基于谱元法与Microwulf系统的汶川地震波场模拟
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摘要
谱元法属广义有限元法,可用于地震波场模拟与震源反演,但几乎不能在单台普通电脑上用于大尺度地震波场模拟。Microwulf是一种低成本、高效率的主从式便携型计算集群系统,能有效地利用个人电脑组建并行计算环境。基于三维弹性波动方程研究了谱元法基本算法,并利用谱元法和自搭建Microwulf系统对2008年汶川5.12地震波场进行模拟。模拟结果表明:(1)搭建的Microwulf系统能成功进行大尺度地震波场的谱元法数值模拟;(2)计算区域地形能引起地震波场畸变;(3)震中附近区域峰值地震动分布模式大体与发震断裂走向平行,并具有典型的上下盘效应,上盘的峰值地震动比下盘强烈;(4)与无地形模型相比,震中附近区域地形对地震动具有典型的放大效应,并且对于地震动的不同分量,其地形放大效应有所区别。
The spectral-element method that can be utilized for three dimensional simulation of seismic wave field and focus inversion is belonged to general finite-element method.But the technique is hardly suitable for simulation of large-scale seismic wave field on single common personal computer.The Microwulf is a master-slave portable computer cluster architecture,with which a cost-efficient,high performance parallel computational enviroment can be built efficiently using PCs.Firstly,the basic algorithm of spectral-element method was researched on the basis of elastodynamic equation for 3-D wave propagation.Secondly,the seismic wave field of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was simulated based on spectral-element method and self-built Microwulf system.The results of simulation can be summarized as follows:(1)the Microwulf system built by ourself is utilized for simulation of large-scale seismic wave field successfully based upon spectral-element method;(2)the surface topography of computational region result in distortion of seismic wave field;(3)the distribution patterns of peak ground motion in zone near epicentre are broadly parallel to coseismic fault and have marked obviously hanging-foot wall effect that peak ground motion in hanging wall are more violent than that in footwall;(4)compared with simulation result of model without topography,the ground motion are generally amplified by surface topography in zone near epicentre,and the topographic amplification effects vary with different components of ground motion.
The spectral-element method that can be utilized for three dimensional simulation of seismic wave field and focus inversion is belonged to general finite-element method.But the technique is hardly suitable for simulation of large-scale seismic wave field on single common personal computer.The Microwulf is a master-slave portable computer cluster architecture,with which a cost-efficient,high performance parallel computational enviroment can be built efficiently using PCs.Firstly,the basic algorithm of spectral-element method was researched on the basis of elastodynamic equation for 3-D wave propagation.Secondly,the seismic wave field of the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake was simulated based on spectral-element method and self-built Microwulf system.The results of simulation can be summarized as follows:(1)the Microwulf system built by ourself is utilized for simulation of large-scale seismic wave field successfully based upon spectral-element method;(2)the surface topography of computational region result in distortion of seismic wave field;(3)the distribution patterns of peak ground motion in zone near epicentre are broadly parallel to coseismic fault and have marked obviously hanging-foot wall effect that peak ground motion in hanging wall are more violent than that in footwall;(4)compared with simulation result of model without topography,the ground motion are generally amplified by surface topography in zone near epicentre,and the topographic amplification effects vary with different components of ground motion.
引文
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[16]Lee S-J,Chan Y-C,Komatitsch D,et al.Effects ofRealistic Surface Topography on Seismic Ground Mo-tion in the Yangminshan Region of Taiwan Based Uponthe Spectral-Element Method and LiDAR DTM[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):681-693.
[2]张怀,周元泽,吴忠良,等.福州盆地强地面运动特征的有限元数值模拟[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(5):1 270-1 279.(Zhang Huai,Zhou Yuanze,WuZhongliang,et al.Finite element analysis of seismicwave propagation characteristics in Fuzhou basin[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2009,52(5):1 270-1 279.(inChinese))
[3]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative seismology[M].2nd Edition.University Science Books,2002.
[4]Patera A T.A spectral element method for fluid dynam-ics:Laminar flow in a channel expansion[J].Journalof Computational Physics,1984,54(3):468-488.
[5]Komatitsch D,Tromp J.Introduction to the spectral ele-ment method for three-dimensional seismic wave propa-gation[J].Geophysical Journal International,1999,139(3):806-822.
[6]Komatitsch D,Liu Q,Tromp J,et al.Simulations ofGround Motion in the Los Angeles Basin Based upon theSpectral-Element Method[J].Bulletin of the Seismolog-ical Society of America,2004,94(1):187-206.
[7]Komatitsch D,Ritsema J,Tromp J.The Spectral-Ele-ment Method,Beowulf Computing,and Global Seismol-ogy[J].Science,2002,298(5599):1 737-1 742.
[8]Sterling T,Becker D J,Savarese D,et al.Beowulf:AParallel Workstation For Scientific Computation[C]//InProceedings of the 24th International Conference on Par-allel Processing.CRC Press,1995:11-14.
[9]丁海平,刘启方,黄勇,等.三维地震动场数值模拟并行计算系统[J].地震工程与工程振动,2004,24(2):19-22.(Ding Haiping,Liu Qifang,Huang Yong,et al.Parallel computer system for 3-D numerical simu-lation of ground motion[J].Earthquake Engineeringand Engineering Vibration,2004,24(2):19-22.(inChinese))
[10]徐义,张剑锋.地震波数值模拟的非规则网格PML吸收边界[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(5):1 520-1 526.(Xu Yi,Zhang Jianfeng.An irregular-grid perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary forseismic wave modeling[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2008,51(5):1 520-1 526.(in Chinese))
[11]Udías A.Principles of Seismology[M].Nwe York,USA:Cambridge University Press,2000.
[12]李亚美,陈国勋.地质学基础(第二版)[M].北京:地质出版社,1994.(Li Yamei,Chen Guoxun.Geology Basics(2nd Edition)[M].Beijing:Geolog-ical Publishing House,1994.(in Chinese))
[13]胥颐,黄润秋,李志伟,等.龙门山构造带及汶川震源区的S波速度结构[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):329-338.(Xu Yi,Huang Runqiu,Li Zhiwei,et al.S-wave velocity structure of the Longmen Shanand Wenchuan earthquake area[J].Chinese J.Geo-phys.,2009,52(2):329-338.(in Chinese))
[14]吴建平,黄媛,张天中,等.汶川Ms8.0级地震余震分布及周边区域P波三维速度结构研究[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(2):320-328.(Wu Jianping,Huang Yuan,Zhang Tianzhong,et al.Aftershock dis-tribution of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake and threedimensional P-wave velocity structure in and aroundsource region[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2009,52(2):320-328.(in Chinese))
[15]王海云,谢礼立.自贡市西山公园地形对地震动的影响[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(7):1631-1 638.(Wang Haiyun,Xie Lili.Effects of topographyon ground motion in the Xishan park,Zigong city[J].Chinese J.Geophys.,2010,53(7):1 631-1 638.(in Chinese))
[16]Lee S-J,Chan Y-C,Komatitsch D,et al.Effects ofRealistic Surface Topography on Seismic Ground Mo-tion in the Yangminshan Region of Taiwan Based Uponthe Spectral-Element Method and LiDAR DTM[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America,2009,99(2A):681-693.
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