基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型的横波速度和各向异性参数预测
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摘要
高角度缝隙充填的碳酸盐岩储层可以等效为具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性介质.本文提出了适用于裂缝型碳酸盐岩的岩石物理模型构建流程,重点介绍了在碳酸盐岩各向同性背景中,综合利用微小裂隙模型和线性滑动模型添加缝隙系统,并分析了当缝隙充填不同流体时,各向异性参数随纵横波速比的变化特征.同时本文讨论了裂缝密度和缝隙充填流体对地震反射系数的影响,推导了不同类型流体充填时储层反射系数与裂缝密度的近似关系式,阐述了各向异性流体替换理论,最终实现饱含流体碳酸盐岩裂缝储层的纵横波速度和各向异性参数的估测.选取某碳酸盐岩工区A井对该方法进行试算,结果表明基于碳酸盐岩裂缝岩石物理模型估算的纵横波速度值与测井值吻合较好,而且估测所得的各向异性参数值也能够较好地反映出裂缝储层位置.
Carbonate rocks with high angle fractures can be equivalent to HTI media(Horizontal Transverse Isotropic).This paper put forward the flowchart to integrate rock physics model in layered fractured carbonate rocks.It focused on the study of jointing cracks and fractures into the isotropic background media by Hudson′s model and Schoenberg′s model,and made an analysis of anisotropic parameters variation with P wave to S wave velocity ratio when fracture filled with different fluids.The next step was to show the influence which was induced by fractures density and fracture fluid on seismic reflectivity coefficient.And it also aimed to accomplish fluid filling work in fractures space using Brown and Korringa′s generalized Gassmann equations.Then we calculated P wave,S wave velocity and anisotropic parameters in carbonate rocks which jointed fractures and saturated fluid.At last,the paper discussed the accuracy of the parameters estimation method based on fractured carbonate rock physics model.The estimated S-wave velocity was consistent with the log value.And the estimated anisotropic parameters could describe the fractured reservoir location.
Carbonate rocks with high angle fractures can be equivalent to HTI media(Horizontal Transverse Isotropic).This paper put forward the flowchart to integrate rock physics model in layered fractured carbonate rocks.It focused on the study of jointing cracks and fractures into the isotropic background media by Hudson′s model and Schoenberg′s model,and made an analysis of anisotropic parameters variation with P wave to S wave velocity ratio when fracture filled with different fluids.The next step was to show the influence which was induced by fractures density and fracture fluid on seismic reflectivity coefficient.And it also aimed to accomplish fluid filling work in fractures space using Brown and Korringa′s generalized Gassmann equations.Then we calculated P wave,S wave velocity and anisotropic parameters in carbonate rocks which jointed fractures and saturated fluid.At last,the paper discussed the accuracy of the parameters estimation method based on fractured carbonate rock physics model.The estimated S-wave velocity was consistent with the log value.And the estimated anisotropic parameters could describe the fractured reservoir location.
引文
[1]镇晶晶,刘洋.裂缝介质岩石物理模型研究综述.地球物理学进展,2011,26(5):1708-1716.Zhen J J,Liu Y.Review over physical model of fracturedrock medium.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,26(5):1708-1716.
[2]蒋炼,文晓涛,贺振华等.礁滩储层内部孔隙结构模型模拟与孔隙度预测.地球物理学报,2011,54(6):1624-1633.Jiang L,Wen X T,He Z H,et al.Pore structure modelsimulation and porosity prediction in reef-flat reservoir.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(6):1624-1633.
[3]马淑芳,韩大匡,甘利灯等.地震岩石物理模型综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):460-471.Ma S F,Han D K,Gan L D,et al.A review of seismic rockphysics models.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(2):460-471.
[4]徐胜峰,李勇根,曹宏.地震岩石物理研究概述.地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):680-691.Xu S F,Li Y G,Cao H.A review of seismic rock physics.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(2):680-691.
