重力测定盆地沉积层厚度的方法及其进展
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摘要
盆地的沉积层厚度是一个十分重要的参数.它不仅是引起强地面运动的主要因素,还严重影响到盆地中深层的勘探效果.为减小地震时强地面运动造成的损失,提高中深部勘探精度,有必要研究盆地沉积层的厚度(基岩埋深).研究发现,重力测量可快速获得大范围盆地沉积层厚度.通过分离地表观测到的重力场,得到沉积层的剩余异常,根据沉积层的剩余异常反演出它的厚度.本文阐述了利用重力测量盆地沉积层厚度的方法和技术,包括沉积层重力场正演计算、沉积层剩余重力异常分离、重力异常反演方法等;总结了国内外研究现状,分析了相关研究方法的优点和不足,最后对该研究方向进行了展望.
The sediment thickness of Sedimentary basin is a very important parameter.Not only sedimentary basins can trap earthquake surface waves and amplify the magnitude and lengthen the duration of seismic shaking at the surface,but also seriously affect the deep basin exploration results.In order to reduce losses caused by the earthquake strong ground motion and provide accuracy of deep exploration,it is necessary to study the sediment thickness of sedimentary basins(depth to bedrock).Gravity survey has continued to be an important and sometimes crucial constraint in a number of exploration areas.There is also a modest increase in the use of gravity techniques in specialized investigations for shallow targets.The gravity method is used frequently map subsurface geology and obtain a wide range of sediment thickness of the basin.The residual gravity anomalies of sedimentary layers are extracted by separating the observed surface gravity signature from variable background bedrock gravity fields.It also is then inverted to obtain bedrock topographies.The results of inversions for density distribution can provide realistic bedrock relief.In this paper,we describe the methods and technologies of using gravity to obtain sedimentary layer thickness.First,we introduce the forward calculation method,the sedimentary layers containing the basin is discretized into a grid of juxtaposed elementary prisms to calculate the theoretical gravity anomalies.In this section,several density contrast functions are presented.Second,we focus on the methods of regional- and residual-field separation and techniques of sedimentary.Third,gravity inversion methods and techniques are summarized. Finally, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of relevant research methods,and discuss the prospects and development direction.
The sediment thickness of Sedimentary basin is a very important parameter.Not only sedimentary basins can trap earthquake surface waves and amplify the magnitude and lengthen the duration of seismic shaking at the surface,but also seriously affect the deep basin exploration results.In order to reduce losses caused by the earthquake strong ground motion and provide accuracy of deep exploration,it is necessary to study the sediment thickness of sedimentary basins(depth to bedrock).Gravity survey has continued to be an important and sometimes crucial constraint in a number of exploration areas.There is also a modest increase in the use of gravity techniques in specialized investigations for shallow targets.The gravity method is used frequently map subsurface geology and obtain a wide range of sediment thickness of the basin.The residual gravity anomalies of sedimentary layers are extracted by separating the observed surface gravity signature from variable background bedrock gravity fields.It also is then inverted to obtain bedrock topographies.The results of inversions for density distribution can provide realistic bedrock relief.In this paper,we describe the methods and technologies of using gravity to obtain sedimentary layer thickness.First,we introduce the forward calculation method,the sedimentary layers containing the basin is discretized into a grid of juxtaposed elementary prisms to calculate the theoretical gravity anomalies.In this section,several density contrast functions are presented.Second,we focus on the methods of regional- and residual-field separation and techniques of sedimentary.Third,gravity inversion methods and techniques are summarized. Finally, we analyze the advantages and disadvantages of relevant research methods,and discuss the prospects and development direction.
引文
Abbott R E,Louie J N.2000.Depth to bedrock using gravimetry inthe Reno and Carson City,Nevada,area basins[J].Geophysics,65(2):340-350.
An M,Assumpao M S.2005.Effect of lateral variation and modelparameterization on surface wave dispersion inversion toestimate the average shallow structure in the ParanáBasin[J].Journal of Seismology,9(4):449-462.
Annecchione M A,Chouteau M,Keating P.2001.Gravityinterpretation of bedrock topography:the case of the OakRidges Moraine,southern Ontario,Canada[J].Journal ofApplied Geophysics,47(1):63-81.
Ardestani E V,Management D.2009.Modeling of bedrocktopography in an urban area through micro-gravity data[J].Journal of the Earth&Space Physics,35(3):13-22.
