黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址地层光释光测年研究
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摘要
通过对黄河上游官亭盆地喇家遗址周围黄河第二级阶地广泛的野外考察,在官亭镇下喇家村段发现了典型的风成黄土土壤层。在地层剖面可见其齐家文化层古地面被数组地震裂隙分割。有一层团块状的、鲜艳的红色粘土质泥流层覆盖了遗址的古地面,并且填充了地震裂隙。经过详细观测和采集光释光样品,应用单片再生剂量法(SAR)获得该剖面样品的光释光(OSL)年龄值。在此基础上,结合大量14C年龄数据和地层对比方法,确定官亭盆地黄河第二级阶地形成在35.00kaBP,其后风成黄土土壤剖面开始发育。同时断定全新世古土壤S0中间所夹红色粘土泥流沉积层及其下的地震裂隙的形成年代为3.95kaBP。结合磁化率和粒度成分等气候替代指标分析,表明在35.00～11.50kaBP晚更新世晚期,亦即末次冰期的晚期(MIS-2),气候寒冷干燥,沙尘暴活动旺盛,在官亭盆地第二级阶地上堆积了典型的马兰黄土层(L1-1)。在11.50～8.50kaBP全新世早期,沙尘暴活动堆积了具有过渡性质的黄土层(Lt),反映气候逐渐变暖。在8.50～3.10kaBP全新世中期大暖期,气候变得温暖湿润,降水量增多,沙尘暴活动减弱,风化成壤作用强烈,堆积形成了黑垆土类古土壤层(S0下、S0上)。
The palaeo-ground of the Qijia Culture in the Lajia Ruins was found to be broken by several groups of earthquake fissures.One layer of conglomerated clayey mudflow deposit has blanketed the Lajia Runis and filled with the earthquake fissures.After detailed field observations,samples for OSL dating were taken from the sediment profile.OSL ages of the samples were obtained by using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose method.A chronological framework was established in the XLJ profile based on the OSL ages and in combination with the 14 C ages and stratigraphic correlations,which indicates that the second terrace of the Yellow River was formed at 35.00 ka BP.Then,accumulation of the eolian loess-soil profile started.The red clayey mudflow deposit and the earthquake fissures were formed at 3.95 ka BP in the second terrace in the Guanting Basin.Sedimentary samples were taken from the profile and magnetic susceptibility and particle-size distribution were analyzed in the laboratory.The results show that the Malan loess(L 1-1) was deposited during 35.00～11.50 ka BP.It was accumulated by dust storms and dust falls under a dry-cold environment during the late last glacial without being modified by pedogenesis.The transitional loess(L t) was dated to be 11.50～8.50 ka BP.It was slightly affected by weathering and pedogenesis during the early Holocene because the climate was dry.The palaeosol(S 0),i.e.,Heilusol or Chernozem,was dated to be 8.50～3.10 ka BP.It was strongly affected by weathering and pedogenesis during the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum.However,a layer of conglomerated red clayey mudflow,which blanketed the Lajia Ruins at 3.95 ka BP,made the palaeosol(S 0) split into two sub-layers(S 0-lower and S 0-upper).
The palaeo-ground of the Qijia Culture in the Lajia Ruins was found to be broken by several groups of earthquake fissures.One layer of conglomerated clayey mudflow deposit has blanketed the Lajia Runis and filled with the earthquake fissures.After detailed field observations,samples for OSL dating were taken from the sediment profile.OSL ages of the samples were obtained by using the single-aliquot regenerative-dose method.A chronological framework was established in the XLJ profile based on the OSL ages and in combination with the 14 C ages and stratigraphic correlations,which indicates that the second terrace of the Yellow River was formed at 35.00 ka BP.Then,accumulation of the eolian loess-soil profile started.The red clayey mudflow deposit and the earthquake fissures were formed at 3.95 ka BP in the second terrace in the Guanting Basin.Sedimentary samples were taken from the profile and magnetic susceptibility and particle-size distribution were analyzed in the laboratory.The results show that the Malan loess(L 1-1) was deposited during 35.00～11.50 ka BP.It was accumulated by dust storms and dust falls under a dry-cold environment during the late last glacial without being modified by pedogenesis.The transitional loess(L t) was dated to be 11.50～8.50 ka BP.It was slightly affected by weathering and pedogenesis during the early Holocene because the climate was dry.The palaeosol(S 0),i.e.,Heilusol or Chernozem,was dated to be 8.50～3.10 ka BP.It was strongly affected by weathering and pedogenesis during the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum.However,a layer of conglomerated red clayey mudflow,which blanketed the Lajia Ruins at 3.95 ka BP,made the palaeosol(S 0) split into two sub-layers(S 0-lower and S 0-upper).