[5]吴国忱.各向异性介质地震波传播与成像.山东东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006:1-3.Wu G C.Propagation and Imaging for Seismic Wave inAnisotropic Media(in Chinese).Shandong Dongying:Pressof China University of Petroleum,2006:1-3.
[6]杜启振,杨慧珠.方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法研究.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(4):32-36.Du Q Z,Yang H Z.Detection method for fractures inazimuthally anisotropic media.Journal of China Universityof Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science)(in Chinese),2003,27(4):32-36.
[7]李录明,罗省贤,王明春等.各向异性介质三维纵横波联合叠前反演方法及应用.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(1):60-65.Li L M,Luo S X,Wang M C,et al.3D PP-PS jointinversion method and application in anisotropic medium.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2010,45(1):60-65.
[8]肖鹏飞,王世星,曲寿利等.倾角对裂缝密度反演的影响分析.石油物探,2009,48(6):544-551.Xiao P F,Wang S X,Qu S L,et al.Analysis on the impactof dip on fracture density inversion.Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum(in Chinese),2009,48(6):544-551.
[9]Ruger A.Reflection coefficient and azimuthal AVO analysisin anisotropic media[Ph.D.thesis].Colorado:ColoradoSchool of Mines,1996.
[10]Thomsen L.Weak elastic anisotropy.Geophysics,1986,51(10):1954-1966.
[11]李磊,郝重涛.横向各向同性介质和斜方介质各向异性参数的约束条件.地球物理学报,2011,54(11):2819-2830.Li L,Hao C T.Constraints on anisotropic parameters intransversely isotropic media and the extensions to orthorhombicmedia.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(11):2819-2830.
[12]杜启振,孔丽云,韩世春.裂缝诱导各向异性双孔隙介质波场传播特征.地球物理学报,2009,52(4):1049-1058.Du Q Z,Kong L Y,Han S C.Wavefield propagationcharacteristics in the fracture-induced anisotropic double-porosity medium.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(4):1049-1058.
[13]阴可,杨慧珠.各向异性介质中的AVO.地球物理学报,1998,41(3):382-390.Yin K,Yang H Z.AVO in anisotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,41(3):382-390.
[14]梁锴,印兴耀,吴国忱.TTI介质qP波入射精确和近似反射透射系数.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):208-217.Liang K,Yin X Y,Wu G C.Exact and approximatereflection and transmission coefficient for incident qP wave inTTI media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):208-217.
[15]张广智,郑静静,印兴耀.基于Curvelet变换的多尺度性识别裂缝发育带.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):757-762.Zhang G Z,Zheng J J,Yin X Y.Identification technology offracture zone and its strike based on the Curvelet transform.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(5):757-762.
[16]李爱山,印兴耀,张繁昌等.VTI介质中的弹性阻抗与参数提取.地球物理学进展,2008,23(6):1878-1885.Li A S,Yin X Y,Zhang F C,et al.Elastic impedance in VTImedia and parameter extraction.Progress in Geophys.(inChinese),2008,23(6):1878-1885.
[17]齐宇,魏建新,狄帮让等.横向各向同性介质纵波方位各向异性物理模型研究.石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(6):671-674.Qi Y,Wei J X,Di B R,et al.Compressional wave(P-wave)azimuthal anisotropy physical model studies in transversallyisotropic medium.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),2009,44(6):671-674.
[18]Hudson J A.Overall properties of a cracked solid.Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge PhilosophicalSociety,1975,88(2):371-384.
[19]Hudson J A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves inmaterial containing cracks.Geophysical Journal of theRoyal Astronomical Society,1981,64(1):133-150.
[20]Schoenberg M.Elastic wave behavior across linear slipinterfaces.J.Acoust.Soc.Amer.,1980,68(5):1516-1521.
[21]Brown R J,Korringa J.On the dependence of the elasticproperties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the porefluid.Geophysics,1975,40(4):608-616.
[22]Sava D.Quantitative data integration for fracturecharacterization using statistical rock physics[Ph.D.thesis].California:Stanford University,2004.
