南海北部第四系深层等深流沉积特征及类型
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摘要
以地震资料为基础,对南海北部第四系深层等深流沉积进行了研究。南海北部水深约1200～3000m范围内发育大型长条状漂积体、限制型漂积体、陆坡席状漂积体及沉积物波。大型长条状漂积体外形为丘状,水道在靠陆一侧发育。限制型漂积体主要沉积于地形突起之间的地势相对低洼处,外形多平坦,水道较为发育。陆坡席状漂积体外形为席状。沉积物波面积较大,部分与漂积体伴生。深层等深流在自北东向南西沿南海陆架运动过程中,在中上陆坡由于地形变化相对较大及科氏力作用影响形成螺旋型等深流,进而产生次生环流,形成大型长条状漂积体及限制型漂积体。在中下陆坡因地形相对平坦、开阔,等深流为层状水流,多形成陆坡席状漂积体。本研究不仅能提高对南海深层等深流沉积的认识,还能为油气勘探服务。
Quaternary deep water contourites were studied based on seismic data in northern South China Sea(NSCS).Giant elongated drifts,confined drifts,slope sheeted drifts and sediment waves were found between about 1200 m and 3000 m water depth in NSCS.Giant drifts showed mounded morphology with moats on the landward flank.Confined drifts were developed in the negative relief among topography prominences,where were relative flat and with moats.Slope sheet drifts displayed with sheet morphology.Large scale of sediment waves were generated partially associated to drifts.When deep water contour current moved from northeastern to southwestern,because of relatively obvious topographical change and Coriolis force,helical contour current was produced and secondary circulation appeared in further and formed giant elongated drifts and confined drifts in the upper-middle slope.However,tabular contour current may produce slope sheet drifts for flat and unrestricted environment in middle-low slope.This study was not only helpful to improve the recognition of deep water contourite,but also was beneficial to serve the hydrocarbon exploration.
Quaternary deep water contourites were studied based on seismic data in northern South China Sea(NSCS).Giant elongated drifts,confined drifts,slope sheeted drifts and sediment waves were found between about 1200 m and 3000 m water depth in NSCS.Giant drifts showed mounded morphology with moats on the landward flank.Confined drifts were developed in the negative relief among topography prominences,where were relative flat and with moats.Slope sheet drifts displayed with sheet morphology.Large scale of sediment waves were generated partially associated to drifts.When deep water contour current moved from northeastern to southwestern,because of relatively obvious topographical change and Coriolis force,helical contour current was produced and secondary circulation appeared in further and formed giant elongated drifts and confined drifts in the upper-middle slope.However,tabular contour current may produce slope sheet drifts for flat and unrestricted environment in middle-low slope.This study was not only helpful to improve the recognition of deep water contourite,but also was beneficial to serve the hydrocarbon exploration.
引文
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李华,马良涛,严世帮,等.2007.深水大型沉积物波的成因机制[J].海洋地质前沿,23(12):1-7.
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李立.2002.南海上层环流观测研究进展[J].台湾海峡,21(1):114-125.
刘亚坤.2008.水力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,277-281.
王海荣,王英民,邱燕,等.2007.南海北部大陆边缘深水环境的沉积物波[J].自然科学进展,17(9):1235-1243.
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吴持恭.2003.水力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,128-134.
谢玲玲.2009.西北太平洋环流及其南海水交换研究[D].中国海洋大学博士论文,65-88.
张兴阳,高振中,姚雪根.1999.北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积[J].沉积学报,17(3):464-472.
张兴阳,何幼斌,罗顺社,等.2002.内波单独作用形成的深水沉积物波[J].古地理学报,4(1):83-89.
Bein A,Weiler Y.1976.The Cretaceous Talme Yafe Formation:A contour current shaped sedimentary prism of calcareous detritus at the continental margin of the Arabian Craton[J].Sedimentology,23:511-532 .
Carter L,McCave I N.1994.Development of sediment drifts approaching an active plate margin under the SW Pacific Deep Western Boundary Undercurrent[J].Paleoceanography,9:1061-1085.
Cunningham A P,Barker P F.1996.Evidence for westward-flowing Weddell Sea deep water in the Falkland Trough,western south Atlantic[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,43:643-654.
Chao S Y,Shaw P T,Wu S Y.1996.Deep water ventilation in the South China Sea[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,43:445-466.
Chen T.2005.Tracing tropical and intermediate waters from the South China Sea to the Okinawa Trough and beyond[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110:C05012.Doi:10.1029/2004JC002494.
Chen T,Huang M H.1996.A Mid-depth front separating the South China Sea Water and the Philippine Sea Water[J].Journal of Oceanography,52:17-25.
