台湾海峡北部两侧海阶之研究
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摘要
海岸阶地的形成是海平面变动、地壳变动或两者共同作用之结果.研究海阶不仅可印证推论古气候、往昔海平面变化及地壳变动状况,更可藉以了解各区域间变动的差异,全盘了解大地构造的意义,同时,小规模的海阶变动,常与地震活动伴生,研究海阶可作为判读地震周期的依据之一,所以,世界各地位于地壳活动带的国家对于海阶的形态与演育过程均作详细的调查及研究.位于台湾海峡北部两侧的台湾西北部以及马祖、金门等海岸地区,都有海阶的分布.透过阶地分布、地形特征与阶序对比,同时,利用世界海阶对比基图找出该地区的地壳隆升率与海阶可能形成的年代,并藉以了解各区域间变动的差异.前述地区的海阶大致上可分成高位与低位2群,高位海阶分布的高度在15～275 m之间,上覆红壤层,为晚更新世时期产物;低位海阶分布的范围较小,高度较矮,大部分分布于海滩与高位阶地末端阶崖间,沿着海岸呈带状分布,阶面大多无红壤层覆盖,海拔在10 m以下.组成的物质多以砾石及砂为主,属于全新世时期的产物,即近1万年以来全球高海水位时期(第四纪最后一次冰期结束后)所形成.利用海阶对比基图与已有的定年数据,辅以地形地貌及堆积物特征比较,获得各段阶地之平均隆升率,台湾西北部之观音山北部沿海、客雅溪口南岸、后龙溪口南岸3个地区,分别是2.1 mm/a、2.2 mm/a、2.15 mm/a,数值相近,显示该区之地盘隆升率及海平面变动状况大致相同;仅新竹山子顶沿海地盘隆升率较小,为1.4 mm/a.此表示,台湾岛的海阶变化不仅受到海平面变动的影响,尚受到区域性地壳隆升的控制.马祖与金门地区的隆升率则分别为1.6 mm/a、1.3 mm/a,由于该区仅受新华夏断裂构造的控制,因此,其活动的幅度相对而言较台湾为小.
As influenced by eustatic changes and tectonic movements,marine terraces are considered as indicators of regional tectonic,paleo-climate & sea-level variations as well as crust movements.Based on aerial photographic interpretation,field survey and data analysis,this study finds that:1)Classified and correlated by the continuity of altitude and the extension of terrace surface,two types of marine terraces in the study area can be indentified.One is Pleistocene terraces,with heights in the range of 15~275 m and being covered with thick laterite.The other belongs to Holocene terraces,the heights of which are mostly below 10 m and mainly distribute along the coastal lowlands,consisting of sand and gravels;2)Based on dating,elevation,erosion mode and deposit feature,the uplift rate of marine terraces in Northwestern Taiwan,Matsu area and Kinmen area can reflect regional tectonic activities and sea level variations.The rate on Shinchu coast is 1.4 mm/a,and the rates on the north coast of Kuanyin Volcano,the south coast of Keya river estuary and the south coast of Houlong river estuary are 2.1 mm/a,2.2 mm/a and 2.15 mm/a,respectively.The uplift rate on Hsinchu coast is smallest,perhaps being influenced by the distribution of Hsinchu subsidence area.The rates of Matsu area and Kinmen area are 1.6mm/a and 1.3 mm/a.Influenced by the New China Tectonic Movements,the movement scale of the study area is smaller than whole Taiwan.
As influenced by eustatic changes and tectonic movements,marine terraces are considered as indicators of regional tectonic,paleo-climate & sea-level variations as well as crust movements.Based on aerial photographic interpretation,field survey and data analysis,this study finds that:1)Classified and correlated by the continuity of altitude and the extension of terrace surface,two types of marine terraces in the study area can be indentified.One is Pleistocene terraces,with heights in the range of 15~275 m and being covered with thick laterite.The other belongs to Holocene terraces,the heights of which are mostly below 10 m and mainly distribute along the coastal lowlands,consisting of sand and gravels;2)Based on dating,elevation,erosion mode and deposit feature,the uplift rate of marine terraces in Northwestern Taiwan,Matsu area and Kinmen area can reflect regional tectonic activities and sea level variations.The rate on Shinchu coast is 1.4 mm/a,and the rates on the north coast of Kuanyin Volcano,the south coast of Keya river estuary and the south coast of Houlong river estuary are 2.1 mm/a,2.2 mm/a and 2.15 mm/a,respectively.The uplift rate on Hsinchu coast is smallest,perhaps being influenced by the distribution of Hsinchu subsidence area.The rates of Matsu area and Kinmen area are 1.6mm/a and 1.3 mm/a.Influenced by the New China Tectonic Movements,the movement scale of the study area is smaller than whole Taiwan.
引文
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[2]Angelier J.Geodynamics of Eurasia-Philippine sea plate boundary:Preface[J].Tectonophysics,1986,125,IX-X.
[3]Tung Ter-huei,Teng Kou-hsiung,Liu Chia-yi.The research of marine terraces on Northwestern Taiwan[J].Journal of Sub-tropical Resources and Environment,2011,6(4):1-12.[董德辉,邓国雄,刘佳怡.台湾西北部海岸阶地之研究[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2011,6(4):1-12.]
[4]Tung Ter-huei,Teng Kou-hsiung,Liu Chia-yi.A comparative study of marine terraces between the Northwest of Taiwan andFujian coastal area[J].Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2006,[董德辉,邓国雄,刘佳怡.台闽北部地区海岸阶地之对比[J],亚热带资源与环境学报,2006,1(2):1-12.]
