地质名山馒头山及其附近早寒武世古地震沉积事件研究
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摘要
蜚声中外的地质名山馒头山处在济南南部山区。通过野外调查和室内研究,从馒头山及其附近的青杨村东山、红叶谷、滚球山等地的下寒武统中,鉴别出了许多地震引起的同沉积变形构造(震积岩),主要有卷曲变形(震褶岩)、粒序微断层、滑移构造、滑塌褶曲、负载构造、枕状体、混插沉积、软硅质脉、软硅质层底辟构造、硅藻叠层石变形、沉陷构造、触变楔、布丁、震裂缝、震裂角砾岩及震碎角砾岩等。本文较详细地阐述了它们的特征和形成机理。触变楔属国内首次发现。触变楔和沉陷构造发育在夹软硅质层的白云岩中,其原始沉积物是含软硅质层的白云质灰泥。受强震触动,因软硅质沉积物(SiO2.nH2O)的粘度变小,软硅质层的粘度变小而变得更软,灰泥同时发生液化;在竖向震动力作用下,软硅质层被断开、继而沉陷形成了沉陷构造;沉陷构造向下延伸,结果使断开的硅质层汇聚,形成了触变楔。根据早寒武世古构造板块与地震带的分布,认为这些地震沉积遗迹是早寒武世板内地震记录,推测由古郯庐带的构造活动的响应。这些古地震事件记录的发现,丰富了济南南部山区、尤其是馒头山的地质科学内涵。
The well known geological mountain-Mantoushan is located in the mountain area of southern Jinan city.The standard(stratotype) profile from the Longwangmiao Stage to the Zhangxia Stage of the Lower middle Cambrian of the North China is established here.Here,geological traces are so rich and research history is so long that Mantoushan mount is famous at home and abroad.The Jinan area lies in the west side of the Tanlu fault and seismic zone.During the early Cambrian,a set of terrigenous clastic sediments consisted of sand and mud intercalated with carbonate were deposited in the western Shandong region including Jinan city where was littoral,sabkha and epicontinental sea,which stratigraphic sequence,from bottom to top,was the Liguan Formation(∈1l),the Zhushadong Formation(∈1z) and the Mantou Formation(∈1-2m). By means of field observation and lab-exammination,various syn-sedimentary deformation structures caused by earthquakes,namely seismites,were identified in the Lower Cambrian of Mantoushan mount,eastern hill to the Qingyang village,Hongyegu valley and Gunqiushan mount,and so on.The syn-sedimentary deformation structures discovered by the study include convolute deformation(seismic fold),graded micro-fault,gliding structure,slump fold,load structure,pillow mass,mixed insertion sediment,soft siliceous vein,diapir structures of soft siliceous layers,deformation of diatoms stramatolitic,settlement structure,thixotropic wedge,boudinage,seismic crack or fissure,shattered breccia and seismic breccia,and so on.Most of them belong to plastic deformation structures of soft-sediments,but shattered breccia,seismic breccia and seismic crack or fissure are brittle deformation structures of semi-consolidated to un-completely consolidated sediments.Their characteristics and formation mechanism are detailed in this paper. The thixotropic wedge has been reported firstly in China.Some thixotropic wedge and settlement structures developed in dolomite with siliceous layers,and their original sediment was dolomitic lime-mud with soft siliceous layers.By triggering of strong earthquake,soft siliceous layers became more soft because viscosity of siliceous sediment(SiO2·nH2O) get diminished,meanwhile dolomitic lime-mud was liquefied.Under vertical shock force,soft siliceous layers were cut off,and subsequently sinkage of disconnected siliceous layers formed settlement structure,which extended down so that disconnected siliceous layers converged to result in the formation of thixotropic wedge. Differences of thixotropic wedge,seismic crack and filling structure of seismic crack are as follows:(1) Thixotropic wedge are one of plastic deformations which are formed for viscosity of soft non-liquefied sediments is diminished and their rheological property is enhanced(thixotropy) by earthquake triggering.With settlement structure going on to deep,thixotropic wedge was formed.Formations of wedge body and it's host rock are synchronous;(2) Seismic crack is a tensile fissure of the "V" shape,which belongs to brittle deformation of semi-consolidated or incompletely consolidated sediment formed by the earthquake action;(3)The filling structure of seismic crack is usually wedge yet,but its filling is soft sediment or brittle seismic breccia.In general,the formation process of wedge body is out of synch with that of the crack. On the basis of the distribution of palaeo-tectonic plates and seismic zones in the early Cambrian,it is considered that these seismic sedimentary traces are records of the intra-plate ancient earthquakes during the early Cambrian,and it is can be deduced that they are response to tectonic activities of the Paleo-Tanlu fault zone.The discovery of paleoseismic event records and the interpretation of this paper enrich the geological sciences connotation of the southern Jinan area,especially the Mantoushan mount.