Athy L F.1930.Density,porosity,and compaction of sedimentaryrocks[J].AAPG Bulletin,14(1):1-24.
Babu H V R.1993.Basement structure of the Cuddapah Basin fromgravity anomalies[J].Tectonophysics,223(3-4):411-422.
Banerjee B,Das Gupta S P.1977.Gravitational attraction of arectangular parallelepiped[J].Geophysics,42(5):1053-1055.
Bohidar R N,Sullivan J P,Hermance J F.2001.Delineating depthto bedrock beneath shallow unconfined aquifers:A gravitytransect across the Palmer River Basin[J].Groundwater,39(5):729-736.
Bott M H P.1960.The use of rapid digital computing methods fordirect gravity interpretation of sedimentary basins[J].Geophysical Journal International,3(1):63-67.
Chakravarthi V,Raghuram H M,Singh S B.2002.3-D forwardgravity modeling of basement interfaces above which the densitycontrast varies continuously with depth[J].Computers&Geosciences,28(1):53-57.
Chakravarthi V,Sundararajan N.2004.Automatic 3-D gravitymodeling of sedimentary basins with density contrast varyingparabolically with depth[J].Computers&Geosciences,30(6):601-607.
Chakravarthi V.1995.Gravity interpretation of nonoutcroppingsedimentary basins in which the density contrast decreasesparabolically with depth[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,145(2):327-335.
Cordell L.1973.Gravity analysis using an exponential density-depthfunction-San Jacinto Graben,California[J].Geophysics,38(4):684-690.
DE Castro D L,Pedrosa N C,Santos F M.2011.Gravity–geoelectric joint inversion over the Potiguar rift basin,NE Brazil[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,75(3):431-443.
Golubev N,Pavlov D,Zhdanov M S.2002.The correlation methodof gravity data separation and interpretation[C]//SEG AnnualMeeting.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Graves R W,Pitarka A,Somerville P G.1998.Ground-motionamplification in the Santa Monica area:Effects of shallow basinedge structure[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,85(5):1224-1242.
Henderson R G.1960.A comprehensive system of automaticcomputation in magnetic and gravity interpretation[J].Geophysics,25(3):569-585.
Jachens R C,Moring B C.1990.MAPS of the thickness of Cenozoicdeposits and the isostatic residual gravity over basement forNevada[R].US Department of the Interior,Geological Survey.
Karner G D,Studinger M,Bell R E.2005.Gravity anomalies ofsedimentary basins and their mechanical implications:Application to the Ross Sea basins,West Antarctica[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,235(3-4):577-596.
Kawase H,Aki K.1989.A study on the response of a soft basin forincident S,P and Rayleigh waves,with special reference to thelong duration observed in Mexico City[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,79(5):1361-1382.
Lamontagne M,Thomas M,Silliker J,et al.2011.Detailed gravitysurvey to help seismic microzonation:Mapping the thickness ofunconsolidated deposits in Ottawa,Canada[J].Journal ofApplied Geophysics,75(3):444-454.
Leo J D,Menezes P T L,Beltro J F,et al.1996.Gravityinversion of basement relief constrained by the knowledge ofdepth at isolated points[J].Geophysics,61(6):1702-1714.
Lee S J,Komatitsch D,Huang B S,et al.2009.Effects oftopography on seismic-wave propagation:an example fromNorthern Taiwan[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,99(1):314-325.
Litinsky V A.1989.Concept of effective density:Key to gravitydepth determinations for sedimentary basins[J].Geophysics,54(11):1474-1482.
Medeiros W E,Silva J C.1996.Geophysical inversion usingapproximate equality constraints[J].Geophysics,61(6):1168-1678.
Radhakrishna Murthy I V,Bhaskar Rao D.1979.Gravity anomaliesof two-dimensional bodies of irregular cross-section with densitycontrast varying with depth[J].Geophysics,44(9):1525-1530.
Nabighian M N,Ander M E,Grauch V J S,et al.2005.Historicaldevelopment of the gravity method in exploration[J].Geophysics,70(6):63-89.
Nagy D.1966.The gravitational attraction of a right rectangularprism[J].Geophysics,31(2):362-371.
Oldenburg D W.1974.The inversion and interpretation of gravityanomalies[J].Geophysics,39(4):526-536.
Olsen K B,Pechmann J C,Schuster G T.1995.Simulation of 3Delastic wave propagation in the Salt Lake Basin[J].Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society of America,85(6):1688-1710.
