冷泉活动区天然气水合物上覆水体中气泡羽状流的数值模拟
摘要
为研究冷泉活动区天然气水合物气泡羽状流产生的地震响应,通过含气泡介质声速模型及随机介质理论建立了羽状流水体模型.利用有限差分方法对模型进行了正演模拟,单炮地震记录上显示出羽状流产生的散射波,羽状流所在位置的散射波能量强,散射波能量较强部位旅行时极小值总是位于羽状流正上方,与激发点位置无关.炮集地震记录的叠前时间偏移剖面显示出羽状流的散射波能够清晰成像,且成像精度较高,这为进一步研究羽状流产生的地震响应奠定了基础,也为寻找天然气水合物提供了一条新的思路.
引文
1Kvenvolden K A.Gas hydrates as a potential energy resource:A review of their methane content.In:Howell D G,ed.The Future of Energy Gases.Geol Survey Prof Paper US,1993,1570:555-561
2Kvenvolden K A.Worldwide distribution of subaquatic gas hydrates.Geo-Mar Lett,1993,13:32-40
3樊栓狮,刘峰,陈多福.海洋天然气水合物的形成机理探讨.天然气地球科学,2004,15:524-530
4栾锡武,刘鸿,岳保静.海底冷泉在旁扫声纳图像上的识别.现代地质,2010,24:474-480
5邸鹏飞,冯东,高立宝,等.海底冷泉流体渗漏的原位观测技术及冷泉活动特征.地球物理学进展,2008,23:1592-1602
6Tryon M D,Brown K M.Fluid and chemical cycling at Bush Hill:Implications for gas and hydrate-rich environments.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2004,5:1-7
7Macdonald I R,Leifer I,Sassen R,et al.Transfer of hydrocarbons from natural seeps to the water column and atmosphere.Geofluids,2002,2:95-107
8Tryon M D,Brown K M,Torres M E.Fluid and chemical flux in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge,OR,II:Hydrological processes.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2002,201:541-557
9Klaucke I,Weinrebe W,Petersen C J,et al.Temporal variability of gas seeps offshore New Zealand:Multi-frequency eoacoustic imaging of the Wairarapa area,Hikurangi margin.Mar Geol,2010,272:49-58
10Bayon G,Birot B,Ruffine L.Evidence for intense REE scavenging at cold seeps from the Niger Delta margin.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2011,312:443-452
11樊栓狮,关进安,梁德青,等.天然气水合物动态成藏理论.天然气地球科学,2007,18:819-826
12Charloua J L,Donvala J P,Fouquet Y.Physical and chemical characterization of gas hydrates and associated methane plumes in the Congo-Angola Basin.Chem Geol,2004,205:405-425
13Solomon E A,Kastner M,Robertson G,et al.Insights into the dynamics of in situ gas hydrate formation and dissociation at the Bush Hill gas hydrate field,gull of Mexico.In:5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates2005(ICGH2005).New York:Curran Associates Inc,2009.896
14Milkov A V,Lee Y J,Borowski W S,et al.Co-existence of gas hydrate,free gas,and brine within the regional gas hydrate stability zone at Hydrate Ridge(Oregon margin):Evidence from prolonged degassing of a pressurized core.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2004,222:829-843
15Obzhirov A,Salyuk A,Vereshchagina O,et al.Methane flux and gas hydrate and seismic activity in the Sea of Okhotsk.In:5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates2005(ICGH2005).New York:Curran Associates Inc,2009.911
16Greinert J,Artemov Y,Egorov V,et al.1300-m-high rising bubbles from mud volcanoes at2080m in the Black Sea-Hy-droacoustic characteristics and temporal variability.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,244:1215
17Sauter E J,Muyakshin S I,Charlou J L,et al.Methane discharge from a deep-sea submarine mud volcano into the upper water column by gas hydrate-coated methane bubbles.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:354-365
