东河口高速远程滑坡-碎屑流全程动力特性模拟
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摘要
高速远程滑坡-碎屑流具有速度快、滑程远、冲击破坏力强等特点,是一种危害性极大的地质灾害,往往会造成严重的生命财产损失。汶川地震后,国内学者对高速远程滑坡-碎屑流的研究取得了大量前瞻性成果,但由于此类滑坡自身的复杂性,目前为止尚未取得公认的研究成果。为了进一步揭示高速远程-碎屑流效应机理,本文以汶川地震触发的青川东河口滑坡-碎屑流为例,通过滑坡动力分析软件DAN-W分别建立了摩擦模型、Voellmy模型和F-V等3种不同的滑坡数值模型,对东河口滑坡-碎屑流的运动距离、不同时刻运动速度特性、堆积物分布规律及滑坡堆积体积进行了模拟,同时对滑坡运动时间进行了估算。模拟结果表明:根据高速远程滑坡-碎屑流不同运动阶段选择不同的流变模型分析的结果更加合理。摩擦流变模型对运动距离的模拟结果小于滑坡的实际滑程,适于模拟滑体整体性好的启程和近程运动阶段;Voellmy流变模型对滑体的运动距离模拟效果很好,但对速度的分析结果偏大,适合模拟滑坡远程碎屑流运动阶段;F-V双流变模型对滑坡运动特性模拟效果最佳,并给出了选取东河口滑坡-碎屑流数值模型的最佳流变参数,摩擦角φ=18°,摩擦系数μ=0.1,湍流系数ξ=400m.s-2。
The rockslide-debris avalanche is a geological disaster of great danger and always causes disastrous catastrophes because of its high velocity and unexpected long runout.Scholars in China had made a lot of forward-looking results for the high-speed rockslide-debris flows after Wenchuan Earthquake.A majority of the research results on this field have not been widely accepted due to itself complication.This paper takes the Donghekou rockslide-debris avalanche in Qingchuan County triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake as example to reveal the moving mechanism of rockslide-debris avalanches.The dynamic analysis software of DAN-W is applied to the creation of three different rheological models.They are Friction model,Voellmy model and F-V model to simulate on the motion behavior of flow slides and put an emphasis on the travel distance,speed characteristics at different intervals,distribution of the deposits.The volume and duration are estimated.The results reveal that applying different rheological models to different moving stages have reasonable results.The Friction model is better to simulate the landslide at set-out phase and short-runout phase.The Voellmy model has advantages of simulating flow debris at long run-out phase.The two-rheological model"F-V"provides the best simulation of the Donghekou rockslide-debris avalanche movement.The best fitting rheological parameters friction angle φ=18°,friction coefficient μ=0.1 and turbulence parameter ξ=400m·s-2 have been found by the back analysis.
The rockslide-debris avalanche is a geological disaster of great danger and always causes disastrous catastrophes because of its high velocity and unexpected long runout.Scholars in China had made a lot of forward-looking results for the high-speed rockslide-debris flows after Wenchuan Earthquake.A majority of the research results on this field have not been widely accepted due to itself complication.This paper takes the Donghekou rockslide-debris avalanche in Qingchuan County triggered by Wenchuan Earthquake as example to reveal the moving mechanism of rockslide-debris avalanches.The dynamic analysis software of DAN-W is applied to the creation of three different rheological models.They are Friction model,Voellmy model and F-V model to simulate on the motion behavior of flow slides and put an emphasis on the travel distance,speed characteristics at different intervals,distribution of the deposits.The volume and duration are estimated.The results reveal that applying different rheological models to different moving stages have reasonable results.The Friction model is better to simulate the landslide at set-out phase and short-runout phase.The Voellmy model has advantages of simulating flow debris at long run-out phase.The two-rheological model"F-V"provides the best simulation of the Donghekou rockslide-debris avalanche movement.The best fitting rheological parameters friction angle φ=18°,friction coefficient μ=0.1 and turbulence parameter ξ=400m·s-2 have been found by the back analysis.
引文
[1]殷跃平.汶川八级地震地质灾害研究[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(4):433～444.Yin Yueping.Researches on the geo-hazards triggered byWenchuan earthquake,Sichuan.Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(4):433～444.
[2]黄润秋,裴向军,张伟锋,李世贵,李必良.再论大光包滑坡特征与形成机制[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):725～736.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Zhang Weifeng,Li Shigui,LiBiliang.Further examination on characteristics and formationmechanism of Daguangbao landslide.Journal of Engineering Geol-ogy,2009,17(6):725～736.
[3]黄润秋.汶川地震地质灾害后效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(2):145～152.Huang Runqiu.After effect of geo-hazards induced by the Wen-chuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(2):145～152.
[4]许强,董秀军.汶川地震大型滑坡成因模式[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2011,36(6):1134～1142.Xu Qing,Dong Lijun.Genetic types of large-scale landslides in-duced by Wenchuan earthquake.Earth Science-Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,2011,36(6):1134～1142.
[5]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153～166.Yin Yueping.Rapid and long run-out features of landslides trig-gered by the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geolo-gy,2009,17(2):153～166.
[6]Yin Yueping,Zheng Wanmo,Li Xiaochun,Sun Ping and Li Bin.Catastrophic landslides associated with the M8.0 Wenchuan earth-quake.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2011,70(1):15～32.