Parker R L.1973.The rapid calculation of potential anomalies[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical,31(4):447-455.
Rao C V,Chakravarthi V,Raju M L.1993.Parabolic densityfunction in sedimentary basin modelling[J].Pure and AppliedGeophysics,140(3):493-501.
Rao D B.1986.Modelling of sedimentary basins from gravityanomalies with variable density contrast[J].GeophysicalJournal of the Royal Astronomical Society,84(1):207-212.
Salcher B C,Meurers B,Smit J,et al.2012.Strike-slip tectonicsand Quaternary basin formation along the Vienna Basin faultsystem inferred from Bouguer gravity derivatives[J].Tectonics,31(3):1-20.
Sari C,Salk M.2002.Analysis of gravity anomalies with hyperbolicdensity contrast:an application to the gravity data of westernAnatolia[J].Journal of the Balkan Geophysical Society,5(3):87-96.
Silva J C,Costa D L,Barbosa V F.2006.Gravity inversion ofbasement relief and estimation of density contrast variation withdepth[J].Geophysics,71(5):51-51.
Silva J C,Oliveira A S,Barbosa V F.2010.Gravity inversion of 2Dbasement relief using entropic regularization[J].Geophysics,75(3):I29-I29.
Silva J B C,Teixeira W A,Barbosa V C F.2008.Gravity data as atool for landfill study[J].Environmental Geology,57(4):749-757.
Yegorova T P,Starostenko V I.2002.Lithosphere structure ofEuropean sedimentary basins from regional three-dimensionalgravity modelling[J].Tectonophysics,346(1-2):5-21.
Zhou X B.2009.General line integrals for gravity anomalies ofirregular 2D masses with horizontally and vertically dependentdensity contrast[J].Geophysics,74(2):1-7.
Zhou X B.2011.Gravity inversion of 2D bedrock topography forheterogeneous sedimentary basins based on line integral andmaximum difference reduction methods[J].GeophysicalProspecting,61(1):220-234.
Aleseev A S.1993.联合反演问题解的定量描述及其一般特性[C].//SEG61届年会论文集.北京:石油工业出版社,595-596.
柴玉璞.1981.根据重力异常计算基岩深度的方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,(1):55-63.
陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君,等.2008.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应[J].科学通报,53(18):2229-2235.
成锁.2008.近地表调查中的面波方法与利用井资料提高分辨率的技术[博士论文].长春:吉林大学.
冯锐,郑书真,黄桂芳,等.1989.华北地区重力场与沉积层构造[J].地球物理学报,32(4):385-398.
管志宁,郝天珧,姚长利.2002.21世纪重力与磁法勘探的展望[J].地球物理学进展,17(2):237-244.
郭良辉,孟小红,石磊,等.2008.重力异常分离的相关法[J].地球物理学进展,23(5):1425-1430.
郝天珧,徐亚,周立宏,等.2008.前新生代残留盆地宏观分布的综合地球物理研究——以大港地区为例[J].地球物理学报,51(2):491-502.
胡卫剑,江为为,郝天珧,等.2011.南海前新生代残留盆地分布综合地球物理研究[J].地球物理学报,54(12):3315-3324.
黄松,郝天珧,徐亚,等.2010.南黄海残留盆地宏观分布特征研究[J].地球物理学报,53(6):1344-1353.
李振海,罗志才,钟波.2012.基于3DDelaunay剖分算法的重力建模与分析[J].地球物理学报,55(7):2259-2267.
罗艳,崇加军,倪四道,等.2008.首都圈地区莫霍面起伏及沉积层厚度[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1135-1145.
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王贝贝,郝天珧.2008.具有已知深度点的二维单一密度界面的反演[J].地球物理学进展,23(3):834-838.
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张岭,郝天珧.2006.基于Delaunay剖分的二维非规则重力建模及重力计算[J].地球物理学报,49(3):877-884.
An M,Assumpao M S.2005.Effect of lateral variation and modelparameterization on surface wave dispersion inversion toestimate the average shallow structure in the ParanáBasin[J].Journal of Seismology,9(4):449-462.
Annecchione M A,Chouteau M,Keating P.2001.Gravityinterpretation of bedrock topography:the case of the OakRidges Moraine,southern Ontario,Canada[J].Journal ofApplied Geophysics,47(1):63-81.