18Shipboard Scientific Party.Ocean Drilling Program,Leg204Preliminary Report,Drilling Gas Hydrates on Hydrate Ridge,Cascadia Continental Margin.7July-2September2002,Texas A&M University,1000Discovery Drive,College Station TX77845-9547,USA December2002
19Sassen R,Losh S L,Cathles III L,et al.Massive vein-filling gas hydrate:Relation to ongoing gas migration from the deep subsurface in the Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2001,18:551-560
20龚建明,译.日本海东缘海洋天然气水合物矿藏之上的甲烷羽状流—地下甲烷运移到浅水的可能机制.海洋地质动态,2006,22:33
21Freire A F M,Matsumoto R,Santos L A.Structural-stratigraphic control on the Umitaka Spur gas hydrates of Joetsu Basin in the eastern margin of Japan Sea.Mar Pet Geol,2011,28:1967-1978
22Aoyama C,Matsumoto R.Acoustic surveys of methane plumes by Quantitative Echo Sounder in Japan Sea and estimate of the seeping amount of the methane hydrate bubbles.In:Matsumoto R,ed.Methane Hydrate(Part1):Occurrence,Origin,and Environmental Impact.J Geogr,2009,118:156-174
23Matsumoto R.Methane plumes over a marine gas hydrate system in the eastern margin of Japan Sea:A possible mechanism for the transportation of subsurface methane to shallow waters.In:5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates2005(ICGH2005).New York:Curran Associates Inc,2009.1051
24Charloua J L,Donvala J P,Zitterd T.Evidence of methane venting and geochemistry of brines on mud volcanoes of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.Deep-Sea Res I,2003,50:941-958
25Garcia-Gil S,Vilas F,Garcia-Garcia A.Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills(Ría de Vigo,NW Spain):A case study.Cont Shelf Res,2002,22:2303-2315
26Kruglyakova R,Gubanov Y,Kruglyakov V,et al.Assessment of technogenic and natural hydrocarbon supply into the Black Sea and seabed sediments.Cont Shelf Res,2002,22:2395-2407
27栾锡武,赵克斌,Obzhirov A,等.鄂霍次克海浅表层天然气水合物的勘查识别和基本特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:99-107
28顾兆峰,刘怀山,张志珣.浅层气逸出到海水中的气泡声学探测方法.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28:129-135
29顾兆峰,刘怀山,张志珣.南黄海西部地区浅层气地震特征.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26:65-74
30栾锡武,秦蕴珊.冲绳海槽宫古段西部槽底海底气泉的发现.科学通报,2005,50:802-810
31姚文苇.气-液两相介质内声传播的研究.硕士学位论文,西安:陕西师范大学,2006.11-40
32李灿苹,刘学伟,杨丽,等.气泡半径和含量对含气泡海水声波速度的影响.现代地质,2010,24:528-533
33Ikele L T,Yung S K,Daube F.2-D random media with ellipsoidal autocorrelation functions.Geophysics,1993,58:1359-1372
34奚先,姚姚.非平稳随机介质模型.石油地球物理勘探,2005,40:71-75
35奚先,姚姚.二维随机介质及波动方程正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36:546-552
36Korn M.Seismic wave in random media.J Appl Geophys,1993,29:247-269
37李灿苹,刘学伟,李敏峰,等.非均匀地质体的散射波特征初探.石油物探,2006,45:134-140
38Li C P,Liu X W.Study on the scales of heterogeneous geologic bodies in random media.Appl Geophys,2011,8:363-369
39张永刚.地震波场数值模拟方法.石油物探,2003,42:143-148
40柯式镇.井壁电成像测井全三维数值模拟与裂缝评价模型.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38(增刊Ⅰ):150-153
41罗晓容,喻建,张发强,等.二次运移数学模型及其在鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长8段石油运移研究中的应用.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(增刊Ⅰ):73-82
42Kelly K R,Ward R W,Treitel S,et al.Synthetic seismograms a finite-difference approach.Geophysics,1976,41:2-27
43张会星,何兵寿,宁书年.双相介质中纵波方程的高阶有限差分解法.物探与化探,2004,28:307-309,313
44孙卫涛,杨慧珠.双相各向异性介质弹性波场有限差分正演模拟.固体力学学报,2004,25:21-28
