介质非均匀性对加卸载响应比峰值异常特征时间影响的数值研究
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摘要
加卸载响应比方法为非均匀脆性介质的灾变预测提供了新的思路,该方法用加载与卸载响应的差别来定量刻画介质的损伤演化过程。已有的岩石实验研究和地震震例研究,发现在岩石破裂或者地震发生之前,加卸载响应比都会出现异常明显的升高及回落,表明加卸载响应比峰值异常具有良好的灾变前兆意义。震例研究中发现,加卸载响应比峰值异常特征时间呈现区域特性。因此,首先用链网模型模拟了压缩载荷下非均匀脆性介质的损伤演化至破裂的过程,同样发现加卸载响应比在试样发生宏观破裂之前出现了峰值回落的现象,再次从数值计算的角度证明了加卸载响应比峰值的灾变前兆作用。其次重点考察了不同非均匀性程度试样的加卸载响应比演化情况,发现峰值出现到试样破裂发生的特征时间T2与介质非均匀性程度指标Weibull指数m存在如此关系:m值越大,T2值越小。表明介质的均匀性程度越高,特征时间T2的值就越小,破裂发生也就越突然。该文得出的介质非均匀性程度与峰值异常特征时间的关系将为提高加卸载响应比地震预测的时间能力提供某些线索。
The Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR) method is proposed as a new approach to predict the failure of heterogeneous brittle materials,namely using the ratio between response rates occurred during the time periods of loading and unloading to describe the process of damage evolution quantitatively.In laboratory studies and inspection of real earthquake cases we have found that the LURR time series climb to an anomalously high peak and then decrease rapidly prior to the rupture of the rock specimens or the occurrence of earthquakes,which demonstrates that peak values of the LURR time series possess good significance of a catastrophic failure prediction.We also find the characteristic time of LURR peak abnormity appears regional features.Thusly,firstly,we simulate the process of damage evolution to failure of rock specimens under compression on the basis of a Chain-Network Model and also find the appearance of a peak value and fall of the LURR value successively before the macro-failure of specimens,which validates that LURR's peak value is a good precursor for catastrophic failure from the viewpoint of numerical simulation again.Furthermore,LURR evolutions of heterogeneous brittle specimens with different heterogeneity are investigated emphatically,and the heterogeneity of specimens is achieved by introducing Weibull distribution as a probability distribution function.It finds that the time gaps T2 between the peak values and the ruptures are influenced by Weibull modulus m used to describe the heterogeneous extent of the specimens.T2 will be smaller if m value is larger,which means the time gap T2 is smaller if the homogeneity of specimens is higher and the rupture will be also more abruptly.The research in this paper will provide some clues to improve the time accuracy in the earthquake prediction by using the LURR method.
The Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR) method is proposed as a new approach to predict the failure of heterogeneous brittle materials,namely using the ratio between response rates occurred during the time periods of loading and unloading to describe the process of damage evolution quantitatively.In laboratory studies and inspection of real earthquake cases we have found that the LURR time series climb to an anomalously high peak and then decrease rapidly prior to the rupture of the rock specimens or the occurrence of earthquakes,which demonstrates that peak values of the LURR time series possess good significance of a catastrophic failure prediction.We also find the characteristic time of LURR peak abnormity appears regional features.Thusly,firstly,we simulate the process of damage evolution to failure of rock specimens under compression on the basis of a Chain-Network Model and also find the appearance of a peak value and fall of the LURR value successively before the macro-failure of specimens,which validates that LURR's peak value is a good precursor for catastrophic failure from the viewpoint of numerical simulation again.Furthermore,LURR evolutions of heterogeneous brittle specimens with different heterogeneity are investigated emphatically,and the heterogeneity of specimens is achieved by introducing Weibull distribution as a probability distribution function.It finds that the time gaps T2 between the peak values and the ruptures are influenced by Weibull modulus m used to describe the heterogeneous extent of the specimens.T2 will be smaller if m value is larger,which means the time gap T2 is smaller if the homogeneity of specimens is higher and the rupture will be also more abruptly.The research in this paper will provide some clues to improve the time accuracy in the earthquake prediction by using the LURR method.
