2010年青海玉树M_S 7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析
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摘要
通过对SPOT卫星影像上地表破裂的目视解译,以及对ALOS PALSAR卫星数据进行D-InSAR形变提取和分析,结合地震活动性、震源机制、活动构造等资料,确定了发震断层空间分布、断层性质和同震形变场分布特征.结果显示,玉树地震发生在甘孜玉树断裂带上,总体走向约为300°,断层近乎直立.根据相干性强弱将Ⅰ区地表破裂划分为三段:北段长22 km,中段长5 km,南段长6 km,破裂带总长度约33 km.Ⅱ区内非相干带长约10 km.同震形变场分布在78 km×55 km范围内,主震所在的形变Ⅰ区断层两侧视线向相对位错约为0.78 m,转换成水平位错约为1.5 m;余震所在的Ⅱ区形变相对较小.
The surface rupture of the Yushu M_S7.1 earthquake was identified through visual interpretation of SPOT images and the coseismic deformation was extracted with differential interferometric SAR using the ALOS PALSAR data.Based on the above results,combining with seismic activity,focal mechanism,active tectonics as well,the complexity of the causative ruptures,the faulting characteristics and the distribution of coseismic deformation were finally determined.The results showed that the Yushu earthquake occurred on the nearly vertical Garze-Yushu fault,which has an average strike of about 300°.According to the property of SAR coherence data,the surface rupture of zone Ⅰ extends for about 33 km totally and can be divided into three segments,that is,the northern,middle,and southern segment of length 22 km, 5 km,and 6 km,respectively.There is an incoherence strip about 10 km long in zone Ⅱ.The relative dislocation on both sides of the fault is about 0.78 m in the line of sight direction in the rupture zone Ⅰ,corresponding to about 1.5 m horizontal movement.The value of displacement in the zone Ⅱ is smaller in contrast with the displacement value of zone Ⅰ.
The surface rupture of the Yushu M_S7.1 earthquake was identified through visual interpretation of SPOT images and the coseismic deformation was extracted with differential interferometric SAR using the ALOS PALSAR data.Based on the above results,combining with seismic activity,focal mechanism,active tectonics as well,the complexity of the causative ruptures,the faulting characteristics and the distribution of coseismic deformation were finally determined.The results showed that the Yushu earthquake occurred on the nearly vertical Garze-Yushu fault,which has an average strike of about 300°.According to the property of SAR coherence data,the surface rupture of zone Ⅰ extends for about 33 km totally and can be divided into three segments,that is,the northern,middle,and southern segment of length 22 km, 5 km,and 6 km,respectively.There is an incoherence strip about 10 km long in zone Ⅱ.The relative dislocation on both sides of the fault is about 0.78 m in the line of sight direction in the rupture zone Ⅰ,corresponding to about 1.5 m horizontal movement.The value of displacement in the zone Ⅱ is smaller in contrast with the displacement value of zone Ⅰ.
