帕米尔高原东部塔合曼大型滑坡体的~(10)Be测年
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摘要
塔合曼滑坡体是发育在新疆帕米尔高原东部1895年塔什库尔干7级地震区北端的一个大型滑坡体,总体呈"舌"形,由崩塌区、滑坡区和堆积区三部分组成,在滑坡区和堆积区分别形成了平行与垂直于滑坡体滑动方向的滑坡体台阶。本文介绍了该滑坡体的基本特征并采用宇宙成因核素测年技术对其形成年代进行了测定,简要论述了该测年技术的基本原理、野外采样原则及样品前处理过程。采自滑坡体不同部位的6个片麻岩巨砾样品的~(10)Be暴露年龄结果非常一致,表明该滑坡体发生在6.8±0.2ka,同时也表明了~(10)Be暴露测年是研究大型滑坡的有效测年手段。结合该滑坡体被慕士塔格断层断错并形成断层陡坎、滑坡体内发育的冲沟规模以及巨砾表面较厚的岩石漆,我们认为该滑坡体并非1895年地震的产物。
Large-scale landslides/rock avalanches are significant events that result in erosional degradation of mountains as well as the change of orogenic mass balance,and imperil human populations and their infrastructure.Determining the distribution of landslides through time is the key to assess hazards and for understanding triggering mechanisms, such as climatic change,phases of enhanced earthquake frequency,or post-glacial stress relaxation.However,few studies have been undertaken on large landslides in the high mountains of Central Asia because of the inaccessibility of the region and the associated problems of mapping and sampling for numerical dating.The Taheman landslide is located on the south side of Muztagh Ata(7546m above sea level) just to the north of the 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake(M7 ) surface rupture in the NE Chinese Pamir,a tectonically active orogen.This paper describes the characteristics of Taheman large scale landslide,with a debris area as 5.1km and its volume as 155×10~6 m~3(height and width are ca.150m and ca.2km respectively).The landslide is composed of sediment deposit zone,transport zone and detachment zone.Its deposit has a tongue-shaped toe which is marked by numerous sub-parallel, parabolic,and longitudinal ridges.The surface of the deposit is dominated by large,very angular block>1m in diameter.Some blocks almost exceed 20m in length and have jigsaw morphology.Blocks on the surface form an open framework with some sand and fine gravel which is the result of bedrock shattering during transport and emplacement.In order to confine the time of the landslide,six gneiss boulders(length,height and width are all more than 1m)on the surface of the landslides were collected for ~(10)Be exposure dating.All these samples were processed in University of Cincinnati and then measured by accelerator mass spectrometry at PRIME Laboratory in Purdue University.Basic concepts of cosmogenic nuclide dating,sampling and pretreatment are showed in this paper.The six ~(10)Be dating ages are very consistent and indicate their formation 6.8±0.2kaB.P.The consistence suggests TCN exposure dating is an effective method of dating landslides.In addition,gully scale,rock varnish thickness,offset scarp and dating results suggest that the Taheman landslide was not trigged by 1895 Tashkorgan earthquake. Moreover,the methods and parameters used for interpreting TCN data are not yet standardized.Therefore,we attempted to use our six Tie dating data to set up data reporting standards needed in order to help other scientists to use our data to do more research.
