华北上地幔各向异性研究
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摘要
对华北地震科学台阵的200个宽频带和甚宽带地震台站所记录的远震SKS(SKKS)波形资料作偏振分析,采用最小切向能量的网格搜索法和叠加分析方法求得每一个台站的SKS(SKKS)快波偏振方向和快、慢波的时间延迟,并结合已发表的固定台站的结果,获得了华北上地幔各向异性图像.从得到结果看,华北东部各向异性快波方向基本为NWW-SEE方向,而西部的快波方向转到NW-SE或NNW-SSE.快、慢波时间延迟范围是0.50～1.47s,华北西部的平均快、慢波时间延迟小于华北东部.在华北东部,快波方向与绝对板块运动(APM)方向基本一致,预示了NWW向的软流圈地幔流是引起该区域上地幔各向异性的主要原因,它使得上地幔橄榄岩等晶体的晶格优势取向沿地幔物质流动方向,从而导致了NWW趋向的快波方向.然而,在稳定的西部,快波方向既不与绝对板块运动方向一致,也不与构造走向一致,这种弱各向异性很可能是遗留在古老克拉通的厚的岩石圈内的"化石"各向异性.
Based on the polarization analysis of teleseismic SKS(SKKS) waveform data recorded at 200 broadband and very-broadband stations in the North China Seismic Array,the fast-wave polarization direction and the delay time between the fast and slow shear waves at each station were determined by using the grid searching method of minimum transverse energy and the stacking analysis method,and the published results of permanent stations also were cited,and then we acquired the image of upper mantle anisotropy in North China.The fast-wave directions are basically NWW-SEE in Eastern North China,while the fast-wave directions rotate to NW-SE and NNW-SSE in Western North China.The delay time falls into the interval [0.50 s,1.47 s].The average delay time of Western North China is less than that of Eastern North China.In Eastern North China,the fast polarization direction is consistent with the absolute plate motion(APM) direction,implying that the NWW-trending asthenospheric mantle flow driven by the APM plays a major role in observed upper mantle anisotropy beneath Eastern North China,and makes the alignment of upper mantle peridotite lattice parallel to the deformation direction,and thus generates consistently the NWW-trending fast polarization direction.However,in the stable Western Block,the weak anisotropy observed is possibly attributed to the "fossil" anisotropy frozen in the thick lithosphere of ancient cratonic NCC.
Based on the polarization analysis of teleseismic SKS(SKKS) waveform data recorded at 200 broadband and very-broadband stations in the North China Seismic Array,the fast-wave polarization direction and the delay time between the fast and slow shear waves at each station were determined by using the grid searching method of minimum transverse energy and the stacking analysis method,and the published results of permanent stations also were cited,and then we acquired the image of upper mantle anisotropy in North China.The fast-wave directions are basically NWW-SEE in Eastern North China,while the fast-wave directions rotate to NW-SE and NNW-SSE in Western North China.The delay time falls into the interval [0.50 s,1.47 s].The average delay time of Western North China is less than that of Eastern North China.In Eastern North China,the fast polarization direction is consistent with the absolute plate motion(APM) direction,implying that the NWW-trending asthenospheric mantle flow driven by the APM plays a major role in observed upper mantle anisotropy beneath Eastern North China,and makes the alignment of upper mantle peridotite lattice parallel to the deformation direction,and thus generates consistently the NWW-trending fast polarization direction.However,in the stable Western Block,the weak anisotropy observed is possibly attributed to the "fossil" anisotropy frozen in the thick lithosphere of ancient cratonic NCC.
引文
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[24]Liu K H,Gao S S,Gao Y,et al.Shear wave splitting andmantle flow associated with the deflected Pacific slab beneathnortheast Asia.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113:B01305,doi:10.1029/2007JB005178.
[25]Tian X B,Zhang J L,Si S K,et al.SKS splittingmeasurements with horizontal component misalignment.Geophys.J.Int.,2011,185(1):329-340.
[26]Silver P G,Chan W W.Shear wave splitting andsubcontinental mantle deformation.J.Geophys.Res.,1991,96(B10):16429-16454.
[27]Wolfe C J,Silver P G.Seismic anisotropy of oceanic uppermantle:Shear wave splitting methodologies and observations.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B1):749-771.
[28]Vinnik L P,Farra V,Romanowicz B.Azimuthal anisotropyin the Earth from observations of SKS at Geoscope and NARSbroadband stations.Bull.Sesimol.Soc.Amer.,1989,79(5):1542-1558.