Ardestani E V,Management D.2009.Modeling of bedrocktopography in an urban area through micro-gravity data[J].Journal of the Earth&Space Physics,35(3):13-22.
Athy L F.1930.Density,porosity,and compaction of sedimentaryrocks[J].AAPG Bulletin,14(1):1-24.
Babu H V R.1993.Basement structure of the Cuddapah Basin fromgravity anomalies[J].Tectonophysics,223(3-4):411-422.
Banerjee B,Das Gupta S P.1977.Gravitational attraction of arectangular parallelepiped[J].Geophysics,42(5):1053-1055.
Bohidar R N,Sullivan J P,Hermance J F.2001.Delineating depthto bedrock beneath shallow unconfined aquifers:A gravitytransect across the Palmer River Basin[J].Groundwater,39(5):729-736.
Bott M H P.1960.The use of rapid digital computing methods fordirect gravity interpretation of sedimentary basins[J].Geophysical Journal International,3(1):63-67.
Chakravarthi V,Raghuram H M,Singh S B.2002.3-D forwardgravity modeling of basement interfaces above which the densitycontrast varies continuously with depth[J].Computers&Geosciences,28(1):53-57.
Chakravarthi V,Sundararajan N.2004.Automatic 3-D gravitymodeling of sedimentary basins with density contrast varyingparabolically with depth[J].Computers&Geosciences,30(6):601-607.
Chakravarthi V.1995.Gravity interpretation of nonoutcroppingsedimentary basins in which the density contrast decreasesparabolically with depth[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,145(2):327-335.
Cordell L.1973.Gravity analysis using an exponential density-depthfunction-San Jacinto Graben,California[J].Geophysics,38(4):684-690.
DE Castro D L,Pedrosa N C,Santos F M.2011.Gravity–geoelectric joint inversion over the Potiguar rift basin,NE Brazil[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,75(3):431-443.
Golubev N,Pavlov D,Zhdanov M S.2002.The correlation methodof gravity data separation and interpretation[C]//SEG AnnualMeeting.Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Graves R W,Pitarka A,Somerville P G.1998.Ground-motionamplification in the Santa Monica area:Effects of shallow basinedge structure[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,85(5):1224-1242.
Henderson R G.1960.A comprehensive system of automaticcomputation in magnetic and gravity interpretation[J].Geophysics,25(3):569-585.
Jachens R C,Moring B C.1990.MAPS of the thickness of Cenozoicdeposits and the isostatic residual gravity over basement forNevada[R].US Department of the Interior,Geological Survey.
Karner G D,Studinger M,Bell R E.2005.Gravity anomalies ofsedimentary basins and their mechanical implications:Application to the Ross Sea basins,West Antarctica[J].Earthand Planetary Science Letters,235(3-4):577-596.
Kawase H,Aki K.1989.A study on the response of a soft basin forincident S,P and Rayleigh waves,with special reference to thelong duration observed in Mexico City[J].Bulletin of theSeismological Society of America,79(5):1361-1382.
Lamontagne M,Thomas M,Silliker J,et al.2011.Detailed gravitysurvey to help seismic microzonation:Mapping the thickness ofunconsolidated deposits in Ottawa,Canada[J].Journal ofApplied Geophysics,75(3):444-454.
Leo J D,Menezes P T L,Beltro J F,et al.1996.Gravityinversion of basement relief constrained by the knowledge ofdepth at isolated points[J].Geophysics,61(6):1702-1714.
Lee S J,Komatitsch D,Huang B S,et al.2009.Effects oftopography on seismic-wave propagation:an example fromNorthern Taiwan[J].Bulletin of the Seismological Society ofAmerica,99(1):314-325.
Litinsky V A.1989.Concept of effective density:Key to gravitydepth determinations for sedimentary basins[J].Geophysics,54(11):1474-1482.
Medeiros W E,Silva J C.1996.Geophysical inversion usingapproximate equality constraints[J].Geophysics,61(6):1168-1678.
Radhakrishna Murthy I V,Bhaskar Rao D.1979.Gravity anomaliesof two-dimensional bodies of irregular cross-section with densitycontrast varying with depth[J].Geophysics,44(9):1525-1530.
Nabighian M N,Ander M E,Grauch V J S,et al.2005.Historicaldevelopment of the gravity method in exploration[J].Geophysics,70(6):63-89.
