电磁监测台站观测的舒曼谐振背景变化
摘要
舒曼谐振是由闪电激发的电离层与地面之间的全球电磁震荡,在地球与电离层空腔中传播,由于共振作用,其电磁波能量明显高于其他频率电磁波能量.舒曼谐振具有稳定的频域参数和频谱结构,近几年的研究发现,地震发生前会使这些固有参数发生扰动,因此利用舒曼谐振异常来进行地震短临监测可能是一种行之有效的手段.要判断舒曼谐振地震电磁异常,了解舒曼谐振电磁场背景变化规律是前提.本文利用极低频电磁台站观测的天然电磁场数据,处理和分析了各台站观测的舒曼谐振频率电磁场功率谱随时间的变化,得到了舒曼谐振随季节和纬度的背景变化规律.并提出将舒曼谐振背景变化规律应用到地震短临监测预报中,能够为今后辨别地震监测中的舒曼谐振异常提供物理依据.
Schumann resonances(SR) are a set of frequencies of electromagnetic(EM) waves in the natural cavity formed by the earth′s surface and its ionosphere,in the extremely low frequency(ELF) range,caused by natural electrical activity of the earth and its atmospheric environment.Because of the resonance interaction,EM energy of SR is stronger than the other frequencies′.In recent years,studies have found that earthquakes would disturb the stable parameters and spectra of SR,so using SR anomaly to implement earthquake monitoring is effective.However,finding out the EM field background variation is the basis of distinguishing the seismic EM anomaly.In this paper,utilizing ELF electromagnetic monitoring stations′ natural electromagnetic field data,we processed and analyzed electromagnetic field components′ power spectrum curve of SR frequencies,and obtained Schumann resonance background change with season and latitude.Comparing SR′ electromagnetic field curves of one station,we can see electromagnetic field intensity changes with seasons obviously.This is weaker in winter and stronger in summer,and the amplitude of sinusoidal variation differs by two orders of magnitude.Comparing the same frequency′s graphs of different stations,it is observed that electromagnetic field intensity is enhancing with the decreasing of the latitude.The background variation study will provide physical basis for distinguishing the earthquake electromagnetic animaly.
Schumann resonances(SR) are a set of frequencies of electromagnetic(EM) waves in the natural cavity formed by the earth′s surface and its ionosphere,in the extremely low frequency(ELF) range,caused by natural electrical activity of the earth and its atmospheric environment.Because of the resonance interaction,EM energy of SR is stronger than the other frequencies′.In recent years,studies have found that earthquakes would disturb the stable parameters and spectra of SR,so using SR anomaly to implement earthquake monitoring is effective.However,finding out the EM field background variation is the basis of distinguishing the seismic EM anomaly.In this paper,utilizing ELF electromagnetic monitoring stations′ natural electromagnetic field data,we processed and analyzed electromagnetic field components′ power spectrum curve of SR frequencies,and obtained Schumann resonance background change with season and latitude.Comparing SR′ electromagnetic field curves of one station,we can see electromagnetic field intensity changes with seasons obviously.This is weaker in winter and stronger in summer,and the amplitude of sinusoidal variation differs by two orders of magnitude.Comparing the same frequency′s graphs of different stations,it is observed that electromagnetic field intensity is enhancing with the decreasing of the latitude.The background variation study will provide physical basis for distinguishing the earthquake electromagnetic animaly.
引文
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[4]Balser M,Wagner C A.Observations of Earth-ionospherecavity resonances.Nature,1960,188(4751):638-641.
[5]Budden K G.The Wave-Guide Mode Theory of WavePropagation.London:Logos Press,1961:325.
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[7]Jones D L.The calculation of the Q factors and frequencies ofEarth-ionosphere cavity resonances for a two-layer ionospheremodel.J.Geophys.Res.,1964,69(19):4037-4046.
[8]Krasnushkin P E.On the propagation of long and very longradio waves around the Earth.Nuovo Cimento,1962,26(1):50-112.
[9]Sentman D D.Schumann resonance spectra in a two-scale-height Earth-ionosphere cavity.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1996,101(D5):9479-9487.
[10]Williams E R.The Schumann resonance:aglobal tropicalthermometer.Science,1992,256(5060):1184-1187.
[11]Nickolaenko A P,Rabinowicz L M.Study of the annualchanges of global lightning distribution and frequencyvariations of the first Schumann resonance mode.Journal ofAtmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,1995,57(11):1345-1348.
[12]言穆弘,张义军.浅论大气电过程与天气气候.高原气象,1996,15(2):234-242.Yan M H,Zhang Y J.Review of research on atmosphericelectric processes and climate change.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),1996,15(2):234-242.
[13]Heckman S J,Williams E,Boldi B.Total global lightninginferred from Schumann resonance measurements.Journalof Geophysical Research,1998,103(D24):31775-31779.
[14]Mitsuteru S,Hiroshi F.Global sprite occurrence locationsand rates derived from triangulation of transient Schumannresonance events.Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(16),doi:10.1029/2003GL017291.