[29]王椿镛,常利军,吕智勇等.青藏高原东部上地幔各向异性及相关的壳幔耦合型式.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(1):1-9.Wang C Y,Chang L J,LüZ Y,et al.Seismic anisotropy ofupper mantle in eastern Tibetan Plateau and related crust-mantle coupling pattern.Science in China(Series D):EarthSciences(in Chinese),2007,50(8):1150-1160.
[30]Long M D,Silver P G.The subduction zone flow field fromseismic anisotropy:a global view.Science,2008,319(5861):315-318.
[31]Silver P G.Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents:probing the depths of geology.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,1996,24(1):385-432.
[32]Vinnik L P,Makeyeva L I,Milev A,et al.Global patternsof azimuthal anisotropy and deformations in the continentalmantle.Geophys.J.Int.,1992,111(3):433-447.
[33]Gripp A E,Gordon R G.Young tracks of hotspots andcurrent plate velocities.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,150(2):321-361.
[34]Li S L,Mooney W D,Fan J C.Crustal structure of mainlandChina from deep seismic sounding data.Tectonophysics,2006,420(1-2):239-252.
[35]嘉世旭,张先康.华北不同构造块体地壳结构及其对比研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(3),611-620.Jia S X,Zhang X K.Crustal structure and comparison ofdifferent tectonic blocks in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(3):611-620.
[36]吴晶,高原,陈运泰.首都圈东南部地区地壳介质各向异性.地震学报,2008,30(1):1-10.Wu J,Gao Y,Chen Y T.Crustal seismic anisotropy inSoutheastern Capital area,China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2008,21(1):1-10.
[37]Huang Z X,Su W,Peng Y J,et al.Rayleigh wavetomography of China and adjacent regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B2):2073,doi:10.1029/2001JB001696.
[38]Chen L,Zheng T Y,Xu W W.A thinned lithospheric imageof the Tanlu Fault Zone,eastern China:constructed fromwave equation based receiver function migration.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B09312,doi:10.1029/2005JB003974.
[39]彭艳菊,黄忠贤,苏伟等.中国大陆及邻区海域地壳上地幔各向异性研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(3):752-759.Peng Y J,Huang Z X,Su W,et al.Anisotropy in crust andupper mantle beneath China continent and its adjacent seas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3),752-759.
[40]Li Y H,Wu Q J,Zhang R Q,et al.The lithosphericthinning of the North China Craton inferred from Rayleighwaves inversion.Geophys.J.Int.,2009,177(3):1334-1342.
[41]Chen L,Tao W,Zhao L,et al.Distinct lateral variation oflithospheric thickness in the Northeastern North ChinaCraton.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2008,267(1-2):56-68.
[42]Sodoudi F,Yuan X H,Liu Q Y,et al.Lithosphericthickness beneath the Dabie Shan,central eastern China fromS receiver functions.Geophys.J.Int.,2006,166(3):1363-1367.
[43]Fan W M,Zhang H F,Baker J,et al.On and off the NorthChina Craton:where is the Archaean keel?J.Petrol.,2000,41(7):933-950.
[44]Shi L B,Lin C Y,Chen X D,et al.A xenolith-derivedgeotherm for the lower crust and upper mantle beneathHanuoba area,Hebei Province,China and its geologicimplications.Seismol.Geol.,2000,22(1):37-46.
[45]An M J,Shi Y L.Lithospheric thickness of the Chinesecontinent.Phys.Earth Planet.Ints.,2006,159(3-4):257-266.
[46]Huang J L,Zhao D P.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B09305,doi:10.1029/2005JB004066.
[2]Zhao G C,Wilde S A,Cawood P A,et al.Archean blocksand their boundaries in the North China Craton:lithological,geochemical,structural and P-T path constraints and tectonicevolution.Precambr.Res.,2001,107(1-2):45-73.
[3]Griffin W L,Zhang A D,O′Reilly S Y,et al.Phanerozoicevolution of the lithosphere beneath the Sino-Korean craton.∥Flower M,Chung S L,Lee T Y,eds.Mantle Dynamicsand Plate Interactions in East Asia.Washington DC:American Geophysics Union,Geodynamic Series,1998,27:107-126.
[4]Menzies M A,Fan W M,Zhang M.Palaeozoic and Cenozoiclithoprobes and the loss of>120km of Archaean lithosphere,Sino-Korean craton,China.∥Prichard H M,ed.MagmaticProcesses and Plate Tectonics.Geol.Soc.Spel.Pub,1993,76:71-78.