The well known geological mountain-Mantoushan is located in the mountain area of southern Jinan city.The standard(stratotype) profile from the Longwangmiao Stage to the Zhangxia Stage of the Lower middle Cambrian of the North China is established here.Here,geological traces are so rich and research history is so long that Mantoushan mount is famous at home and abroad.The Jinan area lies in the west side of the Tanlu fault and seismic zone.During the early Cambrian,a set of terrigenous clastic sediments consisted of sand and mud intercalated with carbonate were deposited in the western Shandong region including Jinan city where was littoral,sabkha and epicontinental sea,which stratigraphic sequence,from bottom to top,was the Liguan Formation(∈1l),the Zhushadong Formation(∈1z) and the Mantou Formation(∈1-2m). By means of field observation and lab-exammination,various syn-sedimentary deformation structures caused by earthquakes,namely seismites,were identified in the Lower Cambrian of Mantoushan mount,eastern hill to the Qingyang village,Hongyegu valley and Gunqiushan mount,and so on.The syn-sedimentary deformation structures discovered by the study include convolute deformation(seismic fold),graded micro-fault,gliding structure,slump fold,load structure,pillow mass,mixed insertion sediment,soft siliceous vein,diapir structures of soft siliceous layers,deformation of diatoms stramatolitic,settlement structure,thixotropic wedge,boudinage,seismic crack or fissure,shattered breccia and seismic breccia,and so on.Most of them belong to plastic deformation structures of soft-sediments,but shattered breccia,seismic breccia and seismic crack or fissure are brittle deformation structures of semi-consolidated to un-completely consolidated sediments.Their characteristics and formation mechanism are detailed in this paper. The thixotropic wedge has been reported firstly in China.Some thixotropic wedge and settlement structures developed in dolomite with siliceous layers,and their original sediment was dolomitic lime-mud with soft siliceous layers.By triggering of strong earthquake,soft siliceous layers became more soft because viscosity of siliceous sediment(SiO2·nH2O) get diminished,meanwhile dolomitic lime-mud was liquefied.Under vertical shock force,soft siliceous layers were cut off,and subsequently sinkage of disconnected siliceous layers formed settlement structure,which extended down so that disconnected siliceous layers converged to result in the formation of thixotropic wedge. Differences of thixotropic wedge,seismic crack and filling structure of seismic crack are as follows:(1) Thixotropic wedge are one of plastic deformations which are formed for viscosity of soft non-liquefied sediments is diminished and their rheological property is enhanced(thixotropy) by earthquake triggering.With settlement structure going on to deep,thixotropic wedge was formed.Formations of wedge body and it's host rock are synchronous;(2) Seismic crack is a tensile fissure of the "V" shape,which belongs to brittle deformation of semi-consolidated or incompletely consolidated sediment formed by the earthquake action;(3)The filling structure of seismic crack is usually wedge yet,but its filling is soft sediment or brittle seismic breccia.In general,the formation process of wedge body is out of synch with that of the crack. On the basis of the distribution of palaeo-tectonic plates and seismic zones in the early Cambrian,it is considered that these seismic sedimentary traces are records of the intra-plate ancient earthquakes during the early Cambrian,and it is can be deduced that they are response to tectonic activities of the Paleo-Tanlu fault zone.The discovery of paleoseismic event records and the interpretation of this paper enrich the geological sciences connotation of the southern Jinan area,especially the Mantoushan mount.