Fang G H,Fang W D,Fang Y,et al.1998.A survey of studies on the South China Sea upper ocean circulation[J].Acta Oceanography Taiwanica,37:1-16.
Fang G,Wang Y G,Wei Z X,et al.2009.Interocean circulation and heat and freshwater budgets of the South China Sea based on a numerical model[J].Dynam Atmos Oceans,47:55-72.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V.2008.Contourite Drifts:Nature,Evolution and Controls[A].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,271-283.
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Faugères J C,Mezerais M L,Stow D A V.1993.Contourite drift types and their distribution in the North and South Atlantic Ocean basin[J].Sedimentary Geology,82:189-203.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V,Imbert P,et al.1999.Seismic features diagnostic of contourite drifts[J].Marine Geology,162:1-38.
Flood R D.1978.Studies of deep-sea sedimentary microtopography in the North Atlantic Ocean[D].Woods Hole,Mass.,Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution,395.
Flood R D.1988.A lee wave-model for deep-sea mud wave activity[J].Deep-Sea Resarch,35:973-983.
Gong C L,Wang Y M,Peng X C,et al.2012.Sediment waves on the South China Sea Slope off southwestern Taiwan:Implications for the intrusion of the Northern Pacific deep water into the South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,32:95-109.
Habgood E,Kenyon N H,Massion D A,et al.2003.Deep-water sediment wave fields,bottom current sand channels and gravity flow channellobe systems,Gulf of Cadiz,NE Atlantic[J].Sedimentology,50(3):483 -510.
Hernandez-Molina F J,Llave E,Stow D A V,et al.2006.The contourite depositional system of the Gulf of Cadiz:A sedimentary model related to the bottom current activity of the Mediterranean outflow water and its interaction with the continental margin[J].Deep-sea Research Part II,53:1420-1463.
Hernandez-Molina F J,Maldonado A,Stow D A V.2008.Abyssal Plain Contourites[A].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,347-378.
Hollister C D,Flood R D,Johnson D A,et al.1974.Abyssal furrows and hypcrbolic echo traces on the Bahama Outer Ridge[J].Geology,2 (8):395-400.
Howe J A,Stoker M S,Stow D A V.1994.Late Cenozoic sediment drift complex,northeast Rockall Trough,North Atlantic[J].Paleoceanography,9:989-999.
Hu J Y,Kawamura H,Hong H S,et al.2000.A review on the currents in the South China Sea:Seasonal circulation,South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio intrusion[J].Journal of Oceanography,56:607 -624.
Huang J,Li A,Wan S.2011.Sensitive grain-size records of Holocene East Asian summer monsoon in sediments of northern South China Sea[J].Quaternary Research,75:734-744.
Kenyon N H,Belderson R H.1973.Bedforms of the Mediterranean undercurrent observed with side scan sonar[J].Sedimentary Geology,9:77 -100.
Laberg J S,Dahlgren T,Vorren T O,et al.2001.Seismic analyses of Cenozoic contourite drift development in the Northern Norwegian Sea[J].Marine Geophysical Research,22:401-416.
Lee H J,Syvitski J P M,Parker G,et al.2002.Distinguishing sediment waves from slope failure deposits:Field examples,including the‘Humboldt slide’,and modelling results[J].Marine Geology,192:79 -104.
Li L,Wu B Y.1989.Kuroshio's loop in the South China Sea[J].Taiwan Strait,8:89-95.
Liang W D,Tang T Y,Yang Y J,et al.2003.Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅡ,50:1085-1105.
Lüdmann T,Wong H K,Berglar K.2005.Upward flow of Northern Pacific deep water in the northern South China Sea as deduced from the occurrence of drift sediments[J].Geophysical Research Letters,32:LO5614.
McCave I N,Tucholke B E.1986.Deep Current-controlled Sedimentation in the Western North Atlantic[M].In:Vogt P R,Tucholke B E(eds).The Geology of North America,The Western North Atlantic Region,Decade of North American Geology.Geol.Soc.Am.,Boulder,451-468.
Mulder T,Faugères J C,Gonthier E.2008.Mixed Turbidite-contourite Systems[A].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,435-456.
Normark W R,Hess G R,Stow D A V,et al.1980.Sediment waves on the Monterey Fan levee:A preliminary physical interpretation[J].Marine Geology,37(1-2):1-18.
Qu T D,Girton J B,Whitehead J A.2006.Deepwater overflow through Luzon Strait[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,111:C01002.Doi:10.1029/2005JC003139.
Rebesco M,Stow D A V.2001.Seismic expression of contourites and related deposits:A preface[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,22:303 -308.
