二氧化碳地质储存的主要环境问题及研究进展
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摘要
CO2地质储存是缓解温室效应的有效手段之一。在CO2地质储存工程实施过程中可能引起断裂、地震、淡水含水层污染等地质灾害问题,对人类和生态环境造成危害。本文系统阐述CO2地质储存过程中造成的环境地质问题及其成因机制,并从风险评价、监测预警、应急补救等角度提出了具体防治措施,对CO2地质储存技术的安全性评估及工程实施项目管理具有重要的实际意义。
Carbon dioxide geological storage is one of the most effective ways to solve the issue of global greenhouse effects.It should be noted that CO 2 geological storage project may induce fractures,earthquakes,pollution of freshwater aquifers and other geological hazards which are harmful to human and ecological environment.The potential environmental geological problems caused by CO 2 geological storage and its genetic mechanism are analyzed respectively.Corresponding prevention measures are suggested from such aspects as risk assessment,monitoring and early warning and emergency reliefs.These are of important practical significance for safety assessment and management of CO 2 geological storage project.
Carbon dioxide geological storage is one of the most effective ways to solve the issue of global greenhouse effects.It should be noted that CO 2 geological storage project may induce fractures,earthquakes,pollution of freshwater aquifers and other geological hazards which are harmful to human and ecological environment.The potential environmental geological problems caused by CO 2 geological storage and its genetic mechanism are analyzed respectively.Corresponding prevention measures are suggested from such aspects as risk assessment,monitoring and early warning and emergency reliefs.These are of important practical significance for safety assessment and management of CO 2 geological storage project.
引文
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[8]赵仁保,孙海涛,吴亚生,等.二氧化碳埋存对地层岩石影响的室内研究[J].中国科学,2010,40(4):378-384.[ZHAO R B,SUN H T,WU Y S,et al.The indoor study of CO2geological storage impact onthe formation rock[J].Science China,2010,40(4):378-384.(in Chinese)]
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[10]Rutqvist J,Vasco D W,Myer L.Coupled reservoirgeomechanical analysis of CO2injection at in Salah,Algeria[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1(1):1847-1854.
[11]Koornneef J M.Shifting streams:on the health,safetyand environmental impacts of carbon dioxide capture,transport and storage[M].Netherlands:UtrechtUniversity Press,2010:1-254.
[12]Sminchak J,Gupta N.Issues related to seismicactivity induced by the injection of CO2in deep salineaquifers[J].Journal of energy andenvironmentalresearch,2002,2(1):32-46.
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[14]Nicol A,Carne R,Gerstenberger M,et al.Inducedseismicity and its implications for CO2storage risk[J].Energy Procedia,2011,4:3699-3706.
[15]Gale J,Davison J.Transmission of CO2—safety andeconomic considerations[J].Energy,2004,29(9/10):1319-1328.
[16]Rigg A J.GEODIC—the search for geologicalsequestration sites in Australia[R].North Ryde,Australia:Australian petroleum cooperative researchcentre,2001:1-24.
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[18]Lemieux J M.Review:The potential impact ofunderground geological storage of carbon dioxide indeep saline aquifers on shallow groundwater resources[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2011,19(4):757-778.
[19]Apps J A,Zheng L,Zhang Y Q,et al.Evaluation of potential changes in groundwater quality in response to CO2leakage from deep geologic storage[J].Transport in porous media,2010,82(1):215-246.
[20]Kharaka Y K,Cole D R,Hovorka S D,et al.Gaswater-rock interactions in Frio formation following CO2injection:implications for the storage of greenhouse gases in sedimentary basins[J].Geology,2006,34(7):577-580.
[21]Kharaka Y K,Thordsen J J,Hovorka S D,et al.Potential environmental issues of CO2storage in deep saline aquifers:geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test,Texas,USA[J].Applied Geochemistry,2009,24(6):1106-1112.
[22]Kolak J J,Burruss R C.Geochemical investigation of the potential for mobilizing non-methane hydrocarbons during carbon dioxide storage in deep coal beds[J].Energy&Fuels,2006,20(2):566-574.
