考虑场地效应的ShakeMap系统研究
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摘要
本文主要以地表地质状况与地形(坡度)的相似性为原则,将中国大陆地区分辨率30″的地形DEM(数字高程模型)数据经过坡度计算后,利用坡度与Vs30(地表至地下30m处的平均剪切波速)的相关关系,得到各场点近似的Vs30值,再用Vs30量化地震动的场地放大系数。将由此建立的场地放大系数运用到本文研发的ShakeMap系统中,校正震后理论计算所得到的基岩地震动参数值,从而获得其地表土层上的地震动参数分布。本文还详细介绍了ShakeMap系统的计算流程、计算模型及相关的软件系统等。最后以应用实例表明ShakeMap系统在中国大陆地区是可用的。
In accordance with principle of the similarity of geology and the topography,the Vs30(the average shear-velocity down to 30 m) approximation of sites can be acquired by correlations between Vs30 and slopes after the calculation of the Maximum slope of topography using 30-sec Chinese mainland DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data set.And Site-Amplification Factors can be quantified.Then Site-Amplification Factors can be applied to ShakeMap system which has been developed by us to revise based ground-motion amplitudes estimated from empirical relationships.Surficial distribution of ground motion parameters can be obtained as a result.The article also introduces the Calculation Process,calculation models of the ShakeMap systems and related software systems.Finally,some examples are given indicating the feasibility of ShakeMap system in Chinese mainland.
In accordance with principle of the similarity of geology and the topography,the Vs30(the average shear-velocity down to 30 m) approximation of sites can be acquired by correlations between Vs30 and slopes after the calculation of the Maximum slope of topography using 30-sec Chinese mainland DEM(Digital Elevation Model) data set.And Site-Amplification Factors can be quantified.Then Site-Amplification Factors can be applied to ShakeMap system which has been developed by us to revise based ground-motion amplitudes estimated from empirical relationships.Surficial distribution of ground motion parameters can be obtained as a result.The article also introduces the Calculation Process,calculation models of the ShakeMap systems and related software systems.Finally,some examples are given indicating the feasibility of ShakeMap system in Chinese mainland.
引文
[1]中国地震局地球物理研究所,2005,我国若干城市震害预测与防御对策研究项目报告。
陈鲲、高孟谭,2006,SuperMap Object在地震灾害预估中应用浅析,中国地震,22(3),327～331。
陈培善、白彤霞,1991,震源参数之间的定量关系,地震学报,13(4),401～411。
金星、张红才、韦永祥,2008,基于地震台网资料快速发布的震动烈度标准及其应用研究,国际地震动态,10(358),20～27。
李小军、彭青、刘文忠,2001,设计地震动参数确定中的场地影响考虑,世界地震工程,17(4),34～41。
马杏垣,1989,板内块体的现代运动,中国岩石圈动力学地图集,北京:中国地图出版社,21。
时振梁、环文林、武宦英等,1973,我国强震活动与板块构造,地质科学,4,281～293。
时振梁、王健、张晓东,1995,中国地震活动性分区特征,地震学报,17(1),20～24。
史大成,2009,基于GIS的场地分类新方法研究,硕士论文,北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所。
汪素云、俞言祥、高阿甲等,2000,中国分区地震动衰减关系的确定,中国地震,16(2),99～106。
中国地震局,2001,中国地震动参数区划图(GB183062-2001),北京:中国标准出版社。
Allen T.I.and Wald D.J.,2007,Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site-Conditions(Vs30)and Amplification around theGlobe:U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report2007～1357,69.
Boore D.M.,Joyner W.B.,and Fumal T.E.,1993,Estimation of response spectra and peak accelerations from Western NorthAmerican earthquakes:an interim report,U.S.Geol.Surv.Open-File Rept.93～509.
Borcherdt R.D.,Wentworth C.M.,Fumal T.E.,et al,1991,Methodology for predictive GIS mapping of special study zonesfor strong ground motion in the San Francisco Bay region,CA,in Proc.Fourth Int.Cont.on Seismic Zonation,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Oakland,California,545～552.
Borcherdt R.D.,1994,Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification),EarthquakeSpectra10,617～654.
