基于碳酸盐岩孔隙结构预测孔隙度方法研究
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摘要
许多研究都已经证实在碳酸盐岩储层中孔隙结构对声波速度影响很大,因此在孔隙度反演时必须考虑孔隙结构的影响.本文通过对Gassmann方程的合理简化并引入Eshelby-Walsh干燥岩石椭球包体近似公式,推导出包含岩石孔隙结构参数、饱和岩石压缩系数与岩石基质压缩系数三个参数的计算孔隙度的新公式,该式岩石基质压缩系数是通过Russell流体因子和Gassmann-Boit-Geertsma方程计算式建立目标函数反演获得的,然后通过测井交汇图技术把岩石孔隙结构参数与岩石基质压缩系数优选转换成纵横波速度与密度关系式,进而导出具体地区考虑碳酸盐岩孔隙结构孔隙度具体计算公式,测井与地震资料应用表明,基于碳酸盐岩孔隙结构的孔隙度预测方法的精度高于常规方法.
Many studies have been confirmed pore structure has a great influence on acoustic velocity in a carbonate reservoir.Therefore,the porosity inversion must take into account the influence of pore structure.In this paper,we first derive a simplified Gassmann equation by using a reasonable assumption in which the compressive coefficient of the saturated pore fluid is much greater than the rock matrix and utilize the Eshelby-Walsh relation to replace the equivalent modulus of dry rock in the Gassmann equation.On this basis,we derive a new formula of the three parameters for porosity calculation to take into account the rock pore structure parameters,saturated rock compressibility coefficient and rock matrix compression coefficient.The rock matrix compression coefficient in the formula is iverted by combining the Russell fluid factor with the Gassman-Biot-Geertsma equation.Rock pore structure parameters and the rock matrix compression coefficient in the formula are preferably converted to P.S-wave velocities and density relational expression by logging cross plot technology.Predicting the porosity for specific areas based on the pore structure of carbonate is derived.At the last,the practical data proves that the accuracy of a new approach to predict the porosity based on the pore structure of carbonate is higher than the conventional method.
Many studies have been confirmed pore structure has a great influence on acoustic velocity in a carbonate reservoir.Therefore,the porosity inversion must take into account the influence of pore structure.In this paper,we first derive a simplified Gassmann equation by using a reasonable assumption in which the compressive coefficient of the saturated pore fluid is much greater than the rock matrix and utilize the Eshelby-Walsh relation to replace the equivalent modulus of dry rock in the Gassmann equation.On this basis,we derive a new formula of the three parameters for porosity calculation to take into account the rock pore structure parameters,saturated rock compressibility coefficient and rock matrix compression coefficient.The rock matrix compression coefficient in the formula is iverted by combining the Russell fluid factor with the Gassman-Biot-Geertsma equation.Rock pore structure parameters and the rock matrix compression coefficient in the formula are preferably converted to P.S-wave velocities and density relational expression by logging cross plot technology.Predicting the porosity for specific areas based on the pore structure of carbonate is derived.At the last,the practical data proves that the accuracy of a new approach to predict the porosity based on the pore structure of carbonate is higher than the conventional method.
引文
[1]贺振华,黄德济,文晓涛.裂缝油气藏地球物理预测[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.He Z H,Huang D J,Wen X T.Geophysics Prediction inFractured Hydrocarbon Reservoir(in Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2007.
[2]Anselmetti,F.S.,and G.P.Eberli.Controls on sonicvelocity in carbonates[J]:Pure and Applied Geophysics,1993,141:287-323.
[3]Anselmetti,F.S.,S.Luthi,and G.P.Eberli.Quantitativecharacterization of carbonate pore systems by digital imageanalysis[J]:AAPG Bulletin,1998,81:1815-1836.
[4]覃豪,李洪娟,等.基于孔隙结构的酸性火山岩储层流体识别方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):422-427,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.02.019.Qin H,Li H J,et al.A study on the fluid identificationmethod of acidic volcanic reservoirs based on the porestructure.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(2):422-427,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.02.019.
