应用高精度GPS系统对四川丹巴哑喀则滑坡进行监测及稳定性分析
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摘要
位于四川省丹巴县梭坡乡的哑喀则滑坡是一大型松散土质边坡。鉴于该滑坡的严重变形和可能失稳造成严重灾害后果,所以选择进行高精度GPS监测。并且阐述了应用GPS监测滑坡时对监测点位选择、数据处理等方法。2007年至今的GPS监测结果显示主滑坡体上监测点平均位移速率达每年0.6～0.9m,表明该滑坡变形严重。结合地表裂缝和植被等地表特征,发现降雨量和坡脚大渡河的冲刷、浸泡对滑坡今后的发育趋势有着决定作用,建议加强监测做好预警预报工作。本文还特别指出在监测期内监测到的地震(2008年5月12日)和人类工程活动对滑坡造成的影响。
Yakaze landslide is a large unconsolidated soil slope,located in Danba County,Sichuan.The landslide has serious deformation and its possible instability can cause serious disaster consequences.The highly precise GPS monitoring is selected for the landslide.This paper explains the application of GPS monitoring to the selection of landslide points,and data processing methods.Over a long series of GPS monitoring from 2007,it is concluded that this landslide has deformed seriously.The total shift rate of the points on the main body of landslide is 0.6 ～ 0.9m per year.On the other hand,site survey results show the surface fissures and sere vegetation at the same time, which Indicates that the landslide deformation is serious.The GPS monitoring result is combined with the surface features(i.e.,the surface fissure and the sere vegetation).It is found that rainfall and the river erosion and scour of the Daduhe river determine the activity of the landslide,the serious deformation of the landslide and the serious geologic hazards.Preventive measures are proposed as well.It is suggested to strengthen the monitoring and early warning forecast work.This paper also points out that during the monitoring period,the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12,2008 and human engineering activities were monitored on the impact of landslide.
Yakaze landslide is a large unconsolidated soil slope,located in Danba County,Sichuan.The landslide has serious deformation and its possible instability can cause serious disaster consequences.The highly precise GPS monitoring is selected for the landslide.This paper explains the application of GPS monitoring to the selection of landslide points,and data processing methods.Over a long series of GPS monitoring from 2007,it is concluded that this landslide has deformed seriously.The total shift rate of the points on the main body of landslide is 0.6 ～ 0.9m per year.On the other hand,site survey results show the surface fissures and sere vegetation at the same time, which Indicates that the landslide deformation is serious.The GPS monitoring result is combined with the surface features(i.e.,the surface fissure and the sere vegetation).It is found that rainfall and the river erosion and scour of the Daduhe river determine the activity of the landslide,the serious deformation of the landslide and the serious geologic hazards.Preventive measures are proposed as well.It is suggested to strengthen the monitoring and early warning forecast work.This paper also points out that during the monitoring period,the effects of Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12,2008 and human engineering activities were monitored on the impact of landslide.
引文
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[7]马力,曾祥平,向波.重庆市山体滑坡发生的降水条件分析[J].山地学报,2002,20(2):246～249.Ma Li,Zeng Xiangping,Xiang Bo.Relationship between theslope slides and precipitation in Chongqing.Journal of MountainScience,2002,20(2):246～249.
[8]Brunetti MT,Peruccacci S,Rossi M.Rainfall thresholds for thepossible occurrence of landslides in Italy[J].Natural Hazards andEarth System Sciences,2010,10:447～458.
[9]Dahal Ranjan Kumar,Hasegawa Shuichi.Representative rainfallthresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya[J].Geomorpholo-gy,2008,100:429～443.
[10]Guzzetti1 F,Peruccacci1 S,Rossi1 M.Rainfall thresholds for theinitiation of landslides in central and southern Europe[J].Mete-orology and Atmospheric Physics,2007,98(3/4):239～267.
[11]Godt Jonathan W,Baum Rex L,Chleborad Alan F.Rainfall char-acteristics for shallow land sliding in Seattle,Washington,USA[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31:97～110.