[23]Zheng L,Apps J A,Spycher N,et al.Geochemical modeling of changes in shallow groundwater chemistry observed during the MSU-ZERT CO2injection experiment[J].International journal of greenhouse gas control,2012,7:202-217.
[24]Leonenko Y,Keith D W.Reservoir engineering to accelerate the dissolution of CO2stored in aquifers[J].Environ Sci Technol,2008,42(8):2742-2747.
[25]Wilson E J,Johnson T L,Keith D W.Regulating the ultimate sink:managing the risks of geologic CO2storage[J].Environ Sci Technol,2003,37(16):3476-3483.
[26]Hedges S W,Soong Y,Jones J R M,et al.CO2sequestration in unmineable coal seams:potential environmental impacts[R].Pittsburgh:US Department of energy national energy technology laboratory,2005:1-18.
[27]Damen K,Faaij A,Turkenburg W.Health,safety and environmental risks of underground CO2storageoverview of mechanisms and current knowledge[J].Climatic Change,2006,74(1/3):289-318.
[28]Klusman R W.Evaluation of leakage potential from a carbon dioxide EOR/sequestration project[J].Energy conversion and management,2003,44(12):1921-1940.
[29]Wang J S,Ryan D,Anthongy E J.Effects of impurities on CO2transport,injection and storage[J].Energy procedia,2011,4:3071-3078.
[30]Smyth R C,Hovorka S D,Lu J,et al.Assessing risk to fresh water resources from long term CO2injectionlaboratory and fieldstudies[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1(1):1957-1964.
[31]Kharaka Y K,Thordsen J J,Kakouros E,et al.Changes in the chemistry of shallow groundwater related to the 2008 injection of CO2at the ZERT field site,Bozeman,Montana[J].Environmental earth sciences,2010,60(2):273-284.
[32]Little M G,Jackson R B.Potential impacts of leakage from deep CO2geosequestration on overlying freshwater aquifers[J].Environmental science and techonology,2010,44(23):9225-9232.
[33]Birkholzer J,Apps J,Zheng L,et al.Research project on CO2geological storage and groundwater resources:water quality effects caused by CO2intrusion into Shallow Groundwater[R].Cyclotron:Earth Sciences Division,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,2008.
[34]Shevalier M,Nightingale M,Johnson G,et al.Reservoir geochemical monitoring of the PennWest CO2-EOR site[C]//Back to exploration-2008 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention.Calgary:University of Calgary,2008:484-488.
[35]Emberley S,Hutcheon I,Shevalier M,et al.Monitoring of fluid-rock interaction and CO2storage through produced fluid sampling at the Weyburn CO2-injection enhanced oil recovery site,Saskatchewan,Canada[J].Applied geochemistry,2005,20(6):1131-1157.
[36]Wu B,Shao H B,Wang Z P,et al.Viability and metal reduction of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under CO2stress:Implications for ecological effects of CO2leakage from geologic CO2sequestration[J].Environmental science and technology,2010,44(23):9213-9218.
[37]West J M,Mckinley I G,Rochelle C A.Potential impact of CO2storage on subsurface microbial ecosystems and implications for groundwater quality[J].Energy procedia,2011,4:3163-3170.
[38]Leiss W.Risk management of carbon capture and storage:overview and future steps[R].Ottawa:Mclaughlin Centre for population health risk assessment,University of Ottawa,2009:1-40.
[39]范基娇,贾小丰,张森琦,等.CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价方法与初步评价[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(6):108-112.[FAN J J,JIA X F,ZHANG S Q,et al.A study of CO2geologicalstorage potential and suitability assessment[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2011,38(6):108-112.(in Chinese)]
[40]IEA.Remediation of leakage from CO2storagereservoirs[M].Arlington:OECD/IEA,2007.
[2]IEA.Energy technology perspectives:scenarios andstrategies to 2050[M].Paris:OECD/IEA,2006.