[5]乔二伟,赵卫华,龙长兴.含不同孔隙流体的砂岩地震波速度随压力变化的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(12):4257-4265,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.037.Qiao E W,Zhao W H,Long C X.A laboratory study ofseismic wave velocity in sandstone bearing differential porefluids at different pressures.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2012,55(12):4257-4265,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.037.
[6]Eberli,G.P.,M.L.Batzle,F.S.Anselmetti,and M.L.Incze.Factors controlling elastic properties in carbonatesediments and rocks[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22:654-660.
[7]Sun,Y.F.A two-parameter model of elastic wave velocitiesin rocks and numerical avo modeling[J].Journal ofComputational Acoustics,2004,12(4):619-630.
[8]李宏兵,张佳佳,姚逢昌.岩石的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其应用[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.Li H B,Zhang J J,Yao F C.Inversion of effective pore aspectratios for porous rocks and its applications.Chinese JournalGeophysics,2013,56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.
[9]白俊雨,宋志翔,等.基于Xu-White模型横波速度预测的误差分析[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(2):589-595,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.02.021.Bai J Y,Song Z X,et al.Error analysis of shear-velocityprediction by the Xu-White model.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2012,55(2):589-595,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.02.021.
[10]石玉梅,姚逢昌,等.地震密度反演及地层孔隙度估计[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(1):197-204,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.01.022.Shi Y M,Yao F C,et al.Density inversion and porosityestimation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(1):197-204,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.01.022.
[11]吴媚,符力耘,李维新.高分辨率非线性储层物性参数反演方法和应用[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):546-557.Wu M,Fu L Y,Li W X.A high-resolution nonlinearinversion method of reservoir parameters and its applicationto oil/gas exploration.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):546-557.
[12]Russel B H.The application of multivariate statistics and neuralnetworks to the prediction of reservoir parameters usingseismic attributes[Ph.D].Calgary;Department of Geologyand Geophysics,Canada,2004.
[13]于正军,董冬冬,等.相带控制下协克里金方法孔隙度预测[J].地球物理学进展,2012,(4):1581-1587,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.035.Yu Z J,Dong D d,et al.Porosity prediction with co-Krigingmethod controlled by sedimentary facies[J].Progress inGeophysics,2012,(4):1581-1587,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.035.
[14]聂建新.基于非饱和多孔隙介质BISQ模型的储层参数反演[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1101-1105,doi:Nie J X.Inversion of reservoir parameters based on the BISQmodel in partially saturated porous media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6):1101-1105,doi:
[15]刘洋.利用地震资料估算孔隙度和饱和度的一种新方法[J].石油学报,2005,26(2):61-64.Liu Y.A new approach to estimation of porosity andsaturation with seismic data.Acta petroleum Sinica,2005,6(2):61-64.
[16]Lin K,Xiong X J,Yang X,and He Z H.Self-adaptingextraction of matrix mineral bulk modulus and verification offluid Substitution[J].Applied geophysics,2011,8(2):110-116.
[17]陈颐,黄庭芳.岩石物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.Chen Y,Huang T F.Petrophysics(in Chinese).Beijing:Beijing University Press,2001.
[18]He X L,He Z H,Wang R L,Wang X B,and Jiang L.Calculations of rock matrix modulus based on a linearregression relation[J].Applied geophysics,2011,8(3):155-162.
[19]Gary M,Tapan M,Jack D.The Rock Physics Handbook:Toolsfor Seismic Analysis in Porous Media[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[20]J.B.Walsh.The effect of cracks on the compressibility[J].Rock.Journal of geophysical research,1965,70(2):381-388.
[21]蒋炼,文晓涛,贺振华,黄德济.礁滩储层内部孔隙结构模型模拟与孔隙度预测[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(6):1624-1633,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.06.022.Jiang L,Wen X T,He Z H,Huang D J.Pore structuremodel simulation and porosity prediction in reef-flatreservoir.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(6):1624-1633,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.06.022.