Reeder M S,Rothwell G,Stow D A V.2002.The Sicilian Gateway:Anatomy of the Deep-water Connection Between East and West Mediterranean Basins[M].In:Stow D A V,Pudsey C J,Howe J A,et al.(eds).Deep-Water Contourite Systems:Modern Drifts and Ancient Series,Seismic and Sedimentary Characteristics.Geol.Soc.LondonMem.,22:171-190.
Rooij D V,Iglesias J,Hernndez-Molina F J,et al.2010.The Le Danois Contourite Depositional System:Interaction between the Mediterranean outflow water and the upper Cantabrian slope(North Iberian margin)[J].Marine Geology,274:1-20.
Roveri M.2002.Sediment Drifts of the Corsica Channel,Northern Tyrrhenian Sea[M].In:Stow D A V,Pudsey C J,Howe J A,et al(eds).Deep-Water Contourite Systems:Modern Drifts and Ancient Series,Seismic and Sedimentary Characteristics.Geol.Soc.London Mem.,22 :191-208.
Shao L,Li X J,Geng J H,et al.2007.Deep water bottom current deposition in the northern South China Sea[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,50:1060-1066.
Shaw P T,Chao S Y.1994.Surface circulation in the South China Sea[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,41:1663-1683.
Stow D A V.1982.Bottom-currents and contourites in the North Atlantic[J].Bull.Inst.Géol.Bassin d'Aquitaine,31:151-166.
Stow D A V,Faugères J C.2008.Contourite Facies and the Facies Model[M].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,224-237.
Tucholke B E,Mountain G S.1986.Tertiary Paleoceanography of the Western North Atlantic Ocean[M].In:Vogt P R,Tucholke B E(eds).The Geology of North America,Vol.M.The Western North Atlantic Region,Decade of Northe America Geology.Geological Society of America,Boulder,lolo.631-650.
Viana A R,Faugères J C,Stow D A V.1998.Bottom-current controlled sand deposits:A review from modern shallow to deep water environments[J].Sedimentary Geology,115:53-80.
Wang H R,Yuan S Q,Gao H F,et al.2010.The contourite system and the framework of contour current circulation in the South China Sea[J].Geo-Temas,11:189-190.
Wang P X,Wang L,Bian Y,et al.1995.Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the South China Sea:Surface circulation and carbonate cycles[J].Marine Geology,127:145-165.
Wynn R B,Stow D A V,2002.Classification and characterization of deepwater sediment waves[J].Marine Geology,192:7-22.
Wyrtki K.1961.Scientific Results of Marine Investigations of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand[M].Naga Rep,University of California at San Diego,2:1-195.
Xue H,Chai F,Pettigrew N,et al.2004.Kuroshio intrusion and the circulation in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109.doi:10.1029/2002JC001724.
Yuan D L.2002.A numerical study of the South China Sea deep circulation and its relation to the Luzon Strait transport[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,21:187-202.
Zhu M,Graham S,Pang X,et al.2010.Characteristics of migrating submarine canyons from the middle Miocene to present:Implications for paleoceanographic circulation,northern South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,27:307-319.
李大美,杨小亭.2004.水力学[M].湖北武汉:武汉大学出版社,71-73 .
李华,马良涛,严世帮,等.2007.深水大型沉积物波的成因机制[J].海洋地质前沿,23(12):1-7.
李华,何幼斌,李向东,等.2010.宁夏香山群徐家圈组波痕特征及成因分析[J].沉积与特提斯地质,30(1):18-24.
李立.2002.南海上层环流观测研究进展[J].台湾海峡,21(1):114-125.
刘亚坤.2008.水力学[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,277-281.
王海荣,王英民,邱燕,等.2007.南海北部大陆边缘深水环境的沉积物波[J].自然科学进展,17(9):1235-1243.
王宏斌,张光学,杨木壮,等.2003.南海陆坡天然气水合物成藏的构造环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,23(1):81-86.
王青春,何幼斌,贺平,等.2004.日本富山深海水道堤坝大型泥波的成因[J].海洋学报,26(6):143-148.
吴持恭.2003.水力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,128-134.
谢玲玲.2009.西北太平洋环流及其南海水交换研究[D].中国海洋大学博士论文,65-88.
张兴阳,高振中,姚雪根.1999.北大西洋洛克尔海槽东北部内波沉积[J].沉积学报,17(3):464-472.
张兴阳,何幼斌,罗顺社,等.2002.内波单独作用形成的深水沉积物波[J].古地理学报,4(1):83-89.
