塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳酸盐岩台地的层序结构演化及其对盆地过程的响应
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摘要
塔里木盆地奥陶纪的碳酸盐岩台地发育有长达3千余千米的台地边缘带。通过综合大量的地震、钻井及野外剖面的分析,奥陶纪碳酸盐岩系中识别出4个以不整合面为界的复合(二级)层序。它们均显示出从上超的水进沉积到进积或加积的高位域的沉积结构。其内可进一步划分出10个沉积层序或三级层序。它们的组合和分布决定着碳酸盐台地沉积层序结构的基本特征。沉积层序的水进早期或高位域晚期以颗粒灰岩、生物灰岩等沉积相组合为主;而水进期或高位域早期则以泥晶—粉晶灰岩、簿层白云质灰岩等沉积相组合为主。古地貌恢复并结合钻井资料的沉积相分析揭示出,盆地东北部早、中奥陶世的碳酸盐岩台地边缘的分布受到满加尔深水凹陷的边缘斜坡带古构造地貌的控制,形成一向西凸的弧形碳酸盐岩台地边缘带,沿台地边缘发育有礁—滩沉积复合体。中奥陶世的构造古地理变革使盆内的碳酸盐岩台地分异成塔中、塔北、塘南等多个孤立台地,并由深水、半深水的凹陷所分隔。台地边缘的发育和分布常受古隆起边缘的控制。沿台地边缘的礁、滩相带为重要的有利储集层发育带。中奥陶统中央隆起带缺失中奥陶世早期和晚奥陶世早期沉积,并形成了大范围分布的喀斯特岩溶不整合面。喀斯特岩溶体系以发育垂向的、由断裂控制的串珠状洞穴和多层状分布的岩溶洞穴为特征。跨盆地不同构造带的井—震结合解释剖面的追踪对比表明,盆内与二级、三级层序对应的海进—海退旋回是同时变化的,并与Haq的海平面变化曲线可对比。这反映出盆地范围的或全球海平面变化对沉积旋回结构的发育具有控制作用。盆地西缘露头剖面和盆内钻井岩心的碳、氧同位素分析也为海平面变化的旋回结构分析提供了制约。主要海平面下降期的氧同位素δ18O都发生了明显的正偏。盆内晚奥陶世的海平面总体是呈上升趋势的,晚奥陶世中期海平面的上升导致了盆内碳酸盐岩台地的总体淹没。
The Tarim Basin contains extensive carbonate platform deposits of the Ordovician System,with more than three thousand kilometers of rimmed carbonate platform margins. Comprehensive analysis of seismic,borehole and outcrop data reveals that the Ordovician carbonate system in the basin can be divided into four composite sequences defined by major unconformities. Ten sequence consists of a regional depositional cycle from transgression with an onlapping transgressive systems tract( TST) to regression with a prograding highstand systems tract( HST),and can be further subdivided into eight third-order sequences based on subordinate discontinuous boundaries at the carbonate platform marginal zones. Constrained by the marginal slope of the early-rifted Manjiaer aulacogen,the carbonate platform margins of the Lower and Middle Ordovician that prograded eastward in an arcuate belt extending generally northsouth across the northern part of the basin. The development of the Tazhong uplift resulted in an extensive unconformity between the Middle and the Upper Ordovician in the south-central basin,and subsequently constrained the formation of an isolate carbonate platform,with their margins controlled by marginal thrust-fault belts of the paleo-uplift during the Late Ordovician. In the northern basin,the Late Ordovician carbonate platform margin developed around the marginal slope of the Tabei paleouplift. The transgressive regressive cycles of the carbonate system are comparable and seem to have occurred simultaneously across the entire basin,suggesting that the cyclic sequence architecture was fundamentally controlled by eustatic fluctuations. The reef shoal facies complexes that developed along the platform margins,with paleokarst development at unconformities,constitute the major reservoir of large petroleum reserves in the basin.
The Tarim Basin contains extensive carbonate platform deposits of the Ordovician System,with more than three thousand kilometers of rimmed carbonate platform margins. Comprehensive analysis of seismic,borehole and outcrop data reveals that the Ordovician carbonate system in the basin can be divided into four composite sequences defined by major unconformities. Ten sequence consists of a regional depositional cycle from transgression with an onlapping transgressive systems tract( TST) to regression with a prograding highstand systems tract( HST),and can be further subdivided into eight third-order sequences based on subordinate discontinuous boundaries at the carbonate platform marginal zones. Constrained by the marginal slope of the early-rifted Manjiaer aulacogen,the carbonate platform margins of the Lower and Middle Ordovician that prograded eastward in an arcuate belt extending generally northsouth across the northern part of the basin. The development of the Tazhong uplift resulted in an extensive unconformity between the Middle and the Upper Ordovician in the south-central basin,and subsequently constrained the formation of an isolate carbonate platform,with their margins controlled by marginal thrust-fault belts of the paleo-uplift during the Late Ordovician. In the northern basin,the Late Ordovician carbonate platform margin developed around the marginal slope of the Tabei paleouplift. The transgressive regressive cycles of the carbonate system are comparable and seem to have occurred simultaneously across the entire basin,suggesting that the cyclic sequence architecture was fundamentally controlled by eustatic fluctuations. The reef shoal facies complexes that developed along the platform margins,with paleokarst development at unconformities,constitute the major reservoir of large petroleum reserves in the basin.