引文
[1]尹祥础.地震预测新途径的探索[J].中国地震,1987,3(1):1―7.Yin Xiangchu.A new approach to earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,1987,3(1):1―7.(in Chinese)
[2]尹祥础,尹灿.非线性系统的失稳前兆与地震预报[J].中国科学(B辑),1991,21(5):512―518.Yin Xiangchu,Yin Can.The precursor of instability for nonlinear system and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science in China(Series B),1991,21(5):512―518.(in Chinese)
[3]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P.The Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)theory and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Earthquake Prediction Research,1994,3(3):325―333.
[4]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P.A new approach to earthquake prediction:The Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1995,145(3):701―715.
[5]Yin X C,Wang Y C,Peng K Y.Development of a new approach to earthquake prediction:Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157(11/12):2365―2383.
[6]Yin X C,Zhang L P,Zhang H H.LURR’s twenty years and its perspective[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11/12):2317―2341.
[7]Yin X C,Zhang L P,Zhang Y X.The newest developments of Load-Unload Response Ratio(LURR)[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2008,165(3/4):711―722.
[8]Yin X C,Yu H Z,Kukshenko V.Load-Unload Response Ratio(LURR),Accelerating Moment/Energy Release(AM/ER)and state vector saltation as precursors to failure of rock specimens[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(11):2405―2416.
[9]Zhang H H,Yin X C,Liang N G.Acoustic emission experiments of rock failure under load simulating the hypocenter condition[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11):2389―2406.
[10]张晖辉,颜玉定,余怀忠.循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射实验——岩石破坏前兆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21):3621―3628.Zhang Huihui,Yan Yuding,Yu Huaizhong.Acoustic emission experiment research of large-scaled rock failure under cycling load―fracture precursor of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(21):3621―3628.(in Chinese)
[11]张晖辉,尹祥础,梁乃刚.模拟引潮力作用下岩石破坏前兆的实验研究——加卸载响应比(LURR)理论和能量加速释放(AER)[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3172―3179.Zhang Huihui,Yin Xiangchu,Liang Naigang.Experimental study of rock precursor using simulated tide stress-Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)and Accelerating Energy Release(AER)[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(17):3172―3179.(in Chinese)
[12]王裕仓,尹祥础,王海涛.地震预测的加卸载响应比岩石实验模拟[J].中国地震,1998,14(2):126―130.Wang Yucang,Yin Xiangchu,Wang Haitao.The simulation of rock experiment on load/unload response ratio on earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,1998,14(2):126―130.(in Chinese)
[13]余怀忠,尹祥础,夏蒙棼.加卸载响应比(LURR)理论的实验研究[J].中国地震,2003,19(1):58―66.Yu Huaizhong,Yin Xiangchu,Xia Mengfen.Experimental research on the theory of Load/Unload Response Ration(LURR)[J].Earthquake Research in China,2003,19(1):58―66.(in Chinese)
[14]张浪平,余怀忠,尹祥础.加卸载响应比方法在结构灾变预测中的应用[J].工程力学,2010,27(3):228―235.Zhang Langping,Yu Huaizhong,Yin Xiangchu.Application of the Load/Unload Response Ratio method in catastrophic failure prediction of structures[J].Engineering Mechanics,2010,27(3):228―335.(in Chinese)
[15]Wang Y C,Yin X C,Ke F J.Simulation of rock failure and earthquake process on mesoscopic scale[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157:1905―1928.
[16]Mora P,Wang Y C,Yin C.Simulation of the Load-Unload Response Ratio and critical sensitivity in the lattice solid model[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002,159(10):2525―2536.
[17]Wang Y C,Mora P,Yin C.Statistical tests of Load-Unload Response Ratio signals by lattice solid model:Implication to tidal triggering and earthquake prediction[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9):1829―1839.