Bein A,Weiler Y.1976.The Cretaceous Talme Yafe Formation:A contour current shaped sedimentary prism of calcareous detritus at the continental margin of the Arabian Craton[J].Sedimentology,23:511-532 .
Carter L,McCave I N.1994.Development of sediment drifts approaching an active plate margin under the SW Pacific Deep Western Boundary Undercurrent[J].Paleoceanography,9:1061-1085.
Cunningham A P,Barker P F.1996.Evidence for westward-flowing Weddell Sea deep water in the Falkland Trough,western south Atlantic[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,43:643-654.
Chao S Y,Shaw P T,Wu S Y.1996.Deep water ventilation in the South China Sea[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,43:445-466.
Chen T.2005.Tracing tropical and intermediate waters from the South China Sea to the Okinawa Trough and beyond[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,110:C05012.Doi:10.1029/2004JC002494.
Chen T,Huang M H.1996.A Mid-depth front separating the South China Sea Water and the Philippine Sea Water[J].Journal of Oceanography,52:17-25.
Fang G H,Fang W D,Fang Y,et al.1998.A survey of studies on the South China Sea upper ocean circulation[J].Acta Oceanography Taiwanica,37:1-16.
Fang G,Wang Y G,Wei Z X,et al.2009.Interocean circulation and heat and freshwater budgets of the South China Sea based on a numerical model[J].Dynam Atmos Oceans,47:55-72.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V.2008.Contourite Drifts:Nature,Evolution and Controls[A].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,271-283.
Faugères J C,Gonthier E,Mulder T,et al.2002.Multi-process generated sediment waves on the Landes Plateau(Bay of Biscay,North Atlantic)[J].Marine Geology,192:279-302.
Faugères J C,Mezerais M L,Stow D A V.1993.Contourite drift types and their distribution in the North and South Atlantic Ocean basin[J].Sedimentary Geology,82:189-203.
Faugères J C,Stow D A V,Imbert P,et al.1999.Seismic features diagnostic of contourite drifts[J].Marine Geology,162:1-38.
Flood R D.1978.Studies of deep-sea sedimentary microtopography in the North Atlantic Ocean[D].Woods Hole,Mass.,Woods Hole Oceangraphic Institution,395.
Flood R D.1988.A lee wave-model for deep-sea mud wave activity[J].Deep-Sea Resarch,35:973-983.
Gong C L,Wang Y M,Peng X C,et al.2012.Sediment waves on the South China Sea Slope off southwestern Taiwan:Implications for the intrusion of the Northern Pacific deep water into the South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,32:95-109.
Habgood E,Kenyon N H,Massion D A,et al.2003.Deep-water sediment wave fields,bottom current sand channels and gravity flow channellobe systems,Gulf of Cadiz,NE Atlantic[J].Sedimentology,50(3):483 -510.
Hernandez-Molina F J,Llave E,Stow D A V,et al.2006.The contourite depositional system of the Gulf of Cadiz:A sedimentary model related to the bottom current activity of the Mediterranean outflow water and its interaction with the continental margin[J].Deep-sea Research Part II,53:1420-1463.
Hernandez-Molina F J,Maldonado A,Stow D A V.2008.Abyssal Plain Contourites[A].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,347-378.
Hollister C D,Flood R D,Johnson D A,et al.1974.Abyssal furrows and hypcrbolic echo traces on the Bahama Outer Ridge[J].Geology,2 (8):395-400.
Howe J A,Stoker M S,Stow D A V.1994.Late Cenozoic sediment drift complex,northeast Rockall Trough,North Atlantic[J].Paleoceanography,9:989-999.
Hu J Y,Kawamura H,Hong H S,et al.2000.A review on the currents in the South China Sea:Seasonal circulation,South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio intrusion[J].Journal of Oceanography,56:607 -624.
Huang J,Li A,Wan S.2011.Sensitive grain-size records of Holocene East Asian summer monsoon in sediments of northern South China Sea[J].Quaternary Research,75:734-744.
Kenyon N H,Belderson R H.1973.Bedforms of the Mediterranean undercurrent observed with side scan sonar[J].Sedimentary Geology,9:77 -100.
Laberg J S,Dahlgren T,Vorren T O,et al.2001.Seismic analyses of Cenozoic contourite drift development in the Northern Norwegian Sea[J].Marine Geophysical Research,22:401-416.
Lee H J,Syvitski J P M,Parker G,et al.2002.Distinguishing sediment waves from slope failure deposits:Field examples,including the‘Humboldt slide’,and modelling results[J].Marine Geology,192:79 -104.
Li L,Wu B Y.1989.Kuroshio's loop in the South China Sea[J].Taiwan Strait,8:89-95.