45赵俊猛,王清晨,段永红,等.天山造山带基底结构的有限差分研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(增刊1):13-18
46王秀明,张海澜,王东.利用高阶交错网格有限差分法模拟地震波在非均匀孔隙介质中的传播.地球物理学报,2003,46:842-849
47尹军杰.地震散射波场特征的数值模拟研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国地质大学(北京),2005.23-129
2Kvenvolden K A.Worldwide distribution of subaquatic gas hydrates.Geo-Mar Lett,1993,13:32-40
3樊栓狮,刘峰,陈多福.海洋天然气水合物的形成机理探讨.天然气地球科学,2004,15:524-530
4栾锡武,刘鸿,岳保静.海底冷泉在旁扫声纳图像上的识别.现代地质,2010,24:474-480
5邸鹏飞,冯东,高立宝,等.海底冷泉流体渗漏的原位观测技术及冷泉活动特征.地球物理学进展,2008,23:1592-1602
6Tryon M D,Brown K M.Fluid and chemical cycling at Bush Hill:Implications for gas and hydrate-rich environments.Geochem Geophys Geosyst,2004,5:1-7
7Macdonald I R,Leifer I,Sassen R,et al.Transfer of hydrocarbons from natural seeps to the water column and atmosphere.Geofluids,2002,2:95-107
8Tryon M D,Brown K M,Torres M E.Fluid and chemical flux in and out of sediments hosting methane hydrate deposits on Hydrate Ridge,OR,II:Hydrological processes.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2002,201:541-557
9Klaucke I,Weinrebe W,Petersen C J,et al.Temporal variability of gas seeps offshore New Zealand:Multi-frequency eoacoustic imaging of the Wairarapa area,Hikurangi margin.Mar Geol,2010,272:49-58
10Bayon G,Birot B,Ruffine L.Evidence for intense REE scavenging at cold seeps from the Niger Delta margin.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2011,312:443-452
11樊栓狮,关进安,梁德青,等.天然气水合物动态成藏理论.天然气地球科学,2007,18:819-826
12Charloua J L,Donvala J P,Fouquet Y.Physical and chemical characterization of gas hydrates and associated methane plumes in the Congo-Angola Basin.Chem Geol,2004,205:405-425
13Solomon E A,Kastner M,Robertson G,et al.Insights into the dynamics of in situ gas hydrate formation and dissociation at the Bush Hill gas hydrate field,gull of Mexico.In:5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates2005(ICGH2005).New York:Curran Associates Inc,2009.896
14Milkov A V,Lee Y J,Borowski W S,et al.Co-existence of gas hydrate,free gas,and brine within the regional gas hydrate stability zone at Hydrate Ridge(Oregon margin):Evidence from prolonged degassing of a pressurized core.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2004,222:829-843
15Obzhirov A,Salyuk A,Vereshchagina O,et al.Methane flux and gas hydrate and seismic activity in the Sea of Okhotsk.In:5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates2005(ICGH2005).New York:Curran Associates Inc,2009.911
16Greinert J,Artemov Y,Egorov V,et al.1300-m-high rising bubbles from mud volcanoes at2080m in the Black Sea-Hy-droacoustic characteristics and temporal variability.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,244:1215
17Sauter E J,Muyakshin S I,Charlou J L,et al.Methane discharge from a deep-sea submarine mud volcano into the upper water column by gas hydrate-coated methane bubbles.Earth Planet Sci Lett,2006,243:354-365
18Shipboard Scientific Party.Ocean Drilling Program,Leg204Preliminary Report,Drilling Gas Hydrates on Hydrate Ridge,Cascadia Continental Margin.7July-2September2002,Texas A&M University,1000Discovery Drive,College Station TX77845-9547,USA December2002
