储层裂缝表征及预测研究进展
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摘要
全面、准确对致密储层的裂缝网络进行定量表征及预测影响着裂缝性油气田的高效开发。在系统调研国内外裂缝研究成果且详细对比分析的基础上,从地质分析、测井识别、构造曲率法及应力场模拟、地震裂缝检测、非线性理论方法等着手,总结出了储层裂缝表征及预测研究的进展。研究表明,根据成因将储层裂缝划分为构造裂缝和非构造裂缝两大类,构造缝包括区域性裂缝、局部构造缝和复合型构造缝,局部构造缝指与断层和褶皱相关的裂缝;非构造缝主要分为收缩缝和与表面有关的裂缝两大类及9个亚类,裂缝类型不同,其特征及成因机理也不同。采用地质分析与测井解释相结合,建立露头、岩心与测井的识别模式对裂缝进行准确识别。利用地质、测井和构造应力等资料,建立数学模型,对裂缝参数进行定量计算。详细阐述并分析了多种裂缝预测方法的优缺点,最终指明了储层裂缝研究的不足与发展方向。
It is very important for exploration and development of oil and gas to comprehensively and accurately and quantitatively describe and predict fracture.Base on the basis of the literature investigation of fractures research findings around the world,from geological analysis,log fracture identification,curvature method,tectonic stress simulation,seismic fracture prediction and so on,the progress of fracture characterization and prediction are summarized.It is shown that the reservoir fractures can be classified into two types,including structural and non-structural fracture according to their origin.The structural fracture includes regional fracture,local fracture and complex structural fracture,in which the local structural fracture is related to fracture of fault and fold.The non-structural fracture can be classified into contraction fracture and related fracture of surface,which have 12 sub-types.Every type of fractures has different characteristics and origin.The main identification of fracture is combination of geological analysis and log interpretation,and then pattern recognition of outcrop,core and well logging will be established.Also quantitative calculation method for fracture is proposed using geological,logging and tectonic stress data.With the aid of those bases,the advantage and disadvantage of methods for detection and prediction of the fracture distribution are discussed.Finally the shortcoming and development of fracture research are pointed out.
It is very important for exploration and development of oil and gas to comprehensively and accurately and quantitatively describe and predict fracture.Base on the basis of the literature investigation of fractures research findings around the world,from geological analysis,log fracture identification,curvature method,tectonic stress simulation,seismic fracture prediction and so on,the progress of fracture characterization and prediction are summarized.It is shown that the reservoir fractures can be classified into two types,including structural and non-structural fracture according to their origin.The structural fracture includes regional fracture,local fracture and complex structural fracture,in which the local structural fracture is related to fracture of fault and fold.The non-structural fracture can be classified into contraction fracture and related fracture of surface,which have 12 sub-types.Every type of fractures has different characteristics and origin.The main identification of fracture is combination of geological analysis and log interpretation,and then pattern recognition of outcrop,core and well logging will be established.Also quantitative calculation method for fracture is proposed using geological,logging and tectonic stress data.With the aid of those bases,the advantage and disadvantage of methods for detection and prediction of the fracture distribution are discussed.Finally the shortcoming and development of fracture research are pointed out.
引文
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[5]罗贞耀.用侧向资料计算裂缝张开度的初步研究[J].地球物理测井,1990,14(2):83-92.Luo Zhenyao.Well Logging Technology,1990,14(2):83-92.
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[9]曾联波,李跃纲,张贵斌,等.川西南部上三叠统须二段低渗透砂岩储层裂缝分布的控制因素[J].中国地质,2007,34(4):622-627.Zeng Lianbo,Li Yuegang,Zhang Guibin,et al.Geology in China,2007,34(4):622-627.
[10]郭璇,钟建华,徐小林,等.非构造裂缝的发育特征及成因机制[J].中国石油大学学报,2004,28(2):6-11.Guo Xuan,Zhong Jianhua,Xu Xiaolin,et al.Journal of China University of Petroleum,China,2004,28(2):6-11.
[11]秦启荣,苏培东.构造裂缝类型划分与预测[J].天然气工业,2006,26(10):33-36.Qin Qirong,Su Peidong.Natural Gas Industry,2006,26(10):33-36.