Large-scale landslides/rock avalanches are significant events that result in erosional degradation of mountains as well as the change of orogenic mass balance,and imperil human populations and their infrastructure.Determining the distribution of landslides through time is the key to assess hazards and for understanding triggering mechanisms, such as climatic change,phases of enhanced earthquake frequency,or post-glacial stress relaxation.However,few studies have been undertaken on large landslides in the high mountains of Central Asia because of the inaccessibility of the region and the associated problems of mapping and sampling for numerical dating.The Taheman landslide is located on the south side of Muztagh Ata(7546m above sea level) just to the north of the 1895 Tashkurgan earthquake(M7 ) surface rupture in the NE Chinese Pamir,a tectonically active orogen.This paper describes the characteristics of Taheman large scale landslide,with a debris area as 5.1km and its volume as 155×10~6 m~3(height and width are ca.150m and ca.2km respectively).The landslide is composed of sediment deposit zone,transport zone and detachment zone.Its deposit has a tongue-shaped toe which is marked by numerous sub-parallel, parabolic,and longitudinal ridges.The surface of the deposit is dominated by large,very angular block>1m in diameter.Some blocks almost exceed 20m in length and have jigsaw morphology.Blocks on the surface form an open framework with some sand and fine gravel which is the result of bedrock shattering during transport and emplacement.In order to confine the time of the landslide,six gneiss boulders(length,height and width are all more than 1m)on the surface of the landslides were collected for ~(10)Be exposure dating.All these samples were processed in University of Cincinnati and then measured by accelerator mass spectrometry at PRIME Laboratory in Purdue University.Basic concepts of cosmogenic nuclide dating,sampling and pretreatment are showed in this paper.The six ~(10)Be dating ages are very consistent and indicate their formation 6.8±0.2kaB.P.The consistence suggests TCN exposure dating is an effective method of dating landslides.In addition,gully scale,rock varnish thickness,offset scarp and dating results suggest that the Taheman landslide was not trigged by 1895 Tashkorgan earthquake. Moreover,the methods and parameters used for interpreting TCN data are not yet standardized.Therefore,we attempted to use our six Tie dating data to set up data reporting standards needed in order to help other scientists to use our data to do more research.
引文
1 Montgomery D R,Brandon,M T.Topographic controls on erosion rates in technically active mountain ranges.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,201(3 -4):481 -489
2 Hewitt K,Gosse J,Clague J J.Rock avalanches and the pace of Late Quaternary development of river valleys in the Karakoram Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin,2011,123(9 - 10):1836 - 1850
3 Korup O,Montgomery D R,Hewitt K.Glacier and landslide feedbacks to topographic relief in the Himalayan syntaxes.Proceedings,National Academy of Sciences,2010,107(12):5317 -5322
4 Jib son R W.Use of landslides for paleoseismic analysis.Engineering Geology,1996,43(12):291 -323
5 Yi C,Zhu L,Seong Y B et al.A late glacial rock avalanche event, Tianchi Lake,Tien Shan,Xinjiang.Quaternary International,2006, 154-155:26-31
6 Mitchell W A,McSaveney M J,Zondervan A et al.The Keylong Serai rock avalanche,NW Indian Himalaya:Geomorphology and palaeoseismic implications.Landslides,2001,4(3 ):245 -254
7 Dortch J M,Owen L A,Haneberg W C et al.Nature and timing of large landslides in the Himalaya and Transhimalaya of northern India.Quaternary Science Reviews,2009,28(11 -12):1037 -1054
