堵塞坝溃决对上游来流及堵塞模式的响应
|
摘要
"5·12"汶川地震诱发了大量山体滑坡,导致山区沟道内形成大量松散堵塞坝,其在山洪作用下可能发生溃决,而上游来流及堵塞坝形态对堵塞坝的溃决模式具有重要影响。通过水槽实验研究了不同上游来流条件及堵塞坝形态条件下堵塞坝的溃决过程,将堵塞坝的溃决模式概括为4种:正常溢流、洪水过坝冲刷、无爬高侧蚀以及爬高和侧蚀。研究了不同溃决模式下,堵塞坝的坝体溃决过程和机理,分析了不同溃决模式下溃口流量、溃决历时及溃口发展规律之间的差异。在前人研究成果的基础上,分析了正常溢流模式和无爬高侧蚀模式的溃口发展数值计算模型,借助于Meyer-Peter与Müller泥沙输移公式,计算了洪水过坝冲刷模式下,坝体溃决过程中单宽冲刷率的变化规律,并与实测值比较吻合良好。由于水流与堵塞坝相互作用的复杂性,目前对单个堵塞坝的溃决机制及沟道内多个堵塞坝级联溃决机制等问题的研究仍然不够深入,需要开展大量的研究工作。
Enormous landslides were triggered by"5·12"Wenchuan Earthquake.A large amount of loose debris distributed randomly in a gully would form landslide dams when the flash flood occurred due to intense rainfall.The scale of a flash flood and blockage patterns of landslide dams have great effects on the failure of landslide dams.Experimental tests were conducted to record the process of landslide dam failure under the conditions of different discharges of flash flood,semi-blockage and full-blockage of landslide dam.Four models of landslide dam failure were defined,including:(1) erosive beach due to overtopping;(2) upstream scour and downstream erosion;(3) sided-erosion without climbing up;and(4) climbing up and sided-erosion.According to interaction of water flow and landslide dams,the reasons which led to failure of the dams were explained by shear failure and impact failure of water flow.The discharge of debris flow,duration of dam-breaking,and the development of dam breach in different patterns were analyzed.According to Meyer-Peter,Müller bedload formulas,sediment-transport per unit width in the upstream scour and downstream erosion pattern was calculated,and the results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.Study on the failure of a single landslide dam and cascade failure of dams is not deep enough due to the complex interaction between water flow and landslide dams.Much more research is required to better understand the mechanism of this interaction in the future.
Enormous landslides were triggered by"5·12"Wenchuan Earthquake.A large amount of loose debris distributed randomly in a gully would form landslide dams when the flash flood occurred due to intense rainfall.The scale of a flash flood and blockage patterns of landslide dams have great effects on the failure of landslide dams.Experimental tests were conducted to record the process of landslide dam failure under the conditions of different discharges of flash flood,semi-blockage and full-blockage of landslide dam.Four models of landslide dam failure were defined,including:(1) erosive beach due to overtopping;(2) upstream scour and downstream erosion;(3) sided-erosion without climbing up;and(4) climbing up and sided-erosion.According to interaction of water flow and landslide dams,the reasons which led to failure of the dams were explained by shear failure and impact failure of water flow.The discharge of debris flow,duration of dam-breaking,and the development of dam breach in different patterns were analyzed.According to Meyer-Peter,Müller bedload formulas,sediment-transport per unit width in the upstream scour and downstream erosion pattern was calculated,and the results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.Study on the failure of a single landslide dam and cascade failure of dams is not deep enough due to the complex interaction between water flow and landslide dams.Much more research is required to better understand the mechanism of this interaction in the future.
引文
[1]胡凯衡,葛永刚,崔鹏,等.对甘肃舟曲特大泥石流灾害的初步认识[J].山地学报,2010,28(5):628-634.
[2]晏鄂川,郑万模,唐辉明,等.滑坡堵江坝溃决洪水及其演进的理论分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2001,(6):15-22.
[3]Li M H,Hsu M H,Hsieh L S,et al.Inundation potentials analysis for Tsao-Ling Landslide Lake formed by ChiChi Earthquake in Taiwan[J].Natural Hazards,2002(25):289-303.
[4]Cui P,Zhu Y Y,Han Y S,et al.The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes:distribution and preliminary risk evaluation[J].Landslides,2009,6(3):209-223.
[5]Hromadka II T V,Berenbrock C E,Freckleton J R,et al.A two-dimensional dam-break flood plain mode[lJ].Adv.Water Resources,1985,8(1):7-14.
[6]Rico M,Benito G,Díez-Herrero A.Floods from tailings dam failures[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008(154):79-87.
[7]Bukreev V I,Degtyarev V V,Chebotnikov A V.Experimental verification of methods for calculating partial dambreak waves[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics,2008,49(5):754-761.