[12]曾联波,李忠兴,史成恩,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝特征及成因[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):174-179.Zeng Lianbo,Li Zhongxing,Shi Cheng'en,et al.Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(2):174-179.
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[15]赵俊峰,纪友亮,陈汉林,等.电成像测井在东濮凹陷裂缝性砂岩储层评价中的应用[J].石油与天然气地质,2008,29(3):383-390.Zhao Junfeng,Ji Youliang,Chen Hanlin,et al.Oil&Gas Geology,2008,29(3):383-390.
[16]Bergosh J L,Lord G D.New developments in the analysis of cores from naturally fractured reservoirs[C].SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,Dallas,Texas,US,September27-30,1987.
[17]Hicks T W,Pine R J,Richards J W,et al.A hydro-thermo-mechanical numerical model for HDR geothermal reservoir evaluation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics,1996,33(5):499-511.
[18]Luthi S M,Souhaite P.Fracture apertures from electrical borehole scans[J].Geophysics,1990,55(3):821-833.
[19]季宗镇,戴俊生,汪必峰.地应力与构造裂缝参数间的定量关系[J].石油学报,2010,31(1):68-72.Ji Zongzhen,Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng.Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(1):68-72.
[20]季宗镇,戴俊生,汪必峰,等.构造裂缝多参数定量计算模型[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2010,34(1):24-28.Ji Zongzhen,Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng,et al.Journal of China University of Petroleum:Natural Science Edition,2010,34(1):24-28.
[21]Ozkaya S I.QUADRO—A program to estimate principal curvatures of folds[J].Computers and Geosciences,2002,28(4):467-472.
[22]Murray G H.Quantitative fracture study,spanish poll,McKenzie County,North Dakota[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists,1968,52(1):57-65.
[23]沈国华.有限元数值模拟方法在构造裂缝预测中的应用[J].油气地质与采收率,2008,15(4):24-26,29.Shen Guohua.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2008,15(4):24-26,29.
[24]Dai J S,Meng Z P.Numerical simulation of Palaeozoic tectonicstress field in the Chengdao area[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,1999,8(2):223-232.
[25]刘振峰,曲寿利,孙建国,等.地震裂缝预测技术研究进展[J].石油物探,2012,51(2):191-198.Liu Zhenfeng,Qu Shouli,Sun Jianguo,et al.Geophysical Prospeting for Petroleum,2012,51(2):191-198.
[26]Chen Q,Sidney S.Seismic attribute technology for reservoir forecasting and monitoring[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(5):445-448.
[27]毕研斌,龙胜祥,郭彤楼,等.地震方位各向异性技术在TNB地区嘉二段储层裂缝检测中的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(2):190-195.Bi Yanbin,Long Shengxiang,Guo Tonglou,et al.Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(2):190-195.
[28]Ata E,Michelena R J.Mapping distribution of fractures in a reservoir with P-S converted waves[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(6):664-676.
[29]Grechka V,Kachanov M.Seismic characterization of multiple fracture sets:Dose orthotropy suffice?[J].Geophysics,2006,71(3):D93-D105.
[30]王自明,宋文杰,戴勇,等.利用分形模拟建立裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层渗透率变异函数[J].天然气工业,2007,27(11):73-75.Wang Ziming,Song Wenjie,Dai Yong,et al.Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(11):73-75.
[31]侯贵廷.裂缝的分形分析方法[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,1994(2):301-306.Hou Guiting.Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,1994(2):301306.
[32]杜小武,尚海燕.分形插值方法在地层裂缝预测中的应用[J].西安电子科技大学学报,1998,25(2):174-176.Du Xiaowu,Shang Haiyan.Joural of Xidian University,1998,25(2):174-176.
[33]宫清华,黄光庆.基于人工神经元网络的滑坡稳定性预测评价[J].灾害学,2009,24(3):61-65.Gong Qinghua,Huang Guangqing.Journal of Catastrophology,2009,24(3):61-65.
[34]李琼,李正文,魏野.同铁构造嘉陵江组储层裂缝非线性预测与分析研究[J].矿物岩石,2004,24(2):78-81.Li Qiong,Li Zhengwen,Wei Ye.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2004,24(2):78-81.
[35]Warlick D.Gas shale and CBM development in North America[J].Oiland Gas Financial Journal,2006,3(11):1-5.