[15]张义军,马明,吕伟涛等.闪电活动的气候学特征研究进展.气象学报,2008,66(6):906-915.Zhang Y J,Ma M,LüW T,et al.Review on climatecharacteristic of lightning activity.Acta Meteorotogica Sinica(in Chinese),2008,66(6):906-915.
[16]Hayakawa M,Ohta K,Nickolaenko A P,et al.Anomalouseffect in Schumann resonance phenomena observed in Japan,possibly associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan.Annales Geophysicae,2005,23(4):1335-1346.
[17]Hayakawa M,Nickolaenko A P,Sekiguchi M,et al.Anomalous ELF phenomena in the Schumann resonance bandas observed at Moshiri(Japan)in possible association with anearthquake in Taiwan.Natural Hazards and Earth SystemSciences,2008,8(6):1309-1316.
[18]曹丙霞,宋立众,乔晓林.震前舒曼谐振异常的研究现状及讨论.地震,2009,29(S1):76-82.Cao B X,Song L Z,Qiao X L.Summary and discussion onSchumann Resonance anomalies before earthquakes.Earthquake(in Chinese),2009,29(S1):76-82.
[19]Zhao G Z,Zhan Y,Wang L F,et al.Electromagneticanomaly before earthquakes measured by electromagneticexperiments.Earthquake Science,2009,22(4):395-402.
[20]钱复业,赵璧如,钱卫等.汶川8.0级地震HRT波地震短临波动前兆及HRT波地震短临预测方法——关于实现强震短临预测可能性的讨论.中国科学D辑,2009,39(1):11-23.Qian F Y,Zhao B R,Qian W,et al.Impending HRT waveprecursors to the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake and methodsof earthquake impending prediction by using HRT wave.Science in China(D),2009,52(10):1572-1584.
[21]高曙德,汤吉,杜学彬等.汶川8.0级地震前后电磁场的变化特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):512-525.Gao S D,Tang J,Du X B,et al.The change characteristicsof electromagnetic field before to after Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):5l2-525.
[22]丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎等.地震电磁前兆研究进展.电波科学学报,2006,21(5):791-801.Ding J H,Shen X H,Pan W Y,et al.Seismo-electromagnetism precursor research progress.ChineseJournal of Radio Science(in Chinese),2006,21(5):791-801.
[23]黄清华.地震电磁观测研究简述.国际地震动态,2005,(11):2-5.Huang Q H.The state-of-the-art in seismic electromagneticObservation.Recent Developments in World Seismology(inChinese),2005,(11):2-5.
[24]赵国泽,陆建勋.利用人工源超低频电磁波监测地震的试验与分析.中国工程科学,2003,5(10):27-33.Zhao G Z,Lu J X.Monitoring and analysis of earthquakephenomena by artificial SLF wave.Engineering Science(inChinese),2003,5(10):27-33.
[25]汤吉,赵国泽,陈小斌等.地震电磁卫星载荷及现状.地球物理学进展,2007,22(3):679-686.Tang J,Zhao G Z,Chen X B,et al.Introduction of payloadfor electro-magnetic emissions on seismic satellite.Progressin Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(3):679-686.
[26]高曙德,杜学彬,郝臻等.低频电磁波在汶川强余震时的同震效应.地震地磁观测与研究,2009,30(增刊):1-7.Gao S D,Du X B,Hao Z,et al.Coseismic low frequencyelectromagnetic signal associated with aftershock of WenchuanMs8.0earthquake.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observationand Research(in Chinese),2009,30(Suppl):1-7.
[27]关华平,刘桂萍.震前电磁辐射异常与地震关系研究.地震学报,1995,17(2):237-246.Guan H P,Liu G P.The study of the relationship betweenelectromagnetic radiation anomalies and earthquakes.ActaSeismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1995,17(2):237-246.
[28]郝建国,张云福,潘怀文等.震前极低频电磁异常及其频谱特征.地震学报,1995,17(1):81-88.Hao J G,Zhang Y F,Pan H W,et al.The ELFelectromagnetic anomaly and spectral characteristics beforeearthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1995,17(1):81-88.
[29]钱书清.地震电磁辐射与地震预报的观测实验研究.国际地震动态,2009,(7):57-62.Qian S Q.Observation and experiment research onseismological electromagnetic radiation and earthquakeprediction.Recent Developments in World Seismology(inChinese),2009,(7):57-62.
[30]曹丙霞.地震先兆电离层舒曼谐振异常监测方法研究[博士论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009.Cao B X.Research on earthquake precursor SchumannResonance anomaly observation method[Ph.D.thesis](inChinese).Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2009.
[31]Besser B P.Synopsis of the historical development ofSchumann resonances.Radio.Sci.,2007,42(2):RS2S02.
[32]熊皓.无线电波传播.北京:电子工业出版社,2000.Xiong H.Radio Wave Propagation(in Chinese).Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2000.
[33]Ohta K,Watanabe N,Hayakawa M.Survey of anomalousSchumann resonance phenomena observed in Japan,inpossible association with earthquakes in Taiwan.Physics andChemistry of the Earth,2006,31(4-9):397-402.