[22]潘保芝,张丽华,等.裂缝和孔洞型储层孔隙模型的理论进展[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(4):1232-1237,doi:Pan B Z,Zuang L H,et al.Progress in porosity model forfractured and vuggy reservoirs[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(4):1232-1237,doi:
[23]赵辉,石新,等.裂缝性储层孔隙指数、饱和度及裂缝孔隙度计算研究[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(6):2639-2645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.06.043.Zhao H,Shi X,et al.Study on porosity exponent,saturation and fracture porosity for fractured reservoirs[J].Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(6):2639-2645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.06.043.
[24]景建恩,梅忠武,李舟波.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的测井识别与评价方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2):336-341,doi:Jing J E,Mei Z W,Li Z B.Investigation of well loggingevaluation and identification methods for carbonate reservoirswith fracture and vug in Tahe oil field[J].Progress inGeophysics,2003,18(2):336-341,doi:
[25]赵军龙,巩泽文,等.碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层测井识别及评价技术综述与展望[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(2):537-547,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.02.017.Zhao J L,Gong Z W,et al.A review and perspective ofidentifying and evaluating the logging technology of fracturedcarbonate reservoir[J].Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(2):537-547,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.02.017.
[26]孙树海,刘雪莹.用地震资料预测孔隙度的广义协克里格法[J].地球物理学报,1993,36(06):798-804.Sun S H,Liu X Y.Generalized co-Kriging of porosityprediction from seismic data.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1993,36(06):798-804.
[2]Anselmetti,F.S.,and G.P.Eberli.Controls on sonicvelocity in carbonates[J]:Pure and Applied Geophysics,1993,141:287-323.
[3]Anselmetti,F.S.,S.Luthi,and G.P.Eberli.Quantitativecharacterization of carbonate pore systems by digital imageanalysis[J]:AAPG Bulletin,1998,81:1815-1836.
[4]覃豪,李洪娟,等.基于孔隙结构的酸性火山岩储层流体识别方法研究[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(2):422-427,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.02.019.Qin H,Li H J,et al.A study on the fluid identificationmethod of acidic volcanic reservoirs based on the porestructure.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(2):422-427,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.02.019.
[5]乔二伟,赵卫华,龙长兴.含不同孔隙流体的砂岩地震波速度随压力变化的实验研究[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(12):4257-4265,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.037.Qiao E W,Zhao W H,Long C X.A laboratory study ofseismic wave velocity in sandstone bearing differential porefluids at different pressures.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2012,55(12):4257-4265,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.12.037.
[6]Eberli,G.P.,M.L.Batzle,F.S.Anselmetti,and M.L.Incze.Factors controlling elastic properties in carbonatesediments and rocks[J].The Leading Edge,2003,22:654-660.
[7]Sun,Y.F.A two-parameter model of elastic wave velocitiesin rocks and numerical avo modeling[J].Journal ofComputational Acoustics,2004,12(4):619-630.
[8]李宏兵,张佳佳,姚逢昌.岩石的等效孔隙纵横比反演及其应用[J].地球物理学报,2013,56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.Li H B,Zhang J J,Yao F C.Inversion of effective pore aspectratios for porous rocks and its applications.Chinese JournalGeophysics,2013,56(2):608-615,doi:10.6038/cjg20130224.
[9]白俊雨,宋志翔,等.基于Xu-White模型横波速度预测的误差分析[J].地球物理学报,2012,55(2):589-595,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.02.021.Bai J Y,Song Z X,et al.Error analysis of shear-velocityprediction by the Xu-White model.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),2012,55(2):589-595,doi:10.6038/j.issn.0001-5733.2012.02.021.
[10]石玉梅,姚逢昌,等.地震密度反演及地层孔隙度估计[J].地球物理学报,2010,53(1):197-204,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.01.022.Shi Y M,Yao F C,et al.Density inversion and porosityestimation.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(1):197-204,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.01.022.
[11]吴媚,符力耘,李维新.高分辨率非线性储层物性参数反演方法和应用[J].地球物理学报,2008,51(2):546-557.Wu M,Fu L Y,Li W X.A high-resolution nonlinearinversion method of reservoir parameters and its applicationto oil/gas exploration.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2008,51(2):546-557.