8李文巧,陈杰,袁兆德等.帕米尔高原1895年塔什库尔干地震地表多段同震破裂与发震构造.地震地质,2011,33(2):260-276 Li Wenqiao,Chen Jie,Yuan Zhaode et al.Coseismic surface rupture of multi segments and seismogenic fault of the Tashikorgan earthquake in Pamir,1895.Seismology and Geology,2011,33(2): 260-276
9 Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E et al.Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir:Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny.Geological Society of America Bulletin,2007,119(7 -8):882 -896
10孙本国,毛炜峄,冯燕茹等.叶尔羌河流域气温、降水及径流变化特征分析.干旱区研究,2006,23(2):203-209 Sun Benguo,Mao Weiyi,Feng Yanru et al.Study on the change of air temperature,precipitation and runoff volume in the Yarkant River Basin.Arid Zone Research,2006,23(2):203 -209
11 Seong Y B,Owen L A,Yi C et al.Geomorphology of anomalously high glaciated mountains at the northwestern end of Tibet:Muztag Ata and Kongur Shan.Geomorphology,2009,103(2):227 -250
12 Cerling T E,Craig H.Geomorphology and in-situ cosmogenic isotopes.Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1994,22: 273 -317
13 Gosse J C,Phillips F M.Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: Theory and application.Quaternary Science Reviews,2001,20(14): 1475 - 1560
14顾兆炎,刘东生.~(10)Be和~(26)Al在地表形成和演化研究中的应用.第四纪研究,1997,(3):211-221 Gu Zhaoyan,Liu Tungsheng.Application of the in situ cosmogenic nuclides rJe and ~(26)Al for studies of formation and evolutionary histories of the Earth surface.Quaternary Sciences,1997,(3):211 -221
15黄湘通,郑红波,Chappell J.宇宙成因核素~(10)Be,~(26)Al:原理及其在地表过程中的应用.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33 (9):1206-1212 Huang Xiangtong,Zheng Hongbo,Chappell J.Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides ~(10)Be and ~(26)Al:Theory and applications in study of surficial processes.Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science ),2005,33 (9):1206-1212
16刘锐.宇宙成因核素~(10)Be、~(26)Al:原理及其地学应用.海洋地质动态,2008,24(12):11-14 Liu Rui.Cosmogenic nuclides ~(10)Be and ~(26)Al:Theory and applications in earth sciences.Marine Geology Letters,2008,24(12):11-14
17王建,徐晓彬,张志刚等.海螺沟现代冰碛物中的宇生核素~(10)Be浓度分析.第四纪研究,2010,30(5):956-961 Wang Jian,Xu Xiaobin,Zhang Zhigang e(a/.Inherited cosmogenic nuclide ~(10)Be in modern moraine of Hailuogou Glacier in the Gongga Mountains,Sichuan Province,China.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30 (5):956 -961
18顾兆炎,许冰,吕延武等.怒江峡谷构造地貌的演化:阶地宇宙成因核素定年的初步结果.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):293-294 Gu Zhaoyan,Xu Bing,Lii Yanwu et al.A report on ~(10)Be dating of terrace surfaces in Nujiang River valley.Quaternary Sciences,2006, 26(2):293 -294
19张珂,蔡剑波.黄河黑山峡口最高阶地宇宙核素的初步年龄及所反映的新构造运动.第四纪研究,2006,26(1):85-91 Zhang Ke,Cai Jianbo.Preliminary result of the dating by TCN technique of the highest terrace of the Heishanxia Gorge mouth, northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau and its expression of neolectonic movement in that area.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1 ):85 -91
20顾兆炎,郭正堂,Lal D等.黄土和红粘土中宇宙成因核素定年的潜力:~(10)Be浓度与化学成分的关系.第四纪研究,2006,26(2): 244-249 Gu Zhaoyan,Guo Zhengtang,Lal D et al.~(10)Be concentration relation to chemical compositions of Chinese loess and red clay as a potential dating method.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2):244 -249
21顾兆炎,Lal D,郭正堂等.黄土高原黄土和红粘土~(10)Be地球化学特征.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):409-422 Gu Zhaoyan,Lal D,Guo Zhengtang et al.Geochemistry of cosmogenic ~(10)Be in loess-paleosol sequences and red clay in the Loess Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2000,20(5):409 -422
22 Balco G.Contributions and unrealized potential contributions of cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating to glacier chronology,1990 - 2010.Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(1 -2):3 -27