Building Seismic Safety Council,2004,NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and OtherStructures(2003edition).Washington D C:Building Seismic Safety Council,FEMA450/451,19～38.
Chiou B.S.J.,and Youngs R.R.,2006,PEER-NGA empirical ground motion model for the average horizontal component ofpeak acceleration and pseudo-spectral acceleration for spectral periods of0.01to10seconds,Interim Report for USGS Review,219,http://peer.berkeley.edu/lifelines/repngamodels.html(last accessed December2006).
Farr T.G.,and Kobrick M.,2000,Shuttle Radar Topography Mission produces a wealth of data:EOS Trans,81,583～585.
Fumal T.E.,and Tinsley J.C.,1985,Mapping shear-wave velocities in near-surface geological materials,in EvaluatingEarthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region—An Earth Science Perspective,J.I.Ziony(Editor),U.S.Geol.Surv. Profess.Pap.1360,127～150.
Holzer T.L.,Padovani A.C.,Bennett et al,2005,Mapping NEHRP Vs30site classes,Earthquake Spectra21,353～370.
Joyner W.B.and Fumal T.E.,1985,Predictive mapping of earthquake ground motion,in Evaluating Earthquake Hazards inthe Los Angeles Region-An Earth-Science Perspective,J.E.Ziony(Editor),U.S.Geol.Surv.Profess.Pap.360,203～220.
Matsuoka M.K.,Wakamatsu K.,Fujimoto et al,2005,Nationwide site amplification zoning using GIS-based Japan EngineeringGeomorphologic Classification Map,In Proc.9th int.conf.on struct.Safety and reliability,239～246.
Park S.,and Elrick S.,1998,Predictions of shear-wave velocities in southern California using surface geology,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.88,677～685.
Petersen M.D.,Bryant W.A.,Cramer C.H.,et al,1997,Seismic ground motion hazard mapping incorporating site effects forLos Angeles,Orange,and Ventura counties,California:a geographical information system application,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.87,249～255.
Tinsley J.C.,and Fumal T.E.,1985,Mapping Quaternary sedimentary deposits for areal variations in shaking response,inEvaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region—An Earth Science Perspective,J.I.Ziony(Editor),U.S.Geol.Surv.Profess.Pap.1360,101～126.
Wald D.J.,Worden B.C.,Quitoriano V.,et al,2006,ShakeMap Manual:Technical manual,user’s guide,and softwareguide:U.S.Geological Survey,156.
Wald D.J.,and Allen T.I.,2007,Topographic Slope as a proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification,Bull.Seism.soc.Amer.,97(5),1379～1395.
Wessel P.,and Smith W.H.F.,1991,Generic Mapping Tools,EOS,72,441.
Wills C.J.,Petersen M.,Bryant W.A.,et al,2000,A Site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear-wavevelocity:Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,90(6B),S187～S208.
Wills C.J.,and Clahan K.B.,2006,Developing a map of geologically defined site-condition categories for California,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.96,1483～1501.
陈鲲、高孟谭,2006,SuperMap Object在地震灾害预估中应用浅析,中国地震,22(3),327～331。
陈培善、白彤霞,1991,震源参数之间的定量关系,地震学报,13(4),401～411。
金星、张红才、韦永祥,2008,基于地震台网资料快速发布的震动烈度标准及其应用研究,国际地震动态,10(358),20～27。
李小军、彭青、刘文忠,2001,设计地震动参数确定中的场地影响考虑,世界地震工程,17(4),34～41。
马杏垣,1989,板内块体的现代运动,中国岩石圈动力学地图集,北京:中国地图出版社,21。
时振梁、环文林、武宦英等,1973,我国强震活动与板块构造,地质科学,4,281～293。
时振梁、王健、张晓东,1995,中国地震活动性分区特征,地震学报,17(1),20～24。
史大成,2009,基于GIS的场地分类新方法研究,硕士论文,北京:中国地震局工程力学研究所。
汪素云、俞言祥、高阿甲等,2000,中国分区地震动衰减关系的确定,中国地震,16(2),99～106。
中国地震局,2001,中国地震动参数区划图(GB183062-2001),北京:中国标准出版社。
Allen T.I.and Wald D.J.,2007,Topographic Slope as a Proxy for Seismic Site-Conditions(Vs30)and Amplification around theGlobe:U.S.Geological Survey Open-File Report2007～1357,69.