[18]张晖辉,尹祥础,梁乃刚.中国大陆地区中强地震前加卸载响应比异常时间尺度的统计研究[J].中国地震,2005,21(4):486―495.Zhang Huihui,Yin Xiangchu,Liang Naigang.Statistic study of LURR anomaly temporal scale before moderately strong earthquakes on the Chinese mainland[J].Earthquake Research in China,2005,21(4):486―495.(in Chinese)
[19]尹祥础,袁帅,张浪平.强震前加卸载响应比的演化规律及中国大陆2010-2012年的地震趋势预测[C].中国大陆强震趋势预测研究(2010年度),《地震》编辑部,2009:163―170.Yin Xiangchu,Yuan Shuai,Zhang Langping.The evolution of LURR before strong earthquakes and the prediction of the seismic tendency of Chinese mainland in 2010-2012[C].Researches on the Strong Earthquake in Chinese Mainland(2010),edited by Editorial Board of Earthquake Journal,2009:163―170.(in Chinese)
[20]梁乃刚,刘庆杰,李静.链网模型与Si3N4陶瓷材料宏细观力学行为模拟[J].力学学报,1997,29(2):182―188.Liang Naigang,Liu Qingjie,Li Jing.A chain-network model simulating macro mechanical behavior and micro damage evolution of Si3N4 ceramics[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,1997,29(2):182―188.(in Chinese)
[21]徐和钦.非均匀材料损伤破坏的数值模拟软件开发及强韧化机理研究[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,1999.Xu Heqin.Software development for damage evolution of heterogeneous materials and investigation for reinforcing mechanisms[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1999.(in Chinese)
[22]刘晓宇.三维链网模型及短纤维增强复合材料行为预测[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,2001.Liu Xiaoyu.3-D network model and prediction of mechanical behavior of short-fiber reinforced composites[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2001.(in Chinese)
[23]宋力,解英艳,张后全.岩石试样弹塑性破裂过程的数值分析[J].计算力学学报,2004,21(5):614―619.Song Li,Xie Yingyan,Zhang Houquan.Numerical simulation on elastic-plastic failure process of rock specimen[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics,2004,21(5):614―619.(in Chinese)
[24]Weibull B.A statistical distribution function of wide applicability[J].Journal Applied Mechanics,1951,18:293―297.
[25]荣峰.非均匀脆性介质损伤演化的多尺度数值模拟[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,2006.Rong Feng.Multiscale simulation of damage evolution in heterogeneous brittle media[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.(in Chinese)
[26]Mogi K.Fundamental studies on earthquake prediction[C].A Collection of Papers of International Symposium on ISCSEP,Seismological Press,1984.
[27]姜彤,马瑾,许兵.基于加卸载响应比理论的边坡动力稳定分析方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):626―631.Jiang Tong,Ma Jin,Xu Bing.Dynamic analysis method of slope stability based on LURR theory[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(3):626―631.(in Chinese)
[28]姜彤,马莎,许兵.边坡在地震作用下的加卸载响应规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(22):3803―3807.Jiang Tong,Ma Sha,Xu Bing.Study on laws of load-unload response of slope under seismic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(22):3803―3807.(in Chinese)
[29]贺可强,周敦云,王思敬.降雨型堆积层滑坡的加卸载响应比特征及其预测作用与意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(16):2665―2670.He Keqiang,Zhou Dunyun,Wang Sijing.Features of Load-Unload Response Ratio and its significance in prediction of colluvial landside by rainfall[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(16):2665―2670.(in Chinese)
[30]Zhang W J,Chen Y M,Zhan L T.Loading/Unloading Response Ratio(LURR)theory applied in predicting deep-seated landslides triggering[J].Engineering Geology,2006,82:234―240.
