强震作用下顺层岩质斜坡动力失稳机制及启动速度研究
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摘要
岩质斜坡地震稳定性评价和地震滑坡启动速度计算是边坡地震失稳防治中的难点。结合5.12四川汶川地震诱发的大型高速滑坡,重点以唐家山高速滑坡为例,提出强震作用下中陡倾顺层岩质斜坡动力失稳机制为拉裂-楔劈-滑移-剪断,并着重阐述了拉裂面形成机制、"楔劈"岩块的杠杆作用和碎屑岩块的滚动摩擦效应。对应于该失稳模式,采用弹性力学理论,推导出地震作用下顺层岩体斜坡锁固段的破坏判据和突发剪断时锁固段岩体的形变能公式。考虑锁固段岩体形变能释放的优势方向,运用能量转化原理,给出了更为合理和精确的顺层岩质滑坡突发启动速度公式,进而确定滑坡启程速度。其研究结果为滑坡灾害范围和冲击损害程度提供有效定量计算方法。
Evaluation of seismic stability of rock slopes and the calculation of starting velocity of earthquake-induced landslide are always difficulties for prevention of seismic failure of rock slopes.Combined with the large-scale high-speed landslides induced by 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake,taking Tangjiashan high-speed landslide for example,the kinetic failure mechanism of consequent bedding rock slopes under strong earthquake is proposed.The kinetic failure mechanism includes four stages: tension fracture– wedge splitting–sliding–shear breaking.And the formation mechanism of tension rupture,the leverage of wedge splitting rock masses and the its rolling friction effects of clastic stone,are described in detail.Using the elasticity theory,the failure criterion of locked–up segment of consequent bedding rock slope under earthquake is deduced.And the calculating formula of deformation energy of locked–up rock masses,while the locked-up segment is sharply cut off under earthquake,is also deduced.Considering the advantage releasing direction of locked-up rock masses deformation energy,the energy conversion principle is applied to propose a more reasonable and accurate burst starting velocity formula of the consequent bedding rock landslide,further determining the departure velocity of landslide.The formula provides an effective quantitative calculating method on the hazard scope and impact damage extent of landslide.
Evaluation of seismic stability of rock slopes and the calculation of starting velocity of earthquake-induced landslide are always difficulties for prevention of seismic failure of rock slopes.Combined with the large-scale high-speed landslides induced by 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake,taking Tangjiashan high-speed landslide for example,the kinetic failure mechanism of consequent bedding rock slopes under strong earthquake is proposed.The kinetic failure mechanism includes four stages: tension fracture– wedge splitting–sliding–shear breaking.And the formation mechanism of tension rupture,the leverage of wedge splitting rock masses and the its rolling friction effects of clastic stone,are described in detail.Using the elasticity theory,the failure criterion of locked–up segment of consequent bedding rock slope under earthquake is deduced.And the calculating formula of deformation energy of locked–up rock masses,while the locked-up segment is sharply cut off under earthquake,is also deduced.Considering the advantage releasing direction of locked-up rock masses deformation energy,the energy conversion principle is applied to propose a more reasonable and accurate burst starting velocity formula of the consequent bedding rock landslide,further determining the departure velocity of landslide.The formula provides an effective quantitative calculating method on the hazard scope and impact damage extent of landslide.
引文
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[15]邢爱国,陈龙珠,陈明中.岩石力学特性分析与高速滑坡启动速度预测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1654-1657.XING Ai-guo,CHEN Long-zhu,CHEN Ming-zhong.Analysis of mechanical properties of rock and predictionof muzzle velocity of high-speed landslide[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(10):1654-1657.
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[19]刘佑荣,唐辉明.岩体力学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008:88-90.
[20]冯康,石钟慈.弹性结构的数学理论[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:7-10.
[21]陈顒,黄庭芳.岩石物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:40-57.
[22]胡卸文,黄润秋,施裕兵,等.唐家山滑坡堵江机制及堰塞坝溃坝模式分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(1):181-189.HU Xie-wen,HUANG Run-qiu,SHI Yu-bing et al.Analysis of blocking river mechanism of Tangjiashanlandslide and dam-breaking mode of its barrier dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2009,28(1):181-189.
[2]许强,黄润秋.5.12汶川大地震诱发大型崩滑灾害动力特征初探[J].工程地质学报,2008,16(6):721-730.XU Qiang,HUANG Run-qiu.Kinetic characteristics oflarge landslides triggered by may 12th Wenchuanearthquake[J].Journal of Engineering Geology,2008,16(6):721-730.