[5]Zheng J P,O′Reill S Y,Griffin W L,et al.Relict refractorymantle beneath the eastern North China block:significancefor lithosphere evolution.Lithos,2001,57(1):43-66.
[6]Xu Y G.Diachronous lithospheric thinning of the NorthChina Craton and formation of the Daxin'anling-Taihangshangravity lineament.Lithos,2007,96(1-2):281-298.
[7]Deng J F,Mo X X,Zhao H L,et al.Lithosphere root/de-rooting and activation of the East China continent.Geoscience,1994,8(3):349-356.
[8]Deng J F,Mo X X,Zhao H L,et al.A new model for thedynamic evolution of Chinese lithosphere:‘continental roots-plume tectonics’.Earth Sci.Rev.,2004,65(3-4):223-275.
[9]Zhou X H,Sun M,Zhang G H,et al.Continental crust andlithospheric mantle interaction beneath North China:isotopicevidence from granulite xenoliths in Hannuoba,Sino-Koreancraton.Lithos,2002,62(3-4):111-124.
[10]Gao S,Rudnick R L,Yuan H L,et al.Recycling lowercontinental crust in the North China craton.Nature,2004,432(7019):892-897.
[11]Xu Y G.Diachronous lithospheric thinning of the NorthChina Craton and formation of the Daxin′anling-Taihangshangravity lineament.Lithos,2007,96(1-2):281-298.
[12]邱瑞照,邓晋福,周肃等.华北地区岩石圈类型:地质与地球物理证据.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2004,34(8):689-711.Qiu R Z,Deng J F,Zhou S,et al.Lithosphere types inNorth China:evidence from geology and geophysics.Sciencein China(Series D):Earth Sciences(in Chinese),2005,48(11):1809-1827.
[13]朱日祥,陈凌,吴福元等.华北克拉通破坏的时间、范围与机制.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2011,41(5):583-592.Zhu R X,Chen L,Wu F Y,et al.Timing,scale andmechanism of the destruction of the North China Craton.Science in China(Series D):Earth Sciences(in Chinese),2011,54(6):789-797.
[14]Hess H H.Seismic anisotropy of the uppermost mantle underoceans.Nature,1964,203(4945):629-631.
[15]Nicolas A,Christensen N I.Formation of anisotropy in uppermantle peridotites:A review.Geodyn.Ser.,1987,16:111-123.
[16]Savage M K.Seismic anisotropy and mantle deformation:What have we learned from shear wave splitting?Rev.Geophys.,1999,37(1):65-106.
[17]Zhao L,Zheng T Y.Using shear wave splittingmeasurements to investigate the upper mantle anisotropybeneath the North China Craton:distinct variation from eastto west.Geophysical Research Letters,2005,32:L10309,doi:10.1029/2005GL022585.
[18]Zhao L,Zheng T Y,LüG.Insight into craton evolution:Constraints from shear wave splitting in the North ChinaCraton.Phys.Earth Planet.Int.,2008,168(3-4):153-162.
[19]常利军,王椿镛,丁志峰.首都圈地区SKS波分裂研究.地震学报,2008,30(6):551-559.Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F.A study on SKS splittingbeneath Capital area of China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(inChinese),2008,30(6):551-559.
[20]常利军,王椿镛,丁志峰.中国东部上地幔各向异性研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2009,39(9):1169-1178.Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F.Seismic anisotropy ofupper mantle in eastern China.Science in China(Series D):Earth Sciences(in Chinese),2009,52(6):774-783.
[21]常利军,王椿镛,丁志峰.鄂尔多斯块体及周缘上地幔各向异性研究.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2011,41(5):686-699.Chang L J,Wang C Y,Ding Z F.Upper mantle anisotropy inthe Ordos block and its margins.Science in China(SeriesD):Earth Sciences(in Chinese),2011,54(6):888-900.
[22]Huang Z C,Wang L X,Zhao D P,et al.Seismic anisotropyand mantle dynamics beneath China.Earth Plane.Sci.Lett.,2011,306(1-2):105-117.
[23]Li J,Niu F L.Seismic anisotropy and mantle flow beneathnortheast China inferred from regional seismic networks.J.Geophys.Res.,2010,115:B12327,doi:10.1029/2010JB007470.
[24]Liu K H,Gao S S,Gao Y,et al.Shear wave splitting andmantle flow associated with the deflected Pacific slab beneathnortheast Asia.J.Geophys.Res.,2008,113:B01305,doi:10.1029/2007JB005178.
[25]Tian X B,Zhang J L,Si S K,et al.SKS splittingmeasurements with horizontal component misalignment.Geophys.J.Int.,2011,185(1):329-340.