19Sassen R,Losh S L,Cathles III L,et al.Massive vein-filling gas hydrate:Relation to ongoing gas migration from the deep subsurface in the Gulf of Mexico.Mar Pet Geol,2001,18:551-560
20龚建明,译.日本海东缘海洋天然气水合物矿藏之上的甲烷羽状流—地下甲烷运移到浅水的可能机制.海洋地质动态,2006,22:33
21Freire A F M,Matsumoto R,Santos L A.Structural-stratigraphic control on the Umitaka Spur gas hydrates of Joetsu Basin in the eastern margin of Japan Sea.Mar Pet Geol,2011,28:1967-1978
22Aoyama C,Matsumoto R.Acoustic surveys of methane plumes by Quantitative Echo Sounder in Japan Sea and estimate of the seeping amount of the methane hydrate bubbles.In:Matsumoto R,ed.Methane Hydrate(Part1):Occurrence,Origin,and Environmental Impact.J Geogr,2009,118:156-174
23Matsumoto R.Methane plumes over a marine gas hydrate system in the eastern margin of Japan Sea:A possible mechanism for the transportation of subsurface methane to shallow waters.In:5th International Conference on Gas Hydrates2005(ICGH2005).New York:Curran Associates Inc,2009.1051
24Charloua J L,Donvala J P,Zitterd T.Evidence of methane venting and geochemistry of brines on mud volcanoes of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.Deep-Sea Res I,2003,50:941-958
25Garcia-Gil S,Vilas F,Garcia-Garcia A.Shallow gas features in incised-valley fills(Ría de Vigo,NW Spain):A case study.Cont Shelf Res,2002,22:2303-2315
26Kruglyakova R,Gubanov Y,Kruglyakov V,et al.Assessment of technogenic and natural hydrocarbon supply into the Black Sea and seabed sediments.Cont Shelf Res,2002,22:2395-2407
27栾锡武,赵克斌,Obzhirov A,等.鄂霍次克海浅表层天然气水合物的勘查识别和基本特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38:99-107
28顾兆峰,刘怀山,张志珣.浅层气逸出到海水中的气泡声学探测方法.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2008,28:129-135
29顾兆峰,刘怀山,张志珣.南黄海西部地区浅层气地震特征.海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26:65-74
30栾锡武,秦蕴珊.冲绳海槽宫古段西部槽底海底气泉的发现.科学通报,2005,50:802-810
31姚文苇.气-液两相介质内声传播的研究.硕士学位论文,西安:陕西师范大学,2006.11-40
32李灿苹,刘学伟,杨丽,等.气泡半径和含量对含气泡海水声波速度的影响.现代地质,2010,24:528-533
33Ikele L T,Yung S K,Daube F.2-D random media with ellipsoidal autocorrelation functions.Geophysics,1993,58:1359-1372
34奚先,姚姚.非平稳随机介质模型.石油地球物理勘探,2005,40:71-75
35奚先,姚姚.二维随机介质及波动方程正演模拟.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36:546-552
36Korn M.Seismic wave in random media.J Appl Geophys,1993,29:247-269
37李灿苹,刘学伟,李敏峰,等.非均匀地质体的散射波特征初探.石油物探,2006,45:134-140
38Li C P,Liu X W.Study on the scales of heterogeneous geologic bodies in random media.Appl Geophys,2011,8:363-369
39张永刚.地震波场数值模拟方法.石油物探,2003,42:143-148
40柯式镇.井壁电成像测井全三维数值模拟与裂缝评价模型.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38(增刊Ⅰ):150-153
41罗晓容,喻建,张发强,等.二次运移数学模型及其在鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长8段石油运移研究中的应用.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(增刊Ⅰ):73-82
42Kelly K R,Ward R W,Treitel S,et al.Synthetic seismograms a finite-difference approach.Geophysics,1976,41:2-27
43张会星,何兵寿,宁书年.双相介质中纵波方程的高阶有限差分解法.物探与化探,2004,28:307-309,313
44孙卫涛,杨慧珠.双相各向异性介质弹性波场有限差分正演模拟.固体力学学报,2004,25:21-28
45赵俊猛,王清晨,段永红,等.天山造山带基底结构的有限差分研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(增刊1):13-18
46王秀明,张海澜,王东.利用高阶交错网格有限差分法模拟地震波在非均匀孔隙介质中的传播.地球物理学报,2003,46:842-849
47尹军杰.地震散射波场特征的数值模拟研究.博士学位论文.北京:中国地质大学(北京),2005.23-129
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