[3]许强,裴向军,黄润秋,等.汶川地震大型滑坡研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2009,18-30.
[4]许江,鲜学福,王鸿,等.循环加、卸载条件下岩石类材料变形特性的实验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(增刊1):3040-3045.XU Jiang,XIAN Xue-fu,WANG Hong,et al.Experimental study on rock deformation characteristicsunder cycling loading and unloading conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(Supp.1):3040-3045.
[5]吴刚.岩体在加、卸荷条件下破坏效应的对比分析[J].岩土力学,1997,18(2):13-16.WU Gang.Comparison of failure effects of rock massunder loading and unloading conditions[J].Rock andSoil Mechanics,1997,18(2):13-16.
[6]唐辉明,晏同珍.岩体断裂力学理论与工程应用[M].北京:地质出版社,1993:20-35.
[7]祁生文,伍法权,刘春玲,等.地震边坡稳定性的工程地质分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(16):2792-2797.QI Sheng-wen,WU Fa-quan,LIU Chun-ling,et al.Engineering geology analysis of stability of slope underearthquake[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics andEngineering,2004,23(16):2792-2797.
[8]毕忠伟,张明,金峰,等.地震作用下边坡的动态响应规律研究[J].岩土力学,2009,30(增刊1):180-184.BI Zhong-wei,ZHANG Ming,JIN Feng,et al.Dynamicresponse of slopes under earthquakes[J].Rock and SoilMechanics,2009,30(Supp.1):180-184.
[9]徐光兴,姚令侃,高召宁,等.边坡动力特性与动力响应的大型振动台模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2008,27(3):624-632.XU Guang-xing,YAO Ling-kan,GAO Zhao-ning,et al.Large-scale shaking table model test study on dynamiccharacteristics and dynamic responses of slope[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2008,27(3):624-632.
[10]徐光兴,姚令侃,李朝红,等.边坡地震动力响应规律及地震动参数影响研究[J].岩土工程学报,2008,30(6):918-923.XU Guang-xing,YAO Ling-kan,LI Zhao-hong,et al.Dynamic response of slopes under earthquakes andinfluence of ground motion parameters[J].ChineseJournal of Geotechnical Engineering,2008,30(6):918-923.
[11]胡广韬.滑坡动力学[M].北京:地质出版社,1995:36-77.
[12]SCHEIDDGER A E.On the prediction of reading andvelocity of catastrophic landslides[J].Rock Mechanics,1973,(5):231-236.
[13]程谦恭,胡厚田,胡广韬,等.高速岩质滑坡临床弹冲与峰残强降复合启程速度动力学机制[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000,19(3):173-176.CHENG Qian-gong,HU Hou-tian,HU Guang-tao,et al.A study of complex acceleration dynamics mechanism ofhighspeed landslide by elastic rocky impulse andpeak-residual strength drop[J].Chinese Journal of RockMechanics and Engineering,2000,19(2):173-176.
[14]邢爱国,高广远,陈龙珠,等.大型高速滑坡启程流体动力学机制研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(4):607-613.XING Ai-guo,GAO Guang-yuan,CHEN Long-zhu,et al.Study on hyrodynamics mechanism of large highspeedlandslide in the set-out stage[J].Chinese Journal ofRock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(4):607-613.
[15]邢爱国,陈龙珠,陈明中.岩石力学特性分析与高速滑坡启动速度预测[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(8):1654-1657.XING Ai-guo,CHEN Long-zhu,CHEN Ming-zhong.Analysis of mechanical properties of rock and predictionof muzzle velocity of high-speed landslide[J].ChineseJournal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(10):1654-1657.
[16]黄润秋,许强.中国典型灾难型滑坡[M].北京:科学出版社,2008:1-50.
[17]Itasca Consulting Group Inc.UDEC(Universal DistinctElement Code)user’s manual,Version 3.0[M].[S.l.]:Itasca Consulting Group Inc.,1996.
[18]张倬元.工程地质分析原理[M].北京:地质出版社,1994:119-123
[19]刘佑荣,唐辉明.岩体力学[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2008:88-90.
[20]冯康,石钟慈.弹性结构的数学理论[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:7-10.
[21]陈顒,黄庭芳.岩石物理学[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001:40-57.
[22]胡卸文,黄润秋,施裕兵,等.唐家山滑坡堵江机制及堰塞坝溃坝模式分析[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(1):181-189.HU Xie-wen,HUANG Run-qiu,SHI Yu-bing et al.Analysis of blocking river mechanism of Tangjiashanlandslide and dam-breaking mode of its barrier dam[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2009,28(1):181-189.
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