[12]Russel B H.The application of multivariate statistics and neuralnetworks to the prediction of reservoir parameters usingseismic attributes[Ph.D].Calgary;Department of Geologyand Geophysics,Canada,2004.
[13]于正军,董冬冬,等.相带控制下协克里金方法孔隙度预测[J].地球物理学进展,2012,(4):1581-1587,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.035.Yu Z J,Dong D d,et al.Porosity prediction with co-Krigingmethod controlled by sedimentary facies[J].Progress inGeophysics,2012,(4):1581-1587,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.04.035.
[14]聂建新.基于非饱和多孔隙介质BISQ模型的储层参数反演[J].地球物理学报,2004,47(6):1101-1105,doi:Nie J X.Inversion of reservoir parameters based on the BISQmodel in partially saturated porous media.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2004,47(6):1101-1105,doi:
[15]刘洋.利用地震资料估算孔隙度和饱和度的一种新方法[J].石油学报,2005,26(2):61-64.Liu Y.A new approach to estimation of porosity andsaturation with seismic data.Acta petroleum Sinica,2005,6(2):61-64.
[16]Lin K,Xiong X J,Yang X,and He Z H.Self-adaptingextraction of matrix mineral bulk modulus and verification offluid Substitution[J].Applied geophysics,2011,8(2):110-116.
[17]陈颐,黄庭芳.岩石物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.Chen Y,Huang T F.Petrophysics(in Chinese).Beijing:Beijing University Press,2001.
[18]He X L,He Z H,Wang R L,Wang X B,and Jiang L.Calculations of rock matrix modulus based on a linearregression relation[J].Applied geophysics,2011,8(3):155-162.
[19]Gary M,Tapan M,Jack D.The Rock Physics Handbook:Toolsfor Seismic Analysis in Porous Media[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[20]J.B.Walsh.The effect of cracks on the compressibility[J].Rock.Journal of geophysical research,1965,70(2):381-388.
[21]蒋炼,文晓涛,贺振华,黄德济.礁滩储层内部孔隙结构模型模拟与孔隙度预测[J].地球物理学报,2011,54(6):1624-1633,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.06.022.Jiang L,Wen X T,He Z H,Huang D J.Pore structuremodel simulation and porosity prediction in reef-flatreservoir.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2011,54(6):1624-1633,doi:10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.06.022.
[22]潘保芝,张丽华,等.裂缝和孔洞型储层孔隙模型的理论进展[J].地球物理学进展,2006,21(4):1232-1237,doi:Pan B Z,Zuang L H,et al.Progress in porosity model forfractured and vuggy reservoirs[J].Progress in Geophysics,2006,21(4):1232-1237,doi:
[23]赵辉,石新,等.裂缝性储层孔隙指数、饱和度及裂缝孔隙度计算研究[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(6):2639-2645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.06.043.Zhao H,Shi X,et al.Study on porosity exponent,saturation and fracture porosity for fractured reservoirs[J].Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(6):2639-2645,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.06.043.
[24]景建恩,梅忠武,李舟波.塔河油田碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层的测井识别与评价方法研究[J].地球物理学进展,2003,18(2):336-341,doi:Jing J E,Mei Z W,Li Z B.Investigation of well loggingevaluation and identification methods for carbonate reservoirswith fracture and vug in Tahe oil field[J].Progress inGeophysics,2003,18(2):336-341,doi:
[25]赵军龙,巩泽文,等.碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层测井识别及评价技术综述与展望[J].地球物理学进展,2012,27(2):537-547,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.02.017.Zhao J L,Gong Z W,et al.A review and perspective ofidentifying and evaluating the logging technology of fracturedcarbonate reservoir[J].Progress in Geophysics,2012,27(2):537-547,doi:10.6038/j.issn.1004-2903.2012.02.017.
[26]孙树海,刘雪莹.用地震资料预测孔隙度的广义协克里格法[J].地球物理学报,1993,36(06):798-804.Sun S H,Liu X Y.Generalized co-Kriging of porosityprediction from seismic data.Chinese J.Geophys.(inChinese),1993,36(06):798-804.
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