[12]Pietro Aleotti.A warning system for rainfall-induced shallow fail-ures[J].Engineering Geology,2004,73(3～4):247～265.
[13]Yin Yueping,Zheng Wanmo,Liu Yuping,Zhang Jianlong,LiXiaochun.Integration of GPS with InSAR to monitoring of theJiaju landslide in Sichuan[J].China.Landslides,2010,7:359～365.
[14]张勤.GPS监测滑坡形变的基准研究[J].西安工程学院学报,2001,23(4):69～71.Zhang Qin.The datum research of the slope deformation monitorby GPS.Journal of Xi'an Engineering University,2001,23(4):69～71.
[15]李天文,吴琳,李家权.GPS技术在滑坡监测中的应用[J].山地学报,2004,22(6):713～718.Li Tianwen,Wu Lin,Li Jiaquan.Application of GPS technic inlandslide survey.Journal of Mountain Science,2004,22(6):713～718.
[16]谢晓佳,杜建军.用GPS技术进行滑坡监测中的数据采集及控制[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(3):110～113.Xie Xiaojia,Du Jianjun.Data collection and control discuss ofGPS technique and its application in landslides monitoring.Jour-nal of Chongqing University(Nature Science Edition),2005,28(3):110～113.
[17]宋迎春.利用GPS进行边坡滑坡监测的数学模型[J].湘潭大学自然科学学报,2006,28(1):105～111.Song Yingchun.Mathematical model on landslide monitoringthrough GPS.Natural Science Journal of Xiangtan University,2006,28(1):105～111.
[18]过静君,杨久龙.GPS在滑坡监测中的应用研究——以四川雅安峡口滑坡为例[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(1):65～70.Guo Jingjun,Yang Jiulong.Gps application in landslide monito-ring——A case study of the Xiakou landslide,Yapan,Sichuan.Journal of Geomechanics,2004,10(1):65～70.
[19]曾旭平.GPS滑坡高程监测的数据处理问题[J].武汉大学学报.信息科学版,2004,29(3):201～204.Zeng Xuping.Gps data processing of landslide vertical deforma-tion monitoring.Journal of Wuhan University(Geomatics and In-formation Science),2004,29(3):201～204.
[20]徐绍铨,李英冰.GPS用于滑坡监测的试验与研究[J].全球定位系统,2003,1:1～8.Xu Shaoquan,Li Yingbing.The test and study on coast safty mo-nitoring by GPS.CNSN World of China,2003,1:1～8.
[21]薛志宏,卫建东.GPS在雅砻江卡拉电站滑坡监测中的应用[J].测绘工程,2007,16(2):65～68.Xue Zhihong,Wei Jiandong.The landslide monitoring using GPSin Kala reservoir area.Engineering of Surveying and Mapping,2007,16(2):65～68.
[22]赵超英,张勤,王利.GPS高差在滑坡监测中的应用研究[J].测绘通报,2005,1:35～41.Zhao Chaoying,Zhang Qin,Wang Li.The application researchof GPS height difference in landslip monitoring.Bulletin of Sur-veying and Mapping,2005,1:35～41.
[23]范青松,汤翠莲,陈于,等.GPS与InSAR技术在滑坡监测中的应用研究[J].测绘科学,2006,31(5):60～62.Fan Qingsong,Tang Cuilian,Chen Yu,et al.Application s ofGPS and InSAR in monitoring of landslide studies.Science ofSurveying and Mapping,2006,31(5):60～62.
[24]冉小燕,周蓉生,马英杰.基于GPS滑坡监测系统的软件设计[J].物探化探计算技术,2007,29(1):62～67.Ran Xiaoyan,Zhou Rongsheng,Ma Yingjie.The design of land-slide monitoring system software based on GPS.Computing Tech-niques for Geophysical and Geochemical,2007,29(1):62～67.