引文
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13 Haq B U,Stephen R S.A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes[J].Science,2008,322:64-68
14 于炳松,陈建强,林畅松.塔里木地台北部寒武纪—奥陶纪层序地层及其与扬子地台的华北地台的对比[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2001,31(1):17-26[Yu Bingsong,Chen Jianqiang,Lin Changsong.Cambrian-Ordovician sequence stratigraphy on the northern Tarim Platform and its correlations with Yangtze Platform and North China Platform[J].Science China(Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2001,31(1):17-26]
15 杨杰东,王宗哲.新疆柯枰地区早古生代地层的碳、氧、锶同位素[J].地质论评,1995,40(4):377-385[Yang Jiedong,Wang Zongzhe.C,O and Sr isotops of Early Paleozoic strata in the Kalpin area,Xinjiang[J].Geological review,1995,40(4):377-385]
2 贾承造.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997[Jia Chengzao.The tectonic characteristics and oil&gas in Tarim Basin,China[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1997]
3 贾承造,魏国齐.塔里木盆地构造特征与含油气性[J].科学通报,2002,47(增刊):1-8[Jia Chengzao,Wei Guoqi.Structural characteristics and petroliferous features of Tarim Basin[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2002,47(Suppl.):1-8]
4 林畅松,杨海军,刘景彦,等.塔里木盆地早古生代古隆起地貌和构造古地理与地层圈闭的发育分布[J].石油与天然气地质,2008,29(2):189-197[Lin Changsong,Yang Haijun,Liu Jingyan,et al.Paleohigh geomorphology and paleogeographic framework and their controls on the formation and distribution of stratigraphic traps in the Tarim Basin[J].Oil&Gas Geology,2008,29(2):189-197]
5 Lin Changsong,Yang Haijun,Liu Jingyan,et al.Sequence architecture and depositional evolution of the Ordovician carbonate platform margins in the Tarim Basin and its response to tectonism and sea‐level change[J].Basin Research,2012,24(5):559-582
6 Lin Changsong,Yang Haijun,Liu Jingyan,et al.Distribution and erosion of the Paleozoic tectonic unconformities in the Tarim Basin,Northwest China:Significance for the evolution of paleo-uplifts and tectonic geography during deformation[J].Journal Of Asian Earth Sciences,2012,46(2):1-19,Doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.10.004
7 马瑞士,舒良树,孙家齐.东天山构造演化与成矿[M].北京:地质出版社,1997:1-202[Ma Ruishi,Shu Liangshu,Sun Jiaqi.Evolution and Metallization in the Eastern Tianshan Belt[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1997:1-202]
8 韩宝福,何国琦,吴泰然,等.天山早古生代花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、岩石地球化学特征及其大地构造意义[J].新疆地质,2004,22 (1):4-11[Han Baofu,He Guoqi,Wu Tairan,et al.Zircon U-Pb dating and geochemical features of Early Paleozoic granites from Tianshan,Xinjiang:implications for tectonic evolution[J].Xinjiang Geology,2004,22(1):4-11]
9 林畅松,杨海军,刘景彦,等.塔里木盆地古生代中央隆起带古构造地貌及其对沉积相发育分布的制约[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2009,39(3):306-316[Lin Changsong,Yang HaiJun,Liu JingYan,et al.Paleostructural geomorphology of the Paleozoic central uplift belt and its constraint on the development of depositional facies in the Tarim Basin[J].Science China(Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2009,39(3):306-316]
10 Lin Changsong,Liu Jingyan,K.Eriksson,et al.Ordovician,deepwater gravity-flowdeposits,palaeogeography and tectonic setting,TarimBasin,Northwest China[J].Basin Research,2013,25:1-23
11 陈明,许效松,万方,等.塔里木盆地柯坪地区中下奥陶统碳酸盐岩层序地层学研究[J].沉积学报,2004,22(1):110-116[Chen Ming,Xu Xiaosong,Wan Fang,et al.Study on outcrop sequence stratigraphy of the Lower-Middle Ordovician strata in Keping,Tarim Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2004,22(1):110-116]
12 熊剑飞,武涛,叶德胜.新疆巴楚中—晚奥陶世牙形刺研究的新进展[J].古生物学报,2006,45(3):359-373[Xiong Jianfei,Wu Tao,Ye Desheng.New advances on the study of Middle-Late Ordovician conodonts in Bachu,Xingjiang[J].Acta Palaeontologica Sinica,2006,45(3):359-373]
13 Haq B U,Stephen R S.A chronology of Paleozoic sea-level changes[J].Science,2008,322:64-68
14 于炳松,陈建强,林畅松.塔里木地台北部寒武纪—奥陶纪层序地层及其与扬子地台的华北地台的对比[J].中国科学(D辑):地球科学,2001,31(1):17-26[Yu Bingsong,Chen Jianqiang,Lin Changsong.Cambrian-Ordovician sequence stratigraphy on the northern Tarim Platform and its correlations with Yangtze Platform and North China Platform[J].Science China(Seri.D):Earth Sciences,2001,31(1):17-26]
15 杨杰东,王宗哲.新疆柯枰地区早古生代地层的碳、氧、锶同位素[J].地质论评,1995,40(4):377-385[Yang Jiedong,Wang Zongzhe.C,O and Sr isotops of Early Paleozoic strata in the Kalpin area,Xinjiang[J].Geological review,1995,40(4):377-385]
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