Liang W D,Tang T Y,Yang Y J,et al.2003.Upper-ocean currents around Taiwan[J].Deep-Sea Research PartⅡ,50:1085-1105.
Lüdmann T,Wong H K,Berglar K.2005.Upward flow of Northern Pacific deep water in the northern South China Sea as deduced from the occurrence of drift sediments[J].Geophysical Research Letters,32:LO5614.
McCave I N,Tucholke B E.1986.Deep Current-controlled Sedimentation in the Western North Atlantic[M].In:Vogt P R,Tucholke B E(eds).The Geology of North America,The Western North Atlantic Region,Decade of North American Geology.Geol.Soc.Am.,Boulder,451-468.
Mulder T,Faugères J C,Gonthier E.2008.Mixed Turbidite-contourite Systems[A].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,435-456.
Normark W R,Hess G R,Stow D A V,et al.1980.Sediment waves on the Monterey Fan levee:A preliminary physical interpretation[J].Marine Geology,37(1-2):1-18.
Qu T D,Girton J B,Whitehead J A.2006.Deepwater overflow through Luzon Strait[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,111:C01002.Doi:10.1029/2005JC003139.
Rebesco M,Stow D A V.2001.Seismic expression of contourites and related deposits:A preface[J].Marine Geophysical Researches,22:303 -308.
Reeder M S,Rothwell G,Stow D A V.2002.The Sicilian Gateway:Anatomy of the Deep-water Connection Between East and West Mediterranean Basins[M].In:Stow D A V,Pudsey C J,Howe J A,et al.(eds).Deep-Water Contourite Systems:Modern Drifts and Ancient Series,Seismic and Sedimentary Characteristics.Geol.Soc.LondonMem.,22:171-190.
Rooij D V,Iglesias J,Hernndez-Molina F J,et al.2010.The Le Danois Contourite Depositional System:Interaction between the Mediterranean outflow water and the upper Cantabrian slope(North Iberian margin)[J].Marine Geology,274:1-20.
Roveri M.2002.Sediment Drifts of the Corsica Channel,Northern Tyrrhenian Sea[M].In:Stow D A V,Pudsey C J,Howe J A,et al(eds).Deep-Water Contourite Systems:Modern Drifts and Ancient Series,Seismic and Sedimentary Characteristics.Geol.Soc.London Mem.,22 :191-208.
Shao L,Li X J,Geng J H,et al.2007.Deep water bottom current deposition in the northern South China Sea[J].Science in China Series D:Earth Science,50:1060-1066.
Shaw P T,Chao S Y.1994.Surface circulation in the South China Sea[J].Deep-Sea Research Part I,41:1663-1683.
Stow D A V.1982.Bottom-currents and contourites in the North Atlantic[J].Bull.Inst.Géol.Bassin d'Aquitaine,31:151-166.
Stow D A V,Faugères J C.2008.Contourite Facies and the Facies Model[M].In:Rebesco M,Camerlenghi A(eds).Contourites,Developments in Sedimentology 60.Elsevier,224-237.
Tucholke B E,Mountain G S.1986.Tertiary Paleoceanography of the Western North Atlantic Ocean[M].In:Vogt P R,Tucholke B E(eds).The Geology of North America,Vol.M.The Western North Atlantic Region,Decade of Northe America Geology.Geological Society of America,Boulder,lolo.631-650.
Viana A R,Faugères J C,Stow D A V.1998.Bottom-current controlled sand deposits:A review from modern shallow to deep water environments[J].Sedimentary Geology,115:53-80.
Wang H R,Yuan S Q,Gao H F,et al.2010.The contourite system and the framework of contour current circulation in the South China Sea[J].Geo-Temas,11:189-190.
Wang P X,Wang L,Bian Y,et al.1995.Late Quaternary paleoceanography of the South China Sea:Surface circulation and carbonate cycles[J].Marine Geology,127:145-165.
Wynn R B,Stow D A V,2002.Classification and characterization of deepwater sediment waves[J].Marine Geology,192:7-22.
Wyrtki K.1961.Scientific Results of Marine Investigations of the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand[M].Naga Rep,University of California at San Diego,2:1-195.
Xue H,Chai F,Pettigrew N,et al.2004.Kuroshio intrusion and the circulation in the South China Sea[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,109.doi:10.1029/2002JC001724.
Yuan D L.2002.A numerical study of the South China Sea deep circulation and its relation to the Luzon Strait transport[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,21:187-202.
Zhu M,Graham S,Pang X,et al.2010.Characteristics of migrating submarine canyons from the middle Miocene to present:Implications for paleoceanographic circulation,northern South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,27:307-319.
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