[31]张晖辉.非均匀脆性介质的灾变预测——加卸载响应比理论的研究与实践[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2006.Zhang Huihui.Prediction of catastrophic failure in heterogeneous brittle media—study and practice of Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.(in Chinese)
[2]尹祥础,尹灿.非线性系统的失稳前兆与地震预报[J].中国科学(B辑),1991,21(5):512―518.Yin Xiangchu,Yin Can.The precursor of instability for nonlinear system and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Science in China(Series B),1991,21(5):512―518.(in Chinese)
[3]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P.The Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)theory and its application to earthquake prediction[J].Journal of Earthquake Prediction Research,1994,3(3):325―333.
[4]Yin X C,Chen X Z,Song Z P.A new approach to earthquake prediction:The Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,1995,145(3):701―715.
[5]Yin X C,Wang Y C,Peng K Y.Development of a new approach to earthquake prediction:Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)theory[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157(11/12):2365―2383.
[6]Yin X C,Zhang L P,Zhang H H.LURR’s twenty years and its perspective[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11/12):2317―2341.
[7]Yin X C,Zhang L P,Zhang Y X.The newest developments of Load-Unload Response Ratio(LURR)[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2008,165(3/4):711―722.
[8]Yin X C,Yu H Z,Kukshenko V.Load-Unload Response Ratio(LURR),Accelerating Moment/Energy Release(AM/ER)and state vector saltation as precursors to failure of rock specimens[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(11):2405―2416.
[9]Zhang H H,Yin X C,Liang N G.Acoustic emission experiments of rock failure under load simulating the hypocenter condition[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2006,163(11):2389―2406.
[10]张晖辉,颜玉定,余怀忠.循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射实验——岩石破坏前兆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21):3621―3628.Zhang Huihui,Yan Yuding,Yu Huaizhong.Acoustic emission experiment research of large-scaled rock failure under cycling load―fracture precursor of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(21):3621―3628.(in Chinese)
[11]张晖辉,尹祥础,梁乃刚.模拟引潮力作用下岩石破坏前兆的实验研究——加卸载响应比(LURR)理论和能量加速释放(AER)[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2005,24(17):3172―3179.Zhang Huihui,Yin Xiangchu,Liang Naigang.Experimental study of rock precursor using simulated tide stress-Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)and Accelerating Energy Release(AER)[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2005,24(17):3172―3179.(in Chinese)
[12]王裕仓,尹祥础,王海涛.地震预测的加卸载响应比岩石实验模拟[J].中国地震,1998,14(2):126―130.Wang Yucang,Yin Xiangchu,Wang Haitao.The simulation of rock experiment on load/unload response ratio on earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,1998,14(2):126―130.(in Chinese)
[13]余怀忠,尹祥础,夏蒙棼.加卸载响应比(LURR)理论的实验研究[J].中国地震,2003,19(1):58―66.Yu Huaizhong,Yin Xiangchu,Xia Mengfen.Experimental research on the theory of Load/Unload Response Ration(LURR)[J].Earthquake Research in China,2003,19(1):58―66.(in Chinese)
[14]张浪平,余怀忠,尹祥础.加卸载响应比方法在结构灾变预测中的应用[J].工程力学,2010,27(3):228―235.Zhang Langping,Yu Huaizhong,Yin Xiangchu.Application of the Load/Unload Response Ratio method in catastrophic failure prediction of structures[J].Engineering Mechanics,2010,27(3):228―335.(in Chinese)
[15]Wang Y C,Yin X C,Ke F J.Simulation of rock failure and earthquake process on mesoscopic scale[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2000,157:1905―1928.
[16]Mora P,Wang Y C,Yin C.Simulation of the Load-Unload Response Ratio and critical sensitivity in the lattice solid model[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2002,159(10):2525―2536.
[17]Wang Y C,Mora P,Yin C.Statistical tests of Load-Unload Response Ratio signals by lattice solid model:Implication to tidal triggering and earthquake prediction[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,2004,161(9):1829―1839.