[36]Bowker K A.Bamettshale gasproduction,FortWorth Basin:Issues and discussion[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):523-533.
[37]丁文龙,许长春,久凯,等.泥页岩裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(2):135-144.Ding Wenlong,Xu Changchun,Jiu Kai,et al.Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(2):135-144.
[38]李小刚,徐国强,韩剑发,等.断层裂缝定量描述技术在塔中X井区良里塔格组裂缝研究中的应用[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2012,42(2):344-352.Li Xiaogang,Xu Guoqiang,Han Jianfa,et al.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2012,42(2):344-352.
[2]苏培东,秦启荣,黄润秋.储层裂缝预测研究现状与展望[J].西南石油大学学报,2005,27(5):14-18.Su Peidong,Qin Qirong,Huang Runqiu.Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute,2005,27(5):14-18.
[3]Van Golf-Racht T D.Fundamentals of fractured reservoir engineering[M].New York:Elsevier Scientific,1982.
[4]Fossen H,Gabrielsen R H.Experimental modeling of extensional fault systems by use of plaster[J].Journal of Structural Geology,1996,18(5):673-687.
[5]罗贞耀.用侧向资料计算裂缝张开度的初步研究[J].地球物理测井,1990,14(2):83-92.Luo Zhenyao.Well Logging Technology,1990,14(2):83-92.
[6]戴俊生,汪必峰.综合方法识别和预测储层裂缝[J].油气地质与采收率,2003,10(1):1-2,8.Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng.Petroleum Geology and Recaveny Efficiency,2003,10(1):1-2,8.
[7]宋永东,戴俊生.储层构造裂缝预测研究[J].油气地质与采收率,2007,14(6):9-13.Song Yongdong,Dai Junsheng.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2007,14(6):9-13.
[8]张鹏,侯贵廷,潘文庆,等.新疆柯坪地区碳酸盐岩对构造裂缝发育的影响[J].北京大学学报:自然科学版,2011,47(5):831-836.Zhang Peng,Hou Guiting,Pan Wenqing,et al.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis,2011,47(5):831-836.
[9]曾联波,李跃纲,张贵斌,等.川西南部上三叠统须二段低渗透砂岩储层裂缝分布的控制因素[J].中国地质,2007,34(4):622-627.Zeng Lianbo,Li Yuegang,Zhang Guibin,et al.Geology in China,2007,34(4):622-627.
[10]郭璇,钟建华,徐小林,等.非构造裂缝的发育特征及成因机制[J].中国石油大学学报,2004,28(2):6-11.Guo Xuan,Zhong Jianhua,Xu Xiaolin,et al.Journal of China University of Petroleum,China,2004,28(2):6-11.
[11]秦启荣,苏培东.构造裂缝类型划分与预测[J].天然气工业,2006,26(10):33-36.Qin Qirong,Su Peidong.Natural Gas Industry,2006,26(10):33-36.
[12]曾联波,李忠兴,史成恩,等.鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝特征及成因[J].地质学报,2007,81(2):174-179.Zeng Lianbo,Li Zhongxing,Shi Cheng'en,et al.Acta Geologica Sinica,2007,81(2):174-179.
[13]刘宁.岩心裂缝图像分析技术及应用[J].油气地质与采收率,2010,17(5):17-19.Liu Ning.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2010,17(5):17-19.
[14]Li X Y,Dai H C,Mancini F.Converted-wave imaging in anisotropic media:An overview[C].2004SEG Annual Meeting,Denver,Colorado,October10-15,2004.
[15]赵俊峰,纪友亮,陈汉林,等.电成像测井在东濮凹陷裂缝性砂岩储层评价中的应用[J].石油与天然气地质,2008,29(3):383-390.Zhao Junfeng,Ji Youliang,Chen Hanlin,et al.Oil&Gas Geology,2008,29(3):383-390.
[16]Bergosh J L,Lord G D.New developments in the analysis of cores from naturally fractured reservoirs[C].SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,Dallas,Texas,US,September27-30,1987.
[17]Hicks T W,Pine R J,Richards J W,et al.A hydro-thermo-mechanical numerical model for HDR geothermal reservoir evaluation[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences&Geomechanics,1996,33(5):499-511.
[18]Luthi S M,Souhaite P.Fracture apertures from electrical borehole scans[J].Geophysics,1990,55(3):821-833.