Boore D.M.,Joyner W.B.,and Fumal T.E.,1993,Estimation of response spectra and peak accelerations from Western NorthAmerican earthquakes:an interim report,U.S.Geol.Surv.Open-File Rept.93～509.
Borcherdt R.D.,Wentworth C.M.,Fumal T.E.,et al,1991,Methodology for predictive GIS mapping of special study zonesfor strong ground motion in the San Francisco Bay region,CA,in Proc.Fourth Int.Cont.on Seismic Zonation,Earthquake Engineering Research Institute,Oakland,California,545～552.
Borcherdt R.D.,1994,Estimates of site-dependent response spectra for design(methodology and justification),EarthquakeSpectra10,617～654.
Building Seismic Safety Council,2004,NEHRP Recommended Provisions for Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and OtherStructures(2003edition).Washington D C:Building Seismic Safety Council,FEMA450/451,19～38.
Chiou B.S.J.,and Youngs R.R.,2006,PEER-NGA empirical ground motion model for the average horizontal component ofpeak acceleration and pseudo-spectral acceleration for spectral periods of0.01to10seconds,Interim Report for USGS Review,219,http://peer.berkeley.edu/lifelines/repngamodels.html(last accessed December2006).
Farr T.G.,and Kobrick M.,2000,Shuttle Radar Topography Mission produces a wealth of data:EOS Trans,81,583～585.
Fumal T.E.,and Tinsley J.C.,1985,Mapping shear-wave velocities in near-surface geological materials,in EvaluatingEarthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region—An Earth Science Perspective,J.I.Ziony(Editor),U.S.Geol.Surv. Profess.Pap.1360,127～150.
Holzer T.L.,Padovani A.C.,Bennett et al,2005,Mapping NEHRP Vs30site classes,Earthquake Spectra21,353～370.
Joyner W.B.and Fumal T.E.,1985,Predictive mapping of earthquake ground motion,in Evaluating Earthquake Hazards inthe Los Angeles Region-An Earth-Science Perspective,J.E.Ziony(Editor),U.S.Geol.Surv.Profess.Pap.360,203～220.
Matsuoka M.K.,Wakamatsu K.,Fujimoto et al,2005,Nationwide site amplification zoning using GIS-based Japan EngineeringGeomorphologic Classification Map,In Proc.9th int.conf.on struct.Safety and reliability,239～246.
Park S.,and Elrick S.,1998,Predictions of shear-wave velocities in southern California using surface geology,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.88,677～685.
Petersen M.D.,Bryant W.A.,Cramer C.H.,et al,1997,Seismic ground motion hazard mapping incorporating site effects forLos Angeles,Orange,and Ventura counties,California:a geographical information system application,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.87,249～255.
Tinsley J.C.,and Fumal T.E.,1985,Mapping Quaternary sedimentary deposits for areal variations in shaking response,inEvaluating Earthquake Hazards in the Los Angeles Region—An Earth Science Perspective,J.I.Ziony(Editor),U.S.Geol.Surv.Profess.Pap.1360,101～126.
Wald D.J.,Worden B.C.,Quitoriano V.,et al,2006,ShakeMap Manual:Technical manual,user’s guide,and softwareguide:U.S.Geological Survey,156.
Wald D.J.,and Allen T.I.,2007,Topographic Slope as a proxy for Seismic Site Conditions and Amplification,Bull.Seism.soc.Amer.,97(5),1379～1395.
Wessel P.,and Smith W.H.F.,1991,Generic Mapping Tools,EOS,72,441.
Wills C.J.,Petersen M.,Bryant W.A.,et al,2000,A Site-conditions map for California based on geology and shear-wavevelocity:Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,90(6B),S187～S208.
Wills C.J.,and Clahan K.B.,2006,Developing a map of geologically defined site-condition categories for California,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.96,1483～1501.
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