[7]孙萍,殷跃平,陈立伟.汶川地震区东河口滑坡破坏机制FLAC模拟分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(5):87～92.Sun Ping,Yin Yueping,Chen Liwei.Numerical analysis of thefailure mechanism of the Donghekou rockslide in the Wenchuanearthquake region with FLAC.Hydrogeology and EngineeringGeology,2011,38(5):87～92.
[8]方华,裴来政,向灵芝.汶川地震高速远程滑坡速度研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2011,31(2):212～218.Fang Hua,Pei Laizheng,Xiang Lingzhi.Study on kinematic ve-locity of high-speed and long-range landslides induced byWenchuan earthquake.Journal of Disaster Prevention andMitigation Engineering,2011,31(2):212～218.
[9]张明,殷跃平,吴树仁,张永双.高速远程滑坡-碎屑流运动机理研究发展现状与展望[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):805～818.Zhang Ming,Yin Yueping,Wu Shuren,Zhang Yongshuang.De-velopment status and prospects of studies on kinematics of longrunout rock avalanches.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):805～818.
[10]Hungr O,Evans SG.Entrainment of debris in rock avalanches:an analysis of a long-runout mechanism.Geological Society of A-merica Bulletin,2004,116,1240～1252.
[11]周鑫.地震触发高速远程滑坡气垫效应研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2010.Zhou Xin.Study on Aircushion Effect of High-speed and Long-runout Landslide Triggered by Earthquake.Shanghai:ShanghaiJiaotong University,2010.
[12]Hutchinson JN.A sliding-consolidation model for flow slides.Ca-nadian Geotechnical Journal,1986,21:115～126.
[13]Savage SB and Hutter K.The motion of a finite mass of granularmaterial down rough incline.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1988,199:177～215.
[14]Hungr O.A model for the runout analysis of rapid flow slides,debris flows and avalanches.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1995,32:610～623.
[15]Hungr O,McDougall S.Two numerical models for landslide dy-namic analysis.Computers and Geosciences,2009,35:978～992.
[2]黄润秋,裴向军,张伟锋,李世贵,李必良.再论大光包滑坡特征与形成机制[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(6):725～736.Huang Runqiu,Pei Xiangjun,Zhang Weifeng,Li Shigui,LiBiliang.Further examination on characteristics and formationmechanism of Daguangbao landslide.Journal of Engineering Geol-ogy,2009,17(6):725～736.
[3]黄润秋.汶川地震地质灾害后效应分析[J].工程地质学报,2011,19(2):145～152.Huang Runqiu.After effect of geo-hazards induced by the Wen-chuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geology,2011,19(2):145～152.
[4]许强,董秀军.汶川地震大型滑坡成因模式[J].地球科学-中国地质大学学报,2011,36(6):1134～1142.Xu Qing,Dong Lijun.Genetic types of large-scale landslides in-duced by Wenchuan earthquake.Earth Science-Journal of ChinaUniversity of Geosciences,2011,36(6):1134～1142.
[5]殷跃平.汶川八级地震滑坡高速远程特征分析[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(2):153～166.Yin Yueping.Rapid and long run-out features of landslides trig-gered by the Wenchuan earthquake.Journal of Engineering Geolo-gy,2009,17(2):153～166.
[6]Yin Yueping,Zheng Wanmo,Li Xiaochun,Sun Ping and Li Bin.Catastrophic landslides associated with the M8.0 Wenchuan earth-quake.Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment,2011,70(1):15～32.
[7]孙萍,殷跃平,陈立伟.汶川地震区东河口滑坡破坏机制FLAC模拟分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2011,38(5):87～92.Sun Ping,Yin Yueping,Chen Liwei.Numerical analysis of thefailure mechanism of the Donghekou rockslide in the Wenchuanearthquake region with FLAC.Hydrogeology and EngineeringGeology,2011,38(5):87～92.
[8]方华,裴来政,向灵芝.汶川地震高速远程滑坡速度研究[J].防灾减灾工程学报,2011,31(2):212～218.Fang Hua,Pei Laizheng,Xiang Lingzhi.Study on kinematic ve-locity of high-speed and long-range landslides induced byWenchuan earthquake.Journal of Disaster Prevention andMitigation Engineering,2011,31(2):212～218.
[9]张明,殷跃平,吴树仁,张永双.高速远程滑坡-碎屑流运动机理研究发展现状与展望[J].工程地质学报,2010,18(6):805～818.Zhang Ming,Yin Yueping,Wu Shuren,Zhang Yongshuang.De-velopment status and prospects of studies on kinematics of longrunout rock avalanches.Journal of Engineering Geology,2010,18(6):805～818.
[10]Hungr O,Evans SG.Entrainment of debris in rock avalanches:an analysis of a long-runout mechanism.Geological Society of A-merica Bulletin,2004,116,1240～1252.
[11]周鑫.地震触发高速远程滑坡气垫效应研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2010.Zhou Xin.Study on Aircushion Effect of High-speed and Long-runout Landslide Triggered by Earthquake.Shanghai:ShanghaiJiaotong University,2010.
[12]Hutchinson JN.A sliding-consolidation model for flow slides.Ca-nadian Geotechnical Journal,1986,21:115～126.
[13]Savage SB and Hutter K.The motion of a finite mass of granularmaterial down rough incline.Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1988,199:177～215.
[14]Hungr O.A model for the runout analysis of rapid flow slides,debris flows and avalanches.Canadian Geotechnical Journal,1995,32:610～623.
[15]Hungr O,McDougall S.Two numerical models for landslide dy-namic analysis.Computers and Geosciences,2009,35:978～992.
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