[8]吴持恭.水力学上册(第四版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[9]陈生水,钟启明,任强.土石坝漫顶破坏溃口发展数值模型研究[J].水利水运工程学报,2009(4):53-58.
[10]何利君,陈昊,杨兴国,等.堰塞坝漫顶破坏溃口深度变化数值模拟[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(8):126-131.
[11]Chang D S,Zhang L M.Simulation of the erosion process of landslide dams due to overtopping considering varia tions in soil erodibility along depth[J].Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci,2010(10):933-946.
[12]Singh V P.Dam Breach Modeling Technology[M].Kluwer,Dordrecht,The Netherlands,1996.
[13]Fread D L.DAMBRK:The NWS dam break flood forecasting mode[lR].Silver Spring:National Weather Service(NWS)Report,NOAA,1984(1):32.
[14]Hanson G J,Simon A.Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA[J].Hydrologi cal Processes,2001,15(1):23-38.
[15]Chang D S,Zhang L M,Xu Y,et al.Field testing of erodibility of two landslide dams triggered by the 12 May Wenchuan earthquake[J].Landslides,2011,8(3):321-332.
[16]Annandale G W.Scour Technology-Mechanics and Engineering Practice[M].McGraw-Hill,New York,2006.
[17]刘兴年.沙卵石推移质运动及模拟研究[D].成都:四川大学,2004.
[18]王立辉.溃坝水流数值模拟与溃坝风险分析研究[D].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2006.
[19]Meyer-Peter E,Müller R.Formulas for Bed-Load Transpor[tC]//Proc.2nd Congress of International Association of Hydraulic Research.Stockholm,1948:39-64.
[20]张瑞瑾.河流泥沙动力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[21]李家星,赵振兴.水力学[M].南京:河海大学出版社,2001.
[22]刘沛清.挑射水流对岩石河床的冲刷机理[D].北京:清华大学,1994.
[2]晏鄂川,郑万模,唐辉明,等.滑坡堵江坝溃决洪水及其演进的理论分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2001,(6):15-22.
[3]Li M H,Hsu M H,Hsieh L S,et al.Inundation potentials analysis for Tsao-Ling Landslide Lake formed by ChiChi Earthquake in Taiwan[J].Natural Hazards,2002(25):289-303.
[4]Cui P,Zhu Y Y,Han Y S,et al.The 12 May Wenchuan earthquake-induced landslide lakes:distribution and preliminary risk evaluation[J].Landslides,2009,6(3):209-223.
[5]Hromadka II T V,Berenbrock C E,Freckleton J R,et al.A two-dimensional dam-break flood plain mode[lJ].Adv.Water Resources,1985,8(1):7-14.
[6]Rico M,Benito G,Díez-Herrero A.Floods from tailings dam failures[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008(154):79-87.
[7]Bukreev V I,Degtyarev V V,Chebotnikov A V.Experimental verification of methods for calculating partial dambreak waves[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics and Technical Physics,2008,49(5):754-761.
[8]吴持恭.水力学上册(第四版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[9]陈生水,钟启明,任强.土石坝漫顶破坏溃口发展数值模型研究[J].水利水运工程学报,2009(4):53-58.
[10]何利君,陈昊,杨兴国,等.堰塞坝漫顶破坏溃口深度变化数值模拟[J].中国农村水利水电,2012(8):126-131.
[11]Chang D S,Zhang L M.Simulation of the erosion process of landslide dams due to overtopping considering varia tions in soil erodibility along depth[J].Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci,2010(10):933-946.
[12]Singh V P.Dam Breach Modeling Technology[M].Kluwer,Dordrecht,The Netherlands,1996.
[13]Fread D L.DAMBRK:The NWS dam break flood forecasting mode[lR].Silver Spring:National Weather Service(NWS)Report,NOAA,1984(1):32.
[14]Hanson G J,Simon A.Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA[J].Hydrologi cal Processes,2001,15(1):23-38.
[15]Chang D S,Zhang L M,Xu Y,et al.Field testing of erodibility of two landslide dams triggered by the 12 May Wenchuan earthquake[J].Landslides,2011,8(3):321-332.
[16]Annandale G W.Scour Technology-Mechanics and Engineering Practice[M].McGraw-Hill,New York,2006.
[17]刘兴年.沙卵石推移质运动及模拟研究[D].成都:四川大学,2004.
[18]王立辉.溃坝水流数值模拟与溃坝风险分析研究[D].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2006.
[19]Meyer-Peter E,Müller R.Formulas for Bed-Load Transpor[tC]//Proc.2nd Congress of International Association of Hydraulic Research.Stockholm,1948:39-64.
[20]张瑞瑾.河流泥沙动力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[21]李家星,赵振兴.水力学[M].南京:河海大学出版社,2001.
[22]刘沛清.挑射水流对岩石河床的冲刷机理[D].北京:清华大学,1994.
版权所有：© 2023 中国地质图书馆 中国地质调查局地学文献中心