Nagy D.1966.The gravitational attraction of a right rectangularprism[J].Geophysics,31(2):362-371.
Oldenburg D W.1974.The inversion and interpretation of gravityanomalies[J].Geophysics,39(4):526-536.
Olsen K B,Pechmann J C,Schuster G T.1995.Simulation of 3Delastic wave propagation in the Salt Lake Basin[J].Bulletin ofthe Seismological Society of America,85(6):1688-1710.
Parker R L.1973.The rapid calculation of potential anomalies[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical,31(4):447-455.
Rao C V,Chakravarthi V,Raju M L.1993.Parabolic densityfunction in sedimentary basin modelling[J].Pure and AppliedGeophysics,140(3):493-501.
Rao D B.1986.Modelling of sedimentary basins from gravityanomalies with variable density contrast[J].GeophysicalJournal of the Royal Astronomical Society,84(1):207-212.
Salcher B C,Meurers B,Smit J,et al.2012.Strike-slip tectonicsand Quaternary basin formation along the Vienna Basin faultsystem inferred from Bouguer gravity derivatives[J].Tectonics,31(3):1-20.
Sari C,Salk M.2002.Analysis of gravity anomalies with hyperbolicdensity contrast:an application to the gravity data of westernAnatolia[J].Journal of the Balkan Geophysical Society,5(3):87-96.
Silva J C,Costa D L,Barbosa V F.2006.Gravity inversion ofbasement relief and estimation of density contrast variation withdepth[J].Geophysics,71(5):51-51.
Silva J C,Oliveira A S,Barbosa V F.2010.Gravity inversion of 2Dbasement relief using entropic regularization[J].Geophysics,75(3):I29-I29.
Silva J B C,Teixeira W A,Barbosa V C F.2008.Gravity data as atool for landfill study[J].Environmental Geology,57(4):749-757.
Yegorova T P,Starostenko V I.2002.Lithosphere structure ofEuropean sedimentary basins from regional three-dimensionalgravity modelling[J].Tectonophysics,346(1-2):5-21.
Zhou X B.2009.General line integrals for gravity anomalies ofirregular 2D masses with horizontally and vertically dependentdensity contrast[J].Geophysics,74(2):1-7.
Zhou X B.2011.Gravity inversion of 2D bedrock topography forheterogeneous sedimentary basins based on line integral andmaximum difference reduction methods[J].GeophysicalProspecting,61(1):220-234.
Aleseev A S.1993.联合反演问题解的定量描述及其一般特性[C].//SEG61届年会论文集.北京:石油工业出版社,595-596.
柴玉璞.1981.根据重力异常计算基岩深度的方法[J].石油地球物理勘探,(1):55-63.
陈棋福,刘澜波,王伟君,等.2008.利用地脉动探测北京城区的地震动场地响应[J].科学通报,53(18):2229-2235.
成锁.2008.近地表调查中的面波方法与利用井资料提高分辨率的技术[博士论文].长春:吉林大学.
冯锐,郑书真,黄桂芳,等.1989.华北地区重力场与沉积层构造[J].地球物理学报,32(4):385-398.
管志宁,郝天珧,姚长利.2002.21世纪重力与磁法勘探的展望[J].地球物理学进展,17(2):237-244.
郭良辉,孟小红,石磊,等.2008.重力异常分离的相关法[J].地球物理学进展,23(5):1425-1430.
郝天珧,徐亚,周立宏,等.2008.前新生代残留盆地宏观分布的综合地球物理研究——以大港地区为例[J].地球物理学报,51(2):491-502.
胡卫剑,江为为,郝天珧,等.2011.南海前新生代残留盆地分布综合地球物理研究[J].地球物理学报,54(12):3315-3324.
黄松,郝天珧,徐亚,等.2010.南黄海残留盆地宏观分布特征研究[J].地球物理学报,53(6):1344-1353.
李振海,罗志才,钟波.2012.基于3DDelaunay剖分算法的重力建模与分析[J].地球物理学报,55(7):2259-2267.
罗艳,崇加军,倪四道,等.2008.首都圈地区莫霍面起伏及沉积层厚度[J].地球物理学报,51(4):1135-1145.
苏达权.1983.利用重力资料推算沉积盆地的基底密度[J].石油地球物理勘探,(4):369-378.
万志清,彭一民,孙进忠.1993.埋藏基岩地形对地震波动影响的模拟研究[J].地球科学,18(1):60-66,127.
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