[18]张晖辉,尹祥础,梁乃刚.中国大陆地区中强地震前加卸载响应比异常时间尺度的统计研究[J].中国地震,2005,21(4):486―495.Zhang Huihui,Yin Xiangchu,Liang Naigang.Statistic study of LURR anomaly temporal scale before moderately strong earthquakes on the Chinese mainland[J].Earthquake Research in China,2005,21(4):486―495.(in Chinese)
[19]尹祥础,袁帅,张浪平.强震前加卸载响应比的演化规律及中国大陆2010-2012年的地震趋势预测[C].中国大陆强震趋势预测研究(2010年度),《地震》编辑部,2009:163―170.Yin Xiangchu,Yuan Shuai,Zhang Langping.The evolution of LURR before strong earthquakes and the prediction of the seismic tendency of Chinese mainland in 2010-2012[C].Researches on the Strong Earthquake in Chinese Mainland(2010),edited by Editorial Board of Earthquake Journal,2009:163―170.(in Chinese)
[20]梁乃刚,刘庆杰,李静.链网模型与Si3N4陶瓷材料宏细观力学行为模拟[J].力学学报,1997,29(2):182―188.Liang Naigang,Liu Qingjie,Li Jing.A chain-network model simulating macro mechanical behavior and micro damage evolution of Si3N4 ceramics[J].Acta Mechanica Sinica,1997,29(2):182―188.(in Chinese)
[21]徐和钦.非均匀材料损伤破坏的数值模拟软件开发及强韧化机理研究[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,1999.Xu Heqin.Software development for damage evolution of heterogeneous materials and investigation for reinforcing mechanisms[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,1999.(in Chinese)
[22]刘晓宇.三维链网模型及短纤维增强复合材料行为预测[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,2001.Liu Xiaoyu.3-D network model and prediction of mechanical behavior of short-fiber reinforced composites[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2001.(in Chinese)
[23]宋力,解英艳,张后全.岩石试样弹塑性破裂过程的数值分析[J].计算力学学报,2004,21(5):614―619.Song Li,Xie Yingyan,Zhang Houquan.Numerical simulation on elastic-plastic failure process of rock specimen[J].Chinese Journal of Computational Mechanics,2004,21(5):614―619.(in Chinese)
[24]Weibull B.A statistical distribution function of wide applicability[J].Journal Applied Mechanics,1951,18:293―297.
[25]荣峰.非均匀脆性介质损伤演化的多尺度数值模拟[D].北京:中国科学院力学研究所,2006.Rong Feng.Multiscale simulation of damage evolution in heterogeneous brittle media[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.(in Chinese)
[26]Mogi K.Fundamental studies on earthquake prediction[C].A Collection of Papers of International Symposium on ISCSEP,Seismological Press,1984.
[27]姜彤,马瑾,许兵.基于加卸载响应比理论的边坡动力稳定分析方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2007,26(3):626―631.Jiang Tong,Ma Jin,Xu Bing.Dynamic analysis method of slope stability based on LURR theory[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2007,26(3):626―631.(in Chinese)
[28]姜彤,马莎,许兵.边坡在地震作用下的加卸载响应规律研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(22):3803―3807.Jiang Tong,Ma Sha,Xu Bing.Study on laws of load-unload response of slope under seismic load[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(22):3803―3807.(in Chinese)
[29]贺可强,周敦云,王思敬.降雨型堆积层滑坡的加卸载响应比特征及其预测作用与意义[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(16):2665―2670.He Keqiang,Zhou Dunyun,Wang Sijing.Features of Load-Unload Response Ratio and its significance in prediction of colluvial landside by rainfall[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(16):2665―2670.(in Chinese)
[30]Zhang W J,Chen Y M,Zhan L T.Loading/Unloading Response Ratio(LURR)theory applied in predicting deep-seated landslides triggering[J].Engineering Geology,2006,82:234―240.
[31]张晖辉.非均匀脆性介质的灾变预测——加卸载响应比理论的研究与实践[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2006.Zhang Huihui.Prediction of catastrophic failure in heterogeneous brittle media—study and practice of Load/Unload Response Ratio(LURR)[D].Beijing:Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.(in Chinese)
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