[19]季宗镇,戴俊生,汪必峰.地应力与构造裂缝参数间的定量关系[J].石油学报,2010,31(1):68-72.Ji Zongzhen,Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng.Acta Petrolei Sinica,2010,31(1):68-72.
[20]季宗镇,戴俊生,汪必峰,等.构造裂缝多参数定量计算模型[J].中国石油大学学报:自然科学版,2010,34(1):24-28.Ji Zongzhen,Dai Junsheng,Wang Bifeng,et al.Journal of China University of Petroleum:Natural Science Edition,2010,34(1):24-28.
[21]Ozkaya S I.QUADRO—A program to estimate principal curvatures of folds[J].Computers and Geosciences,2002,28(4):467-472.
[22]Murray G H.Quantitative fracture study,spanish poll,McKenzie County,North Dakota[J].American Association of Petroleum Geologists,1968,52(1):57-65.
[23]沈国华.有限元数值模拟方法在构造裂缝预测中的应用[J].油气地质与采收率,2008,15(4):24-26,29.Shen Guohua.Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2008,15(4):24-26,29.
[24]Dai J S,Meng Z P.Numerical simulation of Palaeozoic tectonicstress field in the Chengdao area[J].Scientia Geologica Sinica,1999,8(2):223-232.
[25]刘振峰,曲寿利,孙建国,等.地震裂缝预测技术研究进展[J].石油物探,2012,51(2):191-198.Liu Zhenfeng,Qu Shouli,Sun Jianguo,et al.Geophysical Prospeting for Petroleum,2012,51(2):191-198.
[26]Chen Q,Sidney S.Seismic attribute technology for reservoir forecasting and monitoring[J].The Leading Edge,1997,16(5):445-448.
[27]毕研斌,龙胜祥,郭彤楼,等.地震方位各向异性技术在TNB地区嘉二段储层裂缝检测中的应用[J].石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(2):190-195.Bi Yanbin,Long Shengxiang,Guo Tonglou,et al.Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2009,44(2):190-195.
[28]Ata E,Michelena R J.Mapping distribution of fractures in a reservoir with P-S converted waves[J].The Leading Edge,1995,14(6):664-676.
[29]Grechka V,Kachanov M.Seismic characterization of multiple fracture sets:Dose orthotropy suffice?[J].Geophysics,2006,71(3):D93-D105.
[30]王自明,宋文杰,戴勇,等.利用分形模拟建立裂缝型碳酸盐岩储层渗透率变异函数[J].天然气工业,2007,27(11):73-75.Wang Ziming,Song Wenjie,Dai Yong,et al.Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(11):73-75.
[31]侯贵廷.裂缝的分形分析方法[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,1994(2):301-306.Hou Guiting.Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,1994(2):301306.
[32]杜小武,尚海燕.分形插值方法在地层裂缝预测中的应用[J].西安电子科技大学学报,1998,25(2):174-176.Du Xiaowu,Shang Haiyan.Joural of Xidian University,1998,25(2):174-176.
[33]宫清华,黄光庆.基于人工神经元网络的滑坡稳定性预测评价[J].灾害学,2009,24(3):61-65.Gong Qinghua,Huang Guangqing.Journal of Catastrophology,2009,24(3):61-65.
[34]李琼,李正文,魏野.同铁构造嘉陵江组储层裂缝非线性预测与分析研究[J].矿物岩石,2004,24(2):78-81.Li Qiong,Li Zhengwen,Wei Ye.Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology,2004,24(2):78-81.
[35]Warlick D.Gas shale and CBM development in North America[J].Oiland Gas Financial Journal,2006,3(11):1-5.
[36]Bowker K A.Bamettshale gasproduction,FortWorth Basin:Issues and discussion[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):523-533.
[37]丁文龙,许长春,久凯,等.泥页岩裂缝研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2011,26(2):135-144.Ding Wenlong,Xu Changchun,Jiu Kai,et al.Advances in Earth Science,2011,26(2):135-144.
[38]李小刚,徐国强,韩剑发,等.断层裂缝定量描述技术在塔中X井区良里塔格组裂缝研究中的应用[J].吉林大学学报:地球科学版,2012,42(2):344-352.Li Xiaogang,Xu Guoqiang,Han Jianfa,et al.Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2012,42(2):344-352.
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