[3]许志刚,陈代钊,曾荣树.CO2地质埋存渗漏风险及补救对策[J].地质论评,2008,54(3):373-386.[XU Z G,CHEN D Z,ZENG R S.The leakage riskassessment and remediation options of CO2geologicalstorage[J].Geological Review,2008,54(2):373-386.(in Chinese)]
[4]沈平平,廖新维.二氧化碳地质埋存与提高石油采收率技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2009.[SHEN P P,LIAO X W.The Technology of CarbonDioxide stored in Geological Media and Enhanced OilRecovery[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,2009.(in Chinese)]
[5]Canziani O,Bosch P,Bernstein L,et al.IPCCClimate change 2007:an assessment of theintergovernmental panel on climate change[R].NewYork:Cambridge University Press,2007:1-52.
[6]Stanton R,Flores R,Warwick P D.Coal bedsequestration of carbon dioxide[R].Reston:USGeological survey,2001:1-8.
[7]Wo S C,Liang J T.CO2storage in coalbeds:CO2/N2injection and outcrop seepage modeling[C]//Carbondioxide capture for storage in deep geologic formations.London:Elsevier,2005:897-924.
[8]赵仁保,孙海涛,吴亚生,等.二氧化碳埋存对地层岩石影响的室内研究[J].中国科学,2010,40(4):378-384.[ZHAO R B,SUN H T,WU Y S,et al.The indoor study of CO2geological storage impact onthe formation rock[J].Science China,2010,40(4):378-384.(in Chinese)]
[9]曾荣树,孙枢,陈代钊,等.减少二氧化碳向大气层的排放—二氧化碳地下埋存研究[J].中国科学基金,2004(4):196-200.[ZENG R S,SUN S,CHEN D Z,et al.Decrease carbon dioxide emissioninto the atmosphere—underground disposal of carbondioxide[J].Bulletin of National Natural ScienceFoundation of China,2004(4):196-200.(inChinese)]
[10]Rutqvist J,Vasco D W,Myer L.Coupled reservoirgeomechanical analysis of CO2injection at in Salah,Algeria[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1(1):1847-1854.
[11]Koornneef J M.Shifting streams:on the health,safetyand environmental impacts of carbon dioxide capture,transport and storage[M].Netherlands:UtrechtUniversity Press,2010:1-254.
[12]Sminchak J,Gupta N.Issues related to seismicactivity induced by the injection of CO2in deep salineaquifers[J].Journal of energy andenvironmentalresearch,2002,2(1):32-46.
[13]Underground carbon dioxide storage likely would causeearthquake[N/OL].Los Angeles Times,2012-06-18[2012-10-10].http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jun/18/science/la-sci-sn-carbon-storage-may-cause-earthquakes-20120618.
[14]Nicol A,Carne R,Gerstenberger M,et al.Inducedseismicity and its implications for CO2storage risk[J].Energy Procedia,2011,4:3699-3706.
[15]Gale J,Davison J.Transmission of CO2—safety andeconomic considerations[J].Energy,2004,29(9/10):1319-1328.
[16]Rigg A J.GEODIC—the search for geologicalsequestration sites in Australia[R].North Ryde,Australia:Australian petroleum cooperative researchcentre,2001:1-24.
[17]周强,丁瑞,刘增智.煤层埋存二氧化碳的研究进展[J].煤炭科学技术,2008,36(11):109-112.[ZHOU Q,DING R,LIU Z Z.Research progress ofCO2storage in seam[J].Coal Science andTechnology,2008,36(11):109-112.(inChinese)]
[18]Lemieux J M.Review:The potential impact ofunderground geological storage of carbon dioxide indeep saline aquifers on shallow groundwater resources[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2011,19(4):757-778.
[19]Apps J A,Zheng L,Zhang Y Q,et al.Evaluation of potential changes in groundwater quality in response to CO2leakage from deep geologic storage[J].Transport in porous media,2010,82(1):215-246.
[20]Kharaka Y K,Cole D R,Hovorka S D,et al.Gaswater-rock interactions in Frio formation following CO2injection:implications for the storage of greenhouse gases in sedimentary basins[J].Geology,2006,34(7):577-580.
[21]Kharaka Y K,Thordsen J J,Hovorka S D,et al.Potential environmental issues of CO2storage in deep saline aquifers:geochemical results from the Frio-I Brine Pilot test,Texas,USA[J].Applied Geochemistry,2009,24(6):1106-1112.