[25]黄润秋,等.汶川地震地质灾害研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Huang Runqiu,et al.Geohazard Assessment of the WenchuanEarthquake.Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[26]张清志,郑万模,刘宇平,等.GPS在滑坡监测中的应用——以四川省丹巴县哑喀则滑坡为例[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2010,30(1):109～112.Zhang Qingzhi,Zheng Wanmo,Liu Yuping,et al.An applica-tion of GPS monitoring:A case study of the Yakaze landslide inSuopo village,Danba,Sichuan.Sedimentary Geology and Tethy-an Geology,2010,30(1):109～112.
[27]张清志,陈智粱,刘宇平.GPS测量误差分析[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2002,22(3):100～106.Zhang Qingzhi,Chen Zhiliang,Liu Yuping.The error analysis inGPS measurements.Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,2002,22(3):100～106.
[2]Yin Yueping,Wang Hongde,Gao Youlong,Li Xiaochun.Real-time monitoring and early warning of landslides at relocated Wush-an town,the Three Gorges Reservoir,China[J].Landslides,2010,7:339～349.
[3]李长江,麻土华,孙乐玲.降雨型滑坡预报中计算前期有效降雨量的一种新方法[J].山地学报,2011,29(1):81～86.Li Changjiang,Ma Tuhua,Sun Leling,et al.A new approach tocalibrate antecedent precipitation for rainfull-triggering landslideforecast.Journal of Mountain Science,2011,29(1):81～86.
[4]李明,杜继稳,高维英.陕北黄土高原区地质灾害与降水关系[J].干旱区研究,2009,26(4):599～605.Li Ming,Du Jiwen,Gao Weiying.Study on the relationship be-tween geological disasters and precipitation in the loess plateau innorth Shaanxi province.Arid Zone Research,2009,26(4):599～605.
[5]李铁锋,丛威青.基于Logistic回归及前期有效雨量的降雨诱发型滑坡预测方法[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2006,17(1):33～35.Li Tiefeng,Cong Weiqing.A method for rainfall-induced land-slides prediction based on Logistic regression and effective anteced-ent rainfall.The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Cou-trol,2006,17(1):33～35.
[6]乔建平,杨宗佶,田宏岭.降雨滑坡预警的概率分析方法[J].工程地质学报,2009,17(3):343～348.Qiao Jianping,Yang Zongji,Tian Honglin.Probability analysisbased method for rainfall-induced landslide warning.Journal ofEngineering Geology,2009,17(3):343～348.
[7]马力,曾祥平,向波.重庆市山体滑坡发生的降水条件分析[J].山地学报,2002,20(2):246～249.Ma Li,Zeng Xiangping,Xiang Bo.Relationship between theslope slides and precipitation in Chongqing.Journal of MountainScience,2002,20(2):246～249.
[8]Brunetti MT,Peruccacci S,Rossi M.Rainfall thresholds for thepossible occurrence of landslides in Italy[J].Natural Hazards andEarth System Sciences,2010,10:447～458.
[9]Dahal Ranjan Kumar,Hasegawa Shuichi.Representative rainfallthresholds for landslides in the Nepal Himalaya[J].Geomorpholo-gy,2008,100:429～443.
[10]Guzzetti1 F,Peruccacci1 S,Rossi1 M.Rainfall thresholds for theinitiation of landslides in central and southern Europe[J].Mete-orology and Atmospheric Physics,2007,98(3/4):239～267.
[11]Godt Jonathan W,Baum Rex L,Chleborad Alan F.Rainfall char-acteristics for shallow land sliding in Seattle,Washington,USA[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2006,31:97～110.
[12]Pietro Aleotti.A warning system for rainfall-induced shallow fail-ures[J].Engineering Geology,2004,73(3～4):247～265.
[13]Yin Yueping,Zheng Wanmo,Liu Yuping,Zhang Jianlong,LiXiaochun.Integration of GPS with InSAR to monitoring of theJiaju landslide in Sichuan[J].China.Landslides,2010,7:359～365.
[14]张勤.GPS监测滑坡形变的基准研究[J].西安工程学院学报,2001,23(4):69～71.Zhang Qin.The datum research of the slope deformation monitorby GPS.Journal of Xi'an Engineering University,2001,23(4):69～71.