[5]Ota Y,Matsushima Y,Moriwaki H,et al.Atlas of Holocene sea level records in Japan[B].Japanese Working Group of theProject 61,1985,IGCP:195.
[6]Tung Ter-huei,Teng Kou-hsiung,Liu Chia-yi.The distribution and correlation of marine terraces on Tamsui river estuary[J].Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2008,3(4):8-15.[董德辉,邓国雄,刘佳怡.淡水河口海岸阶地之对比[J],亚热带资源与环境学报,2008,3(4):8-15.]
[7]Tung Ter-huei,Teng Kou-hsiung.A research of marine terraces on the Kinmen Islands[J].Journal of Subtropical Resourcesand Environment,2013,8(1):9-17.[董德辉,邓国雄.金门地区海岸阶地研究[J],亚热带资源与环境学报,2013,8(1):9-17.]
[8]Tung Ter-huei,Wang Hua-ti,Teng Kou-hsiung.The study of marine terraces on Matsu Islands[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2011,66(3):340-347[董德辉,王花俤,邓国雄.马祖列岛海岸阶地研究[J],地理学报,2011,66(3):340-347.]
[9]Chen Ru-qin.Geochemistry of granite from Matsu Islands[J].Letter of Geological Society of China,1986,(29):49-62.[陈汝勤.马祖岛花岗岩之地球化学研究[J].中国地质学会会刊,1986,(29):46-62.
[10]Chen Pei-yuan.Geology of the Matsu Islands,with a discussion of the igneous activities and area of Fukien[J].Bulletin ofGeological Survey of Taiwan,1974,(24):89-98.[陈培源.马祖群岛地质[J],台湾省地质调查所汇刊,1974,(24):89-98.]
[11]Chen Pei-yuan.Geology and mineral deposits on Matsu Islands,Fukien[J].Mineral Resources,1974,18(4):101-103.[陈培源.福建马祖群岛之地质与矿产[J].矿冶,1974,18(4):101-103.]
[12]Shi Jian-ji,Zhang Shou-zhi.Characters of the Mesozoic tectonic activity and geotectonic setting of the Changle-Nan'Ao faultzone[J].Journal of Jilin University:Earth Science Edition,2010,40(6):1333-1343.[石建基、张守志.长乐-南澳断裂带中生代活动特征及大地构造属性[J].吉林大学学报,2010,40(6):1333-1343.]
[13]Chen Pei-yuan.Report on Geology and Mineral Reports on Quemoy Islands,Fuchien[M].Mining Research and Service Or-ganization,MOEA,1970.[陈培源.金门岛及烈屿矿产勘查报告(金门岛及烈屿地质说明书).经济部联合矿业研究所,1970.]
[14]Lan Ching-ying,Chung S L,Mertzman S A.Mineralogy and geochemistry of granitic rocks from Chinmen,Liehyu And Da-dan islands,Fujian[J].Letter of Geological Society of China,1997,40(3):527-558.[蓝晶莹,锺孙霖,马兹门.福建金门、烈屿及大胆花岗岩类岩石之矿物学及地球化学研究[J].中国地质学会会刊,1997,40(3):527-558.]
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[16]Chen Pei-yuan.Studies of the Quaternary clays and clay minerals from Chinmen Island,Fukien[J].The Taiwan Mining In-dustry17,1966:45-71.[陈培源.福建金门岛第四纪地层黏土与黏土矿物[J].台湾矿业第十七号,1966:45-71.]
[17]Chen Pei-yuan.Geology of the Matsu Islands,with a discussion of the igneous activities and area of Fukien[J].Bulletin ofGeological Survey of Taiwan,1974,(24):89-98.[陈培源.马祖群岛地质[J],台湾省地质调查所汇刊,1974,(24):89-98.]
[18]Bloom A L,Broecker W S,Chappell J M A,et al.Quaternary sea level fluctuations on a tectonic coast:New 230Th/234Udates from the Huon Peninsula,New Guinea[J].Quat.Res.,1974,4:185-205.
[19]Chappell J.Geology of coral terraces,Huon Peninsula,New Guinea:A study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-levelchanges[J].Geo.Soc.Am.Bull.,1974,85:553-570.
[20]Bull W B.Correlation of flights of global marine terraces[M]//Morisawa J H.Tectonic Geomorphology.Boston:Allen&Unwin,1985:129-152.
[21]Omura A,Ota Y.Paleo sea-level change during the last 300,000 years deduced from the morpho-stratigraphy of coral reefterraces and 230Th/234U ages of terrace deposits[J].The Quaternary Research,1992,31(5):313-327.(in Japanese)
[22]三好真澄.日本における最終間!期以降の更新世海成段丘の形成期—隆起速度に基づいた年代推定[J].地理学评论,1983,56(12):819-834.
[23]Xu Zhong-min.Late Quaternary tectonics of Hengchun Peninsula southern Taiwan[D].Geology of Department,NTU,1986.[许中民.台湾南端恒春半岛第四纪后期构造运动之研究[D].台北:台湾大学地质学研究所,1986.]
[24]Bloom A L,Broecker W S,Chappell J M A,et al.Quaternary sea level fluctuations on a tectonic coast:New 230Th/234Udates from the Huon Peninsula,New Guinea[J].The Quaternary Research,1974,4:185-205.
[25]Chappell J.Geology of coral terraces,Huon Peninsula,New Guinea:A study of Quaternary tectonic movements and sea-level changes[J].Geological Society of America.1974,85:553-570.
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