[26]Silver P G,Chan W W.Shear wave splitting andsubcontinental mantle deformation.J.Geophys.Res.,1991,96(B10):16429-16454.
[27]Wolfe C J,Silver P G.Seismic anisotropy of oceanic uppermantle:Shear wave splitting methodologies and observations.J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(B1):749-771.
[28]Vinnik L P,Farra V,Romanowicz B.Azimuthal anisotropyin the Earth from observations of SKS at Geoscope and NARSbroadband stations.Bull.Sesimol.Soc.Amer.,1989,79(5):1542-1558.
[29]王椿镛,常利军,吕智勇等.青藏高原东部上地幔各向异性及相关的壳幔耦合型式.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2007,37(1):1-9.Wang C Y,Chang L J,LüZ Y,et al.Seismic anisotropy ofupper mantle in eastern Tibetan Plateau and related crust-mantle coupling pattern.Science in China(Series D):EarthSciences(in Chinese),2007,50(8):1150-1160.
[30]Long M D,Silver P G.The subduction zone flow field fromseismic anisotropy:a global view.Science,2008,319(5861):315-318.
[31]Silver P G.Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents:probing the depths of geology.Annu.Rev.Earth Planet.Sci.,1996,24(1):385-432.
[32]Vinnik L P,Makeyeva L I,Milev A,et al.Global patternsof azimuthal anisotropy and deformations in the continentalmantle.Geophys.J.Int.,1992,111(3):433-447.
[33]Gripp A E,Gordon R G.Young tracks of hotspots andcurrent plate velocities.Geophys.J.Int.,2002,150(2):321-361.
[34]Li S L,Mooney W D,Fan J C.Crustal structure of mainlandChina from deep seismic sounding data.Tectonophysics,2006,420(1-2):239-252.
[35]嘉世旭,张先康.华北不同构造块体地壳结构及其对比研究.地球物理学报,2005,48(3),611-620.Jia S X,Zhang X K.Crustal structure and comparison ofdifferent tectonic blocks in North China.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2005,48(3):611-620.
[36]吴晶,高原,陈运泰.首都圈东南部地区地壳介质各向异性.地震学报,2008,30(1):1-10.Wu J,Gao Y,Chen Y T.Crustal seismic anisotropy inSoutheastern Capital area,China.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),2008,21(1):1-10.
[37]Huang Z X,Su W,Peng Y J,et al.Rayleigh wavetomography of China and adjacent regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2003,108(B2):2073,doi:10.1029/2001JB001696.
[38]Chen L,Zheng T Y,Xu W W.A thinned lithospheric imageof the Tanlu Fault Zone,eastern China:constructed fromwave equation based receiver function migration.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B09312,doi:10.1029/2005JB003974.
[39]彭艳菊,黄忠贤,苏伟等.中国大陆及邻区海域地壳上地幔各向异性研究.地球物理学报,2007,50(3):752-759.Peng Y J,Huang Z X,Su W,et al.Anisotropy in crust andupper mantle beneath China continent and its adjacent seas.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2007,50(3),752-759.
[40]Li Y H,Wu Q J,Zhang R Q,et al.The lithosphericthinning of the North China Craton inferred from Rayleighwaves inversion.Geophys.J.Int.,2009,177(3):1334-1342.
[41]Chen L,Tao W,Zhao L,et al.Distinct lateral variation oflithospheric thickness in the Northeastern North ChinaCraton.Earth Planet.Sci.Lett.,2008,267(1-2):56-68.
[42]Sodoudi F,Yuan X H,Liu Q Y,et al.Lithosphericthickness beneath the Dabie Shan,central eastern China fromS receiver functions.Geophys.J.Int.,2006,166(3):1363-1367.
[43]Fan W M,Zhang H F,Baker J,et al.On and off the NorthChina Craton:where is the Archaean keel?J.Petrol.,2000,41(7):933-950.
[44]Shi L B,Lin C Y,Chen X D,et al.A xenolith-derivedgeotherm for the lower crust and upper mantle beneathHanuoba area,Hebei Province,China and its geologicimplications.Seismol.Geol.,2000,22(1):37-46.
[45]An M J,Shi Y L.Lithospheric thickness of the Chinesecontinent.Phys.Earth Planet.Ints.,2006,159(3-4):257-266.
[46]Huang J L,Zhao D P.High-resolution mantle tomography ofChina and surrounding regions.J.Geophys.Res.,2006,111:B09305,doi:10.1029/2005JB004066.
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