[23]Backus G E.Long-wave elastic anisotropy produced byhorizontal layering.J.Geophys.Res.,1962,67(11):4427-4440.
[24]Schoenberg M,Muir F.A calculus for finely layeredanisotropic media.Geophysics,1989,54(5):581-589.
[25]Schoenberg M,Douma J.Elastic wave propagation in mediawith parallel fractures and aligned cracks.Geophys.Prospect.,1988,36(6):571-590.
[26]Schoenberg M,Protazio J.‘Zoeppritz’rationalized andgeneralized to anisotropy.Seismic Explor.,1992,1:125-144.
[27]Schoeberg M,Sayers C M.Seismic anisotropy of fracturedrock.Geophysics,1995,60(1):204-211.
[28]Bakulin A,Grechka V,Tsvankin I.Estimation of fractureparameters from reflection seismic data-Part I:HTI modeldue to a single fracture set.Geophysics,2000,65(6):1788-1802.
[29]Gassmann F.Uber die elastizitat poroser medien.Vier.derNatur.Gesellschaft Zurich,1951,96(1):1-23.
[30]Bachrach R,Sengupta M,Salama A,et al.Reconstructionof the layer anisotropic elastic parameters and high resolutionfracture characterization from P-wave data:a case studyusing seismic inversion and Bayesian rock physics parameterestimation.Geophys.Prospect.,2009,57(2):253-262.
[2]蒋炼,文晓涛,贺振华等.礁滩储层内部孔隙结构模型模拟与孔隙度预测.地球物理学报,2011,54(6):1624-1633.Jiang L,Wen X T,He Z H,et al.Pore structure modelsimulation and porosity prediction in reef-flat reservoir.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(6):1624-1633.
[3]马淑芳,韩大匡,甘利灯等.地震岩石物理模型综述.地球物理学进展,2010,25(2):460-471.Ma S F,Han D K,Gan L D,et al.A review of seismic rockphysics models.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,25(2):460-471.
[4]徐胜峰,李勇根,曹宏.地震岩石物理研究概述.地球物理学进展,2009,24(2):680-691.Xu S F,Li Y G,Cao H.A review of seismic rock physics.Progress in Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,24(2):680-691.
[5]吴国忱.各向异性介质地震波传播与成像.山东东营:中国石油大学出版社,2006:1-3.Wu G C.Propagation and Imaging for Seismic Wave inAnisotropic Media(in Chinese).Shandong Dongying:Pressof China University of Petroleum,2006:1-3.
[6]杜启振,杨慧珠.方位各向异性介质的裂缝预测方法研究.中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(4):32-36.Du Q Z,Yang H Z.Detection method for fractures inazimuthally anisotropic media.Journal of China Universityof Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science)(in Chinese),2003,27(4):32-36.
[7]李录明,罗省贤,王明春等.各向异性介质三维纵横波联合叠前反演方法及应用.石油地球物理勘探,2010,45(1):60-65.Li L M,Luo S X,Wang M C,et al.3D PP-PS jointinversion method and application in anisotropic medium.OilGeophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2010,45(1):60-65.
[8]肖鹏飞,王世星,曲寿利等.倾角对裂缝密度反演的影响分析.石油物探,2009,48(6):544-551.Xiao P F,Wang S X,Qu S L,et al.Analysis on the impactof dip on fracture density inversion.Geophysical Prospectingfor Petroleum(in Chinese),2009,48(6):544-551.
[9]Ruger A.Reflection coefficient and azimuthal AVO analysisin anisotropic media[Ph.D.thesis].Colorado:ColoradoSchool of Mines,1996.
[10]Thomsen L.Weak elastic anisotropy.Geophysics,1986,51(10):1954-1966.
[11]李磊,郝重涛.横向各向同性介质和斜方介质各向异性参数的约束条件.地球物理学报,2011,54(11):2819-2830.Li L,Hao C T.Constraints on anisotropic parameters intransversely isotropic media and the extensions to orthorhombicmedia.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(11):2819-2830.
