press,2008:426-520.(in Chinese))
[18]尹亮,李兴坚,陈兰新,等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前高台钻孔应变异常特征[J].高原地震,2002,14(1):83-86.(YIN Liang,LI Xingjian,CHEN Lanxing,et al.Anomalous features of the Gaotai drill-hole strain data before the west Kunlun mountains earthquake with Ms8.1[J].Plateau Earthquake Research,2002,14(1):83-86.(in Chinese))
[19]池顺良,池毅,邓涛,等.从5.12汶川地震前后分量应变仪器观测到的应变异常看建设密集应变观测网络的必要性[J].国际地震动态,2009,361(1):1-13.(CHI Shunliang,CHI Yi,DENG Tao,et al.The necessity of building national strain-observation network from the strain abnormality before Wenchuan earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,2009,361(1):1-13.(in Chinese))
[20]国家地震局科技监测司.地震地形变观测技术[M].北京:地震出版社,1995:1-15.(Scientific and Technological Monitor Department of the China Seismological Bureau.Seismic ground-deformation observational technology[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1995:1-15.(in Chinese))
[2]OUYANG Z X,ZHANG H X,FU Z Z,et al.Abnormal phenomena recorded by several earthquake precursor observation instruments before the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan,Sichuan Earthquake[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2009,83(4):834-844.
[3]章根德.地震应力波的传播与岩石的动态响应[J].地震学报,1983,5(4):477-482.(ZHANG Gende.Propagation of seismic stress wave and the dynamic response of rocks[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1983,5(4):477-482.(in Chinese))
[4]席道瑛,郑永来,张涛.应力波在砂岩中的衰减[J].地震学报,1995,17(1):62-67.(XI Daoying,ZHENG Yonglai,ZHANG Tao.Attenuation of the stress wave in sandstone[J].Acta Seismologica Sinica,1995,17(1):62-67.(in Chinese))
[5]杨润海,许昭永,王彬,等.孕震类型与应变成核的实验研究[J].地震研究,2003,26(4):332-337.(YANG Runhai,XU Zhaoyong,WANG Bin,et al.Experimental study of seismology type and strain nucleation[J].Journal of Seismological Research,2003,26(4):332-337.(in Chinese))
[6]QIU Z H,SHI Y L.Observations of remote coseismic stress step-changes[J].Science in China,2003,46(Supp.):75-81.
[7]李夕兵,刘志祥.岩石声发射混沌与智能辨别研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(8):1 296-1 300.(LI Xibing,LIU Zhixiang.Research on chaos and intelligent identification of acoustic emission in rock mass[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(8):1 296-1 300.(in Chinese))
[8]蒋靖祥,尹光华.乌什台两次地震钻孔应变异常的对比研究[J].大地测量与地球动力学,2005,25(3):91-95.(JIANG Jingxiang,YIN Guanghua.Comparison between borehole strain anomalies of two earthquakes recorded at Wushi station[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2005,25(3):91-95.(in Chinese))
[9]梁卫国,徐素国,莫江,等.岩盐力学特性应变率效应的实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(1):43-50.(LIANG Weiguo,XU Suguo,MO Jiang,et al.Test study of strain rate effections on mechanical performances of salt rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(1):43-50.(in Chinese))
[10]杨章.天山地区地震地质概况[J].内陆地震,1990,4(4):332-344.(YANG Zhang.A seismogeological survey of Tianshan Region[J].Inland Earthquake,1990,4(4):332-344.(in Chinese))
[11]邓起东,冯先岳,张培震,等.天山活动构造[M].北京:地震出版社,2000:251-265.(DENG Qidong,FENG Xianyue,ZHANG Peizhen,et al.Active tectonics of the Chinese Tianshan mountain[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2000:251-265.(in Chinese))
[12]YANG S M,LI J,WANG Q.The deformation pattern and fault rate in the Tianshan mountains inferred from GPS observations[J].Science in China:Series D,2008,51(8):1 064-1 080.
[13]宋立军,苗崇刚,袁一凡,等.新疆巴楚—伽师6.8级地震灾害损失评估[J].内陆地震,2003,17(2):157-165.(SONG Lijun,MIAO Chonggang,YUAN Yifan,et al.Bachu—Jiashi,Xinjiang,magnitude 6.8 earthquake disaster losses evaluation[J].Inland Earthquake,2003,17(2):157-165.(in Chinese))
[14]蒋靖祥,尹光华,王在华,等.新疆分量式钻孔应变阶变异常的统计特征及其在地震预测中的应用研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(23):4 072-4 078.(JIANG Jingxiang,YIN Guanghua,WANG Zaihua,et al.Statistical character of stepping change anomaly of component-type borehole strain and its application to earthquake predication in Xinjiang[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(23):4 072-4 078.(in Chinese))
[15]陈章立.地震预报的实践与思考[M].北京:地震出版社,2007:1-22.(CHEN Zhangli.Practice and speculation on earthquake predication[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,2007:1-22.(in Chinese))
[16]蒋靖祥,杜文平,张进,等.新疆土层应力地震异常类型的初步分析[J].内陆地震,2007,21(1):29-38.(JIANG Jingxiang,DU Wenping,ZHANG Jin,et al.Preliminary analysis of earthquake anomaly type about Xinjiang soil layer stress[J].Inland Earthquake,2007,21(1):29-38.(in Chinese))
[17]陈玉华,李永强,王培玲,等.2001年11月14日青海省昆仑山口西8.1级地震[C]//陈棋福,郑大林,车时,等编.中国震例(2000～2002).北京:地震出版社,2008:426-520.(CHEN Yuhua,LI Yongqiang,WANG Peiling,et al.Kunlunshan Ms8.1 Earthquake on November 14,2001 in Qinghai Province[C]//CHEN Qifu,ZHENG Dalin,CHE Shi,et al ed.Earthquake Cases in China(2000—2002).Beijing:Earthquake Press,2008:426-520.(in Chinese))
[18]尹亮,李兴坚,陈兰新,等.昆仑山口西8.1级地震前高台钻孔应变异常特征[J].高原地震,2002,14(1):83-86.(YIN Liang,LI Xingjian,CHEN Lanxing,et al.Anomalous features of the Gaotai drill-hole strain data before the west Kunlun mountains earthquake with Ms8.1[J].Plateau Earthquake Research,2002,14(1):83-86.(in Chinese))
[19]池顺良,池毅,邓涛,等.从5.12汶川地震前后分量应变仪器观测到的应变异常看建设密集应变观测网络的必要性[J].国际地震动态,2009,361(1):1-13.(CHI Shunliang,CHI Yi,DENG Tao,et al.The necessity of building national strain-observation network from the strain abnormality before Wenchuan earthquake[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,2009,361(1):1-13.(in Chinese))
[20]国家地震局科技监测司.地震地形变观测技术[M].北京:地震出版社,1995:1-15.(Scientific and Technological Monitor Department of the China Seismological Bureau.Seismic ground-deformation observational technology[M].Beijing:Earthquake Press,1995:1-15.(in Chinese))
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