引文
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3罗志立,李景明,李小军,等.试论郯城庐江断裂带形成、演化及问题[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2005,35(6):699-706[LuoZhili,Li Jingming,Li Xiaojun,et al.Discussion on the formation,evo-lution and problems of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone[J].Journal ofJilin University:Earth Science Edition,2005,35(6):699-706]
4田洪水,万中杰,王华林.鲁中寒武系馒头组震积岩的发现及初步研究[J].地质论评,2003,49(2):123-131[Tian Hongshui,WanZhongjie,Wang Hualin.Discovery and preliminary study on seismitesof the Cambrian Mantou Formation in the central Shandong area[J].Geological Review,2003,49(2):123-131]
5田洪水,张增奇,张邦花,等.山东临朐红丝石层中的古地震事件记录[J].中国地质,2006,33(5):1137-1143[Tian Hongshui,Zhang Zengqi,Zhang Banghua,et al.Records of paleoseismic events inthe red-silk stone bed in Linqu,Shandong[J].Geology in China,2006,33(5):1137-1143]
6田洪水,袁静,张邦花,等.沂沭断裂带及其近区不同地质时期地震液化脉构造对比[J].沉积学报,2006,24(4):496-501[TianHongshui,Yuan Jing,Zhang Banghua,et al.The correlation of lique-fied vein structures caused by earthquake in different geological periodsin the Yishu Fault Zone and its vicinity[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sini-ca,2006,24(4):496-501]
7张增奇,刘明渭.山东省岩石地层[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1996:109-158[Zhang Zengqi,Liu Mingwei.Stratigraphy(lithos-tratic)of Shandong Province[M].Wuhan:China University of Geosci-ences Press,1996:109-158]
8宋明春,王沛成.山东省区域地质[M].济南:山东省地图出版社,2003:1-970[Song Mingchun,Wang Peicheng.Regional Geology ofShandong Province[M].Jinan:Map Press of Shandong Province,2003:1-970]
9狄明信,马玉新,田海芹.山东新泰盘车沟剖面寒武系硅质岩成因[J].石油大学学报,1996,20(suppl.):1-5[Di Mingxin,Ma Yux-in,Tian Haiqin.Origin of the siliceous rocks of the Cambrian on thePanchegou section in Xintai area of Shandong Provinc[J].Journal ofChina University of Petroleum,1996,20(suppl.):1-5]
10刘宝珺.沉积岩石学[M].北京:地质出版社,1980:232,439-448[Liu Baojun.Sedimentary Petroloogy[M].Beijing:Geological Pub-lishing House,1980:232,439-448]
11乔秀夫,宋天瑞,高林志,等.地层中的地震记录[M].北京:地质出版社,2006:1-263[Qiao Xiufu,Song Tianrui,Gao Linzhi,etal.Seismic Records in Strata[M].Beijing:Geological PublishingHouse,2006:1-263]
12乔秀夫,李海兵.枕、球—枕构造:地层中的古地震记录[J].地质论评,2008,54(6):721-730[Qiao Xiufu,Li Haibing.Pillow,ball-and-pillow structures:Paleo-seismic records within strata[J].Geological Review,2008,54(6):721-730]
13乔秀夫,李海兵.沉积物的地震及古地震效应[J].古地理学报,2009,11(6):593-610[Qiao Xiufu,LI Haibing.Effect of earthquakeand ancient earthquake on sediments[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2009,11(6):593-610]
14杜远生,韩欣.论震积作用和震积岩[J].地球科学进展,2000,15(4):389-394[Du Yuansheng,Han Xin.Seismo deposition andseismites[J].Advance in Earth Science,2000,15(4):389-394]
15杜远生,张传恒,韩欣,等.滇中地区中元古代昆阳群地震事件沉积及地质意义[J].中国科学:D辑,2001,31(4):283-297[DuYuansheng,Zhang Chuanheng,Han Xin,et al.Earthquake event de-posits in Mesoproterozoic Kunyang Group in central Yunnan and its ge-ological implications[J].Science in China:Series D,2001,31(4):283-297]
16杜远生,G Shi,龚一鸣,等.东澳大利亚南悉尼盆地二叠系与地震沉积有关的软沉积变形构造[J].地质学报,2007,81(4):511-518[Du Yuansheng,G Shi,Gong Yiming,et al.Permian soft-sedi-ment deformation structures related earthquake in the Southern SydneyBasin,Eastern Australia[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(4):511-518]
17段吉业,刘鹏举,万传彪.华北燕山中—新元古代震积岩系列及其地震节律[J].地质学报,2002,74(4):441-444[Duan Jiye,LiuPengju,Wan Chanbiao.Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic seismiteand its rhythm in the Yanshan area,North China platform[J].ActaGeologica Sinica,2002,74(4):441-444]
18田洪水,王金光,吕明英,等.山东安丘古近纪冲积层中的地震记录[J].沉积学报,2005,23(3):75-81[Tian Hongshui,Wang Jin-guang,LüMingying,et al.Seismic records in Paleogene alluvial lay-ers in Anqiu,Shandong[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2005,23(3):75-81]
19 Wheeler,R.L.Distinguishing seismic from nonseismic soft-sedimentstructures:criteria from seismic-hazard analysis[C]∥.Ettensohn FR,Rast N,Brett C E,eds.Ancient seismites.Geological Society ofAmerica Special Paper,2002,359:1-11
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