引文
1 http://10． 3． 210． 3/ html/8a834a81158a15aa01158a1bbbd40003/ _content/10_04/26/1272249728202． html
2) http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/data_tekyo_setsumei/pod_missing_e.html
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[2] 周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星等.甘孜玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计.地震地质,1997,19(2) :115～124 Zhou R J,Wen X Z,Cai C X,et al.Recent earthquake and assessment of seismic tendency on the Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),1997,19(2) :115～124
[3] 彭华,马秀敏,白嘉启等.甘孜-玉树断裂带第四纪活动特征.地质力学学报,2006,12(3) :295～304 Peng H,Ma X M,Bai J Q,et al.Characteristic of quaternary activities of the Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Journal of Geomechanics (in Chinese) ,2006,12(3) :295～304
[4] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.Science in China(Series D) (in Chinese),2003 ,33(Suppl.) :12～20
[5] 唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993 Tang R C,Han W B.The Active Faults and Earthquakes in Sichuan Province (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
[6] 乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林.川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(5) :805～811 Qiao X J,Wang Q,Du R L.Characteristics of current crustal deformation of active blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2004,47(5) :805～811
[7] 闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章等.甘孜 玉树断裂的平均滑动速率与近代大地震破裂.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):200～208 Wen X Z,Xu X W,Zheng R Z,et al.The average slip rate and the surface rapture of recent earthquakes Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese) ,2003 ,33(Suppl.):200～208
[8] 张培震,王琪,马宗晋.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场.地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2002,9(2) :442～450 Zhang P Z,Wang Q,Ma Z J.GPS velocity field and active crustal deformation in and around the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Earth Science Frontiers (China University of Geosciences,Beijing) (in Chinese) ,2002,9(2) :442～450
[9] Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2007 ,112,B08416,doi;10． 1029/2005JB004120
[10] Massonnet D,Rossi M,Cesar C,et al.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry.Nature,1993,364(6433) :138～141
[11] Peltzer G,Crampe F,King G.Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the M_w7． 6 Mani (Tibet)earthquake.Science,1999,286:272～276
[12] 马 超,单新建.昆仑山M_s8． 1地震震源参数的多破裂段模拟研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :428～437 Ma C,Shan X J.A multi-segment analytic modeling of hypocentral geometric characteristic parameters of the M_s8． 1 earthquake at the Kunlun Mountains.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2) :428～437
[13] 单新建,马 瑾,王长林等.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学D辑,2002,32(10) :837～844 Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Obtain focal parameters of Mani earthquake using ground deformation field by spaceborne D-InSAR.Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese),2002,32 (10) :837～844
[14] 孙建宝,石耀霖,沈正康等.基于线弹性模型反演1997年西藏玛尼M_w7． 5级地震的干涉雷达同震形变场--Ⅰ均匀滑动反演.地球物理学报,2007,50(4) :1097～1110 Sun J B,Shi Y L,Shen Z K,et al.Parameter inversion of the 1997 Mani earthquake from INSAR co-seismic deformation field based on linear elastic dislocation model-1． Uniform slip inversion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4) :1097～1110
[15] Funning G J,Parsons B,Wright T J.Fault slip in the 1997 Mani,Tibet earthquake from linear elastic modelling of InSAR displacements.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169:988～1008
[16] 陈立春,王虎,冉勇康等.玉树M_s7． 1级地震地表破裂与历史大地震.科学通报,2010,50(13) :1200～1205 Chen L C,Wang H,Ran Y K,et al.The M_s7． 1 Yushu earthquake surface ruptures and historical earthquakes.ChineseSci.Bull.(in Chinese) ,2010,50(13) :1200～1205