[12]杜启振,孔丽云,韩世春.裂缝诱导各向异性双孔隙介质波场传播特征.地球物理学报,2009,52(4):1049-1058.Du Q Z,Kong L Y,Han S C.Wavefield propagationcharacteristics in the fracture-induced anisotropic double-porosity medium.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2009,52(4):1049-1058.
[13]阴可,杨慧珠.各向异性介质中的AVO.地球物理学报,1998,41(3):382-390.Yin K,Yang H Z.AVO in anisotropic media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),1998,41(3):382-390.
[14]梁锴,印兴耀,吴国忱.TTI介质qP波入射精确和近似反射透射系数.地球物理学报,2011,54(1):208-217.Liang K,Yin X Y,Wu G C.Exact and approximatereflection and transmission coefficient for incident qP wave inTTI media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(1):208-217.
[15]张广智,郑静静,印兴耀.基于Curvelet变换的多尺度性识别裂缝发育带.石油地球物理勘探,2011,46(5):757-762.Zhang G Z,Zheng J J,Yin X Y.Identification technology offracture zone and its strike based on the Curvelet transform.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(in Chinese),2011,46(5):757-762.
[16]李爱山,印兴耀,张繁昌等.VTI介质中的弹性阻抗与参数提取.地球物理学进展,2008,23(6):1878-1885.Li A S,Yin X Y,Zhang F C,et al.Elastic impedance in VTImedia and parameter extraction.Progress in Geophys.(inChinese),2008,23(6):1878-1885.
[17]齐宇,魏建新,狄帮让等.横向各向同性介质纵波方位各向异性物理模型研究.石油地球物理勘探,2009,44(6):671-674.Qi Y,Wei J X,Di B R,et al.Compressional wave(P-wave)azimuthal anisotropy physical model studies in transversallyisotropic medium.Oil Geophysical Prospecting(inChinese),2009,44(6):671-674.
[18]Hudson J A.Overall properties of a cracked solid.Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge PhilosophicalSociety,1975,88(2):371-384.
[19]Hudson J A.Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves inmaterial containing cracks.Geophysical Journal of theRoyal Astronomical Society,1981,64(1):133-150.
[20]Schoenberg M.Elastic wave behavior across linear slipinterfaces.J.Acoust.Soc.Amer.,1980,68(5):1516-1521.
[21]Brown R J,Korringa J.On the dependence of the elasticproperties of a porous rock on the compressibility of the porefluid.Geophysics,1975,40(4):608-616.
[22]Sava D.Quantitative data integration for fracturecharacterization using statistical rock physics[Ph.D.thesis].California:Stanford University,2004.
[23]Backus G E.Long-wave elastic anisotropy produced byhorizontal layering.J.Geophys.Res.,1962,67(11):4427-4440.
[24]Schoenberg M,Muir F.A calculus for finely layeredanisotropic media.Geophysics,1989,54(5):581-589.
[25]Schoenberg M,Douma J.Elastic wave propagation in mediawith parallel fractures and aligned cracks.Geophys.Prospect.,1988,36(6):571-590.
[26]Schoenberg M,Protazio J.‘Zoeppritz’rationalized andgeneralized to anisotropy.Seismic Explor.,1992,1:125-144.
[27]Schoeberg M,Sayers C M.Seismic anisotropy of fracturedrock.Geophysics,1995,60(1):204-211.
[28]Bakulin A,Grechka V,Tsvankin I.Estimation of fractureparameters from reflection seismic data-Part I:HTI modeldue to a single fracture set.Geophysics,2000,65(6):1788-1802.
[29]Gassmann F.Uber die elastizitat poroser medien.Vier.derNatur.Gesellschaft Zurich,1951,96(1):1-23.
[30]Bachrach R,Sengupta M,Salama A,et al.Reconstructionof the layer anisotropic elastic parameters and high resolutionfracture characterization from P-wave data:a case studyusing seismic inversion and Bayesian rock physics parameterestimation.Geophys.Prospect.,2009,57(2):253-262.
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