引文
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[2]Ye Maolin.The circle of cultural communication between the upper Yellow River and the upper Yangtze River in the east side of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Forum on Chinese Culture,2005,(4):55-58.[叶茂林.青藏高原东麓黄河上游与长江上游的文化交流圈.中华文化论坛,2005,(4):55-58.]
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[5]Yang Xiaoyan,Xia Zhenkai,Cui Zhijiu et al.Environmental settings and depositional processes and distribution of the archeological sites in the Guanting Basin.Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(3):454-461.[杨晓燕,夏正楷,崔之久等.青海官亭盆地考古遗存堆积形态的环境背景.地理学报,2004,59(3):454-461.]
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[8]Tong Pai,Wang Mu.Ancient China's environmental research:Explaining the problems about the corresponding age//Shandong University East Archaeological Research Center.Oriental Archaeology(The Second Album).Beijing:Science Press,2005:263-271.[佟派,王睦.古代中国的环境研究:关于解释和年代对应方面的问题//山东大学东方考古研究中心.东方考古:第2辑.北京:科学出版社,2005:263-271.]
[9]Aitken M J.An Introduction to Optical Dating.New York:Oxford University Press,1998:60-68.
[10]Prescott J R,Robertson G B.Sediment dating by luminescence.Radiation Measurements,1997,27(5/6):893-922.
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[12]Zhou Yali,Lu Huyu,Mason J A et al.OSL sequence and Holocene climate change in Otindag sandland.Science in China:Series D,2008,38(4):452-462.[周亚利,鹿化煜,Mason J A等.浑善达克沙地的光释光年代序列与全新世气候变化.中国科学:D辑,2008,38(4):452-462.]
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[14]Murray A S,Wintle A G.Luminescence dating of quartz using an improved single-aliquot regenerative-dose protocol.Radiation Measurements,2000,32(1):57-73.
[15]Zhou L P,Shackleton N J.Photon-stimulated luminescence of quartz from loess and effects of sensitivity change on palaeodose determination.Quaternary Science Reviews,2001,20(5-9):853-857.
[16]Roberts H M,Wintle A G.Equivalent dose determinations for polymineralic fine-grains using the SAR protocol.Quaternary Science Reviews,2001,20(5-9):859-863.
[17]Dong Guanghui,Jia,Xin,Elston R et al.Spatial and temporal variety of prehistoric human settlement and its influencing factors in the upper Yellow River valley,Qinghai Province.China,Journal of Archaeological Science,2012,40:2538-2546.
[18]Prescott J R,Hutton J T.Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating:Large depths and long-term time variations.Radiation Measurements,1994,23:497-500.
[19]Xu Zhenghui,Lishilan,Yan Yanmei.Dynamic analysis of farmland soil moisture in the semi-arid region in Huzhu County,Qinghai Province.Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2010,(10):93-99.[许正辉,李世兰,阎彦梅.青海互助县半干旱区农田土壤水分动态分析.农业科技通讯,2010,(10):93-99.]
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[21]Adamiec G,Aitken M J.Dose-rate conversion factors:Update.Ancient TL,1998,16:37-50.
[22]Armitage S J,Bailey R M.The measured dependence of laboratory beta dose rates on sample grain size.RadiationMeasurements,2005,39:123-127.
[23]Buylaert J P,Murray A S,Vandenberghe D et al.Optical dating of Chinese loess using sand-sized quart:Establishing a time frame for Late Pleistocene climate changes in the western part of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Quaternary Geochronology,2008,3:99-113.
[24]Roberts H M.Assessing the effectiveness of the double-SAR protocol in isolating a luminescence signal dominated by quartz.Radiation Measurements,2007,42:1627-1636.
[25]Duller G A T.Distinguishing quartz and feldspar in single grain luminescence measurements.Radiation Measurements,2003,37:161-165.
[26]Bùtter-Jensen L,Banerjee D,Duller et al.Blue light emitting diodes for optical stimulation of quartz in retrospective dosimetry and dating.Radiation Protection Dosimetry,1999,84:335-340.
[27]Murray A S,Wintle A G.The single aliquot regenerative dose protocol.Radiation Measurements,2003,37:377-381.
[28]Bailey R M,Arnold L J.Statistical modeling of sing grain quartz De distributions and an assessment of procedures for estimating burial dose.Quaternary Science Reviews,2006,25:2475-2502.
[29]Zhou Yali,Lu Huayu,Zhang Jiafu et al.Active and inactive phases of sand-dune in Mu Us and Otindag sandlands during Late Quaternary suggested by OSL dating.Journal of Desert Research,2005,25(3):342-350.[周亚利,鹿化煜,张家富等.高精度光释光测年揭示的晚第四纪毛乌毛乌素和浑善达克沙地沙丘的固定与活化过程.中国沙漠,2005,25(3):342-350.]
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