2) http://www.eorc.jaxa.jp/en/hatoyama/satellite/data_tekyo_setsumei/pod_missing_e.html
[1] 闻学泽,黄圣睦,江在雄等.甘孜玉树断裂带新构造运动特征与地震危险性估计.地震地质,1985,7(3) :23～34 Wen X Z,Huang S M,Jiang Z X,et al.The characteristic of the neotectonic movement and the seismicity risk estimated on the Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),1985,7(3) :23～34
[2] 周荣军,闻学泽,蔡长星等.甘孜玉树断裂带的近代地震与未来地震趋势估计.地震地质,1997,19(2) :115～124 Zhou R J,Wen X Z,Cai C X,et al.Recent earthquake and assessment of seismic tendency on the Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Seismology and Geology (in Chinese),1997,19(2) :115～124
[3] 彭华,马秀敏,白嘉启等.甘孜-玉树断裂带第四纪活动特征.地质力学学报,2006,12(3) :295～304 Peng H,Ma X M,Bai J Q,et al.Characteristic of quaternary activities of the Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Journal of Geomechanics (in Chinese) ,2006,12(3) :295～304
[4] 张培震,邓起东,张国民等.中国大陆的强震活动与活动地块.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):12～20 Zhang P Z,Deng Q D,Zhang G M,et al.Active tectonic blocks and strong earthquakes in the continent of China.Science in China(Series D) (in Chinese),2003 ,33(Suppl.) :12～20
[5] 唐荣昌,韩渭宾.四川活动断裂与地震.北京:地震出版社,1993 Tang R C,Han W B.The Active Faults and Earthquakes in Sichuan Province (in Chinese).Beijing:Seismological Press,1993
[6] 乔学军,王琪,杜瑞林.川滇地区活动地块现今地壳形变特征.地球物理学报,2004,47(5) :805～811 Qiao X J,Wang Q,Du R L.Characteristics of current crustal deformation of active blocks in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese) ,2004,47(5) :805～811
[7] 闻学泽,徐锡伟,郑荣章等.甘孜 玉树断裂的平均滑动速率与近代大地震破裂.中国科学(D辑),2003,33(增):200～208 Wen X Z,Xu X W,Zheng R Z,et al.The average slip rate and the surface rapture of recent earthquakes Ganzi-Yushu fault zone.Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese) ,2003 ,33(Suppl.):200～208
[8] 张培震,王琪,马宗晋.青藏高原现今构造变形特征与GPS速度场.地学前缘(中国地质大学,北京),2002,9(2) :442～450 Zhang P Z,Wang Q,Ma Z J.GPS velocity field and active crustal deformation in and around the Qinghai-Tibet plateau.Earth Science Frontiers (China University of Geosciences,Beijing) (in Chinese) ,2002,9(2) :442～450
[9] Gan W J,Zhang P Z,Shen Z K,et al.Present-day crustal motion within the Tibetan Plateau inferred from GPS measurements.Journal of Geophysical Research ,2007 ,112,B08416,doi;10． 1029/2005JB004120
[10] Massonnet D,Rossi M,Cesar C,et al.The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry.Nature,1993,364(6433) :138～141
[11] Peltzer G,Crampe F,King G.Evidence of nonlinear elasticity of the crust from the M_w7． 6 Mani (Tibet)earthquake.Science,1999,286:272～276
[12] 马 超,单新建.昆仑山M_s8． 1地震震源参数的多破裂段模拟研究.地球物理学报,2006,49(2) :428～437 Ma C,Shan X J.A multi-segment analytic modeling of hypocentral geometric characteristic parameters of the M_s8． 1 earthquake at the Kunlun Mountains.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2006,49(2) :428～437
[13] 单新建,马 瑾,王长林等.利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数.中国科学D辑,2002,32(10) :837～844 Shan X J,Ma J,Wang C L,et al.Obtain focal parameters of Mani earthquake using ground deformation field by spaceborne D-InSAR.Science in China (Series D) (in Chinese),2002,32 (10) :837～844
[14] 孙建宝,石耀霖,沈正康等.基于线弹性模型反演1997年西藏玛尼M_w7． 5级地震的干涉雷达同震形变场--Ⅰ均匀滑动反演.地球物理学报,2007,50(4) :1097～1110 Sun J B,Shi Y L,Shen Z K,et al.Parameter inversion of the 1997 Mani earthquake from INSAR co-seismic deformation field based on linear elastic dislocation model-1． Uniform slip inversion.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(4) :1097～1110
[15] Funning G J,Parsons B,Wright T J.Fault slip in the 1997 Mani,Tibet earthquake from linear elastic modelling of InSAR displacements.Geophys.J.Int.,2007,169:988～1008
[16] 陈立春,王虎,冉勇康等.玉树M_s7． 1级地震地表破裂与历史大地震.科学通报,2010,50(13) :1200～1205 Chen L C,Wang H,Ran Y K,et al.The M_s7． 1 Yushu earthquake surface ruptures and historical earthquakes.ChineseSci.Bull.(in Chinese) ,2010,50(13) :1200～1205
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