[22]Kolak J J,Burruss R C.Geochemical investigation of the potential for mobilizing non-methane hydrocarbons during carbon dioxide storage in deep coal beds[J].Energy&Fuels,2006,20(2):566-574.
[23]Zheng L,Apps J A,Spycher N,et al.Geochemical modeling of changes in shallow groundwater chemistry observed during the MSU-ZERT CO2injection experiment[J].International journal of greenhouse gas control,2012,7:202-217.
[24]Leonenko Y,Keith D W.Reservoir engineering to accelerate the dissolution of CO2stored in aquifers[J].Environ Sci Technol,2008,42(8):2742-2747.
[25]Wilson E J,Johnson T L,Keith D W.Regulating the ultimate sink:managing the risks of geologic CO2storage[J].Environ Sci Technol,2003,37(16):3476-3483.
[26]Hedges S W,Soong Y,Jones J R M,et al.CO2sequestration in unmineable coal seams:potential environmental impacts[R].Pittsburgh:US Department of energy national energy technology laboratory,2005:1-18.
[27]Damen K,Faaij A,Turkenburg W.Health,safety and environmental risks of underground CO2storageoverview of mechanisms and current knowledge[J].Climatic Change,2006,74(1/3):289-318.
[28]Klusman R W.Evaluation of leakage potential from a carbon dioxide EOR/sequestration project[J].Energy conversion and management,2003,44(12):1921-1940.
[29]Wang J S,Ryan D,Anthongy E J.Effects of impurities on CO2transport,injection and storage[J].Energy procedia,2011,4:3071-3078.
[30]Smyth R C,Hovorka S D,Lu J,et al.Assessing risk to fresh water resources from long term CO2injectionlaboratory and fieldstudies[J].Energy Procedia,2009,1(1):1957-1964.
[31]Kharaka Y K,Thordsen J J,Kakouros E,et al.Changes in the chemistry of shallow groundwater related to the 2008 injection of CO2at the ZERT field site,Bozeman,Montana[J].Environmental earth sciences,2010,60(2):273-284.
[32]Little M G,Jackson R B.Potential impacts of leakage from deep CO2geosequestration on overlying freshwater aquifers[J].Environmental science and techonology,2010,44(23):9225-9232.
[33]Birkholzer J,Apps J,Zheng L,et al.Research project on CO2geological storage and groundwater resources:water quality effects caused by CO2intrusion into Shallow Groundwater[R].Cyclotron:Earth Sciences Division,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,2008.
[34]Shevalier M,Nightingale M,Johnson G,et al.Reservoir geochemical monitoring of the PennWest CO2-EOR site[C]//Back to exploration-2008 CSPG CSEG CWLS Convention.Calgary:University of Calgary,2008:484-488.
[35]Emberley S,Hutcheon I,Shevalier M,et al.Monitoring of fluid-rock interaction and CO2storage through produced fluid sampling at the Weyburn CO2-injection enhanced oil recovery site,Saskatchewan,Canada[J].Applied geochemistry,2005,20(6):1131-1157.
[36]Wu B,Shao H B,Wang Z P,et al.Viability and metal reduction of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under CO2stress:Implications for ecological effects of CO2leakage from geologic CO2sequestration[J].Environmental science and technology,2010,44(23):9213-9218.
[37]West J M,Mckinley I G,Rochelle C A.Potential impact of CO2storage on subsurface microbial ecosystems and implications for groundwater quality[J].Energy procedia,2011,4:3163-3170.
[38]Leiss W.Risk management of carbon capture and storage:overview and future steps[R].Ottawa:Mclaughlin Centre for population health risk assessment,University of Ottawa,2009:1-40.
[39]范基娇,贾小丰,张森琦,等.CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性评价方法与初步评价[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(6):108-112.[FAN J J,JIA X F,ZHANG S Q,et al.A study of CO2geologicalstorage potential and suitability assessment[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2011,38(6):108-112.(in Chinese)]
[40]IEA.Remediation of leakage from CO2storagereservoirs[M].Arlington:OECD/IEA,2007.
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