[15]李天文,吴琳,李家权.GPS技术在滑坡监测中的应用[J].山地学报,2004,22(6):713～718.Li Tianwen,Wu Lin,Li Jiaquan.Application of GPS technic inlandslide survey.Journal of Mountain Science,2004,22(6):713～718.
[16]谢晓佳,杜建军.用GPS技术进行滑坡监测中的数据采集及控制[J].重庆大学学报(自然科学版),2005,28(3):110～113.Xie Xiaojia,Du Jianjun.Data collection and control discuss ofGPS technique and its application in landslides monitoring.Jour-nal of Chongqing University(Nature Science Edition),2005,28(3):110～113.
[17]宋迎春.利用GPS进行边坡滑坡监测的数学模型[J].湘潭大学自然科学学报,2006,28(1):105～111.Song Yingchun.Mathematical model on landslide monitoringthrough GPS.Natural Science Journal of Xiangtan University,2006,28(1):105～111.
[18]过静君,杨久龙.GPS在滑坡监测中的应用研究——以四川雅安峡口滑坡为例[J].地质力学学报,2004,10(1):65～70.Guo Jingjun,Yang Jiulong.Gps application in landslide monito-ring——A case study of the Xiakou landslide,Yapan,Sichuan.Journal of Geomechanics,2004,10(1):65～70.
[19]曾旭平.GPS滑坡高程监测的数据处理问题[J].武汉大学学报.信息科学版,2004,29(3):201～204.Zeng Xuping.Gps data processing of landslide vertical deforma-tion monitoring.Journal of Wuhan University(Geomatics and In-formation Science),2004,29(3):201～204.
[20]徐绍铨,李英冰.GPS用于滑坡监测的试验与研究[J].全球定位系统,2003,1:1～8.Xu Shaoquan,Li Yingbing.The test and study on coast safty mo-nitoring by GPS.CNSN World of China,2003,1:1～8.
[21]薛志宏,卫建东.GPS在雅砻江卡拉电站滑坡监测中的应用[J].测绘工程,2007,16(2):65～68.Xue Zhihong,Wei Jiandong.The landslide monitoring using GPSin Kala reservoir area.Engineering of Surveying and Mapping,2007,16(2):65～68.
[22]赵超英,张勤,王利.GPS高差在滑坡监测中的应用研究[J].测绘通报,2005,1:35～41.Zhao Chaoying,Zhang Qin,Wang Li.The application researchof GPS height difference in landslip monitoring.Bulletin of Sur-veying and Mapping,2005,1:35～41.
[23]范青松,汤翠莲,陈于,等.GPS与InSAR技术在滑坡监测中的应用研究[J].测绘科学,2006,31(5):60～62.Fan Qingsong,Tang Cuilian,Chen Yu,et al.Application s ofGPS and InSAR in monitoring of landslide studies.Science ofSurveying and Mapping,2006,31(5):60～62.
[24]冉小燕,周蓉生,马英杰.基于GPS滑坡监测系统的软件设计[J].物探化探计算技术,2007,29(1):62～67.Ran Xiaoyan,Zhou Rongsheng,Ma Yingjie.The design of land-slide monitoring system software based on GPS.Computing Tech-niques for Geophysical and Geochemical,2007,29(1):62～67.
[25]黄润秋,等.汶川地震地质灾害研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.Huang Runqiu,et al.Geohazard Assessment of the WenchuanEarthquake.Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[26]张清志,郑万模,刘宇平,等.GPS在滑坡监测中的应用——以四川省丹巴县哑喀则滑坡为例[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2010,30(1):109～112.Zhang Qingzhi,Zheng Wanmo,Liu Yuping,et al.An applica-tion of GPS monitoring:A case study of the Yakaze landslide inSuopo village,Danba,Sichuan.Sedimentary Geology and Tethy-an Geology,2010,30(1):109～112.
[27]张清志,陈智粱,刘宇平.GPS测量误差分析[J].沉积与特提斯地质,2002,22(3):100～106.Zhang Qingzhi,Chen Zhiliang,Liu Yuping.The error analysis inGPS measurements.Sedimentary Geology and Tethyan Geology,2002,22(3):100～106.
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