23 Frankel K L,Finkel R C,Owen L A.Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide geochronology data reporting standards needed.EOS,2010,91(4): 31 -32
24 Lal D.Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces in situ nuclide production rales and erosion models.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1991,104(2-4):424 -439
25 Stone J O.Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production.Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(23):753 -759
26 Heisinger B,Lal D,Jull A J et al.Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons:Fast muons.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,200(3 -4):345 -355
27 Heisinger B,Lal D,Jull A J et al.Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons:Capture of negative muons.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,200(3 -4):357 -369
28 Nishiizumi K,Imamura M,Caffee M W et al.Absolute calibration of ~(10)Be AMS standards.Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B,2007,258(2):403 -413
29 Owen L A,Chen J,Hedrick K A et al.Quaternary glaciation of the Tashkurgan Valley,South East Pamir.Quaternary Science Reviews, 2012(in review)
30殷志强,程国明,李小林等.中更新世早中期以来黄河上游与三峡库区滑坡形成机理与气候变化关系研究.第四纪研究,2010, 30(1):37-45 Yin Zhiqiang,Cheng Guoming,Li Xiaolin et al.Relationships between landslide forming mechanisms and climate changes since Early mid-Pleistocene in the upper reaches of Yellow River and the Three Gorges Reservoir area.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(1 ): 37 -45
2 Hewitt K,Gosse J,Clague J J.Rock avalanches and the pace of Late Quaternary development of river valleys in the Karakoram Himalaya. Geological Society of America Bulletin,2011,123(9 - 10):1836 - 1850
3 Korup O,Montgomery D R,Hewitt K.Glacier and landslide feedbacks to topographic relief in the Himalayan syntaxes.Proceedings,National Academy of Sciences,2010,107(12):5317 -5322
4 Jib son R W.Use of landslides for paleoseismic analysis.Engineering Geology,1996,43(12):291 -323
5 Yi C,Zhu L,Seong Y B et al.A late glacial rock avalanche event, Tianchi Lake,Tien Shan,Xinjiang.Quaternary International,2006, 154-155:26-31
6 Mitchell W A,McSaveney M J,Zondervan A et al.The Keylong Serai rock avalanche,NW Indian Himalaya:Geomorphology and palaeoseismic implications.Landslides,2001,4(3 ):245 -254
7 Dortch J M,Owen L A,Haneberg W C et al.Nature and timing of large landslides in the Himalaya and Transhimalaya of northern India.Quaternary Science Reviews,2009,28(11 -12):1037 -1054
8李文巧,陈杰,袁兆德等.帕米尔高原1895年塔什库尔干地震地表多段同震破裂与发震构造.地震地质,2011,33(2):260-276 Li Wenqiao,Chen Jie,Yuan Zhaode et al.Coseismic surface rupture of multi segments and seismogenic fault of the Tashikorgan earthquake in Pamir,1895.Seismology and Geology,2011,33(2): 260-276
9 Robinson A C,Yin A,Manning C E et al.Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Pamir:Implications for strain-accommodation mechanisms at the western end of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogeny.Geological Society of America Bulletin,2007,119(7 -8):882 -896
10孙本国,毛炜峄,冯燕茹等.叶尔羌河流域气温、降水及径流变化特征分析.干旱区研究,2006,23(2):203-209 Sun Benguo,Mao Weiyi,Feng Yanru et al.Study on the change of air temperature,precipitation and runoff volume in the Yarkant River Basin.Arid Zone Research,2006,23(2):203 -209
11 Seong Y B,Owen L A,Yi C et al.Geomorphology of anomalously high glaciated mountains at the northwestern end of Tibet:Muztag Ata and Kongur Shan.Geomorphology,2009,103(2):227 -250
12 Cerling T E,Craig H.Geomorphology and in-situ cosmogenic isotopes.Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Sciences,1994,22: 273 -317
13 Gosse J C,Phillips F M.Terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclides: Theory and application.Quaternary Science Reviews,2001,20(14): 1475 - 1560
14顾兆炎,刘东生.~(10)Be和~(26)Al在地表形成和演化研究中的应用.第四纪研究,1997,(3):211-221 Gu Zhaoyan,Liu Tungsheng.Application of the in situ cosmogenic nuclides rJe and ~(26)Al for studies of formation and evolutionary histories of the Earth surface.Quaternary Sciences,1997,(3):211 -221
15黄湘通,郑红波,Chappell J.宇宙成因核素~(10)Be,~(26)Al:原理及其在地表过程中的应用.同济大学学报(自然科学版),2005,33 (9):1206-1212 Huang Xiangtong,Zheng Hongbo,Chappell J.Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides ~(10)Be and ~(26)Al:Theory and applications in study of surficial processes.Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science ),2005,33 (9):1206-1212
16刘锐.宇宙成因核素~(10)Be、~(26)Al:原理及其地学应用.海洋地质动态,2008,24(12):11-14 Liu Rui.Cosmogenic nuclides ~(10)Be and ~(26)Al:Theory and applications in earth sciences.Marine Geology Letters,2008,24(12):11-14
17王建,徐晓彬,张志刚等.海螺沟现代冰碛物中的宇生核素~(10)Be浓度分析.第四纪研究,2010,30(5):956-961 Wang Jian,Xu Xiaobin,Zhang Zhigang e(a/.Inherited cosmogenic nuclide ~(10)Be in modern moraine of Hailuogou Glacier in the Gongga Mountains,Sichuan Province,China.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30 (5):956 -961
18顾兆炎,许冰,吕延武等.怒江峡谷构造地貌的演化:阶地宇宙成因核素定年的初步结果.第四纪研究,2006,26(2):293-294 Gu Zhaoyan,Xu Bing,Lii Yanwu et al.A report on ~(10)Be dating of terrace surfaces in Nujiang River valley.Quaternary Sciences,2006, 26(2):293 -294
19张珂,蔡剑波.黄河黑山峡口最高阶地宇宙核素的初步年龄及所反映的新构造运动.第四纪研究,2006,26(1):85-91 Zhang Ke,Cai Jianbo.Preliminary result of the dating by TCN technique of the highest terrace of the Heishanxia Gorge mouth, northeast margin of Tibetan Plateau and its expression of neolectonic movement in that area.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(1 ):85 -91
20顾兆炎,郭正堂,Lal D等.黄土和红粘土中宇宙成因核素定年的潜力:~(10)Be浓度与化学成分的关系.第四纪研究,2006,26(2): 244-249 Gu Zhaoyan,Guo Zhengtang,Lal D et al.~(10)Be concentration relation to chemical compositions of Chinese loess and red clay as a potential dating method.Quaternary Sciences,2006,26(2):244 -249
21顾兆炎,Lal D,郭正堂等.黄土高原黄土和红粘土~(10)Be地球化学特征.第四纪研究,2000,20(5):409-422 Gu Zhaoyan,Lal D,Guo Zhengtang et al.Geochemistry of cosmogenic ~(10)Be in loess-paleosol sequences and red clay in the Loess Plateau.Quaternary Sciences,2000,20(5):409 -422
22 Balco G.Contributions and unrealized potential contributions of cosmogenic-nuclide exposure dating to glacier chronology,1990 - 2010.Quaternary Science Reviews,2011,30(1 -2):3 -27
23 Frankel K L,Finkel R C,Owen L A.Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide geochronology data reporting standards needed.EOS,2010,91(4): 31 -32
24 Lal D.Cosmic ray labeling of erosion surfaces in situ nuclide production rales and erosion models.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1991,104(2-4):424 -439
25 Stone J O.Air pressure and cosmogenic isotope production.Journal of Geophysical Research,2000,105(23):753 -759
26 Heisinger B,Lal D,Jull A J et al.Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons:Fast muons.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,200(3 -4):345 -355
27 Heisinger B,Lal D,Jull A J et al.Production of selected cosmogenic radionuclides by muons:Capture of negative muons.Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2002,200(3 -4):357 -369
28 Nishiizumi K,Imamura M,Caffee M W et al.Absolute calibration of ~(10)Be AMS standards.Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B,2007,258(2):403 -413
29 Owen L A,Chen J,Hedrick K A et al.Quaternary glaciation of the Tashkurgan Valley,South East Pamir.Quaternary Science Reviews, 2012(in review)
30殷志强,程国明,李小林等.中更新世早中期以来黄河上游与三峡库区滑坡形成机理与气候变化关系研究.第四纪研究,2010, 30(1):37-45 Yin Zhiqiang,Cheng Guoming,Li Xiaolin et al.Relationships between landslide forming mechanisms and climate changes since Early mid-Pleistocene in the upper reaches of Yellow River and the Three Gorges Reservoir area.Quaternary Sciences,2010,30(1 ): 37 -45
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