[34]Ohta K,Izutsu J,Hayakawa M.Anomalous excitation ofSchumann resonances and additional anomalous resonancesbefore the 2004 Mid-Niigata prefecture earthquake and the2007Noto Hantou Earthquake.Physics and Chemistry ofthe Earth,2009,34(6-7):441-448.
[2]Madden T,Thompson W.Low-frequency electromagneticoscillations of the Earth-ionosphere cavity.Rev.Geophys.,1965,3(2):211-254.
[3]Abbas M.Hydromagnetic wave propagation and excitation ofSchumann resonances.Planet.Space Sci.,1968,16(7):831-844.
[4]Balser M,Wagner C A.Observations of Earth-ionospherecavity resonances.Nature,1960,188(4751):638-641.
[5]Budden K G.The Wave-Guide Mode Theory of WavePropagation.London:Logos Press,1961:325.
[6]Chapman F W,Jones D L.Observations of Earth-ionospherecavity resonances and their interpretation in terms of a two-layer ionosphere model.J.Res.Natl.Bur.Stand.U.S.,Sect.D:Radio Sci.,1964,68(11):1177-1185.
[7]Jones D L.The calculation of the Q factors and frequencies ofEarth-ionosphere cavity resonances for a two-layer ionospheremodel.J.Geophys.Res.,1964,69(19):4037-4046.
[8]Krasnushkin P E.On the propagation of long and very longradio waves around the Earth.Nuovo Cimento,1962,26(1):50-112.
[9]Sentman D D.Schumann resonance spectra in a two-scale-height Earth-ionosphere cavity.Journal of GeophysicalResearch,1996,101(D5):9479-9487.
[10]Williams E R.The Schumann resonance:aglobal tropicalthermometer.Science,1992,256(5060):1184-1187.
[11]Nickolaenko A P,Rabinowicz L M.Study of the annualchanges of global lightning distribution and frequencyvariations of the first Schumann resonance mode.Journal ofAtmospheric and Terrestrial Physics,1995,57(11):1345-1348.
[12]言穆弘,张义军.浅论大气电过程与天气气候.高原气象,1996,15(2):234-242.Yan M H,Zhang Y J.Review of research on atmosphericelectric processes and climate change.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),1996,15(2):234-242.
[13]Heckman S J,Williams E,Boldi B.Total global lightninginferred from Schumann resonance measurements.Journalof Geophysical Research,1998,103(D24):31775-31779.
[14]Mitsuteru S,Hiroshi F.Global sprite occurrence locationsand rates derived from triangulation of transient Schumannresonance events.Geophysical Research Letters,2003,30(16),doi:10.1029/2003GL017291.
[15]张义军,马明,吕伟涛等.闪电活动的气候学特征研究进展.气象学报,2008,66(6):906-915.Zhang Y J,Ma M,LüW T,et al.Review on climatecharacteristic of lightning activity.Acta Meteorotogica Sinica(in Chinese),2008,66(6):906-915.
[16]Hayakawa M,Ohta K,Nickolaenko A P,et al.Anomalouseffect in Schumann resonance phenomena observed in Japan,possibly associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan.Annales Geophysicae,2005,23(4):1335-1346.
[17]Hayakawa M,Nickolaenko A P,Sekiguchi M,et al.Anomalous ELF phenomena in the Schumann resonance bandas observed at Moshiri(Japan)in possible association with anearthquake in Taiwan.Natural Hazards and Earth SystemSciences,2008,8(6):1309-1316.
[18]曹丙霞,宋立众,乔晓林.震前舒曼谐振异常的研究现状及讨论.地震,2009,29(S1):76-82.Cao B X,Song L Z,Qiao X L.Summary and discussion onSchumann Resonance anomalies before earthquakes.Earthquake(in Chinese),2009,29(S1):76-82.
[19]Zhao G Z,Zhan Y,Wang L F,et al.Electromagneticanomaly before earthquakes measured by electromagneticexperiments.Earthquake Science,2009,22(4):395-402.
[20]钱复业,赵璧如,钱卫等.汶川8.0级地震HRT波地震短临波动前兆及HRT波地震短临预测方法——关于实现强震短临预测可能性的讨论.中国科学D辑,2009,39(1):11-23.Qian F Y,Zhao B R,Qian W,et al.Impending HRT waveprecursors to the Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake and methodsof earthquake impending prediction by using HRT wave.Science in China(D),2009,52(10):1572-1584.
[21]高曙德,汤吉,杜学彬等.汶川8.0级地震前后电磁场的变化特征.地球物理学报,2010,53(3):512-525.Gao S D,Tang J,Du X B,et al.The change characteristicsof electromagnetic field before to after Wenchuan Ms8.0earthquake.Chinese J.Geophys.(in Chinese),2010,53(3):5l2-525.
[22]丁鉴海,申旭辉,潘威炎等.地震电磁前兆研究进展.电波科学学报,2006,21(5):791-801.Ding J H,Shen X H,Pan W Y,et al.Seismo-electromagnetism precursor research progress.ChineseJournal of Radio Science(in Chinese),2006,21(5):791-801.
[23]黄清华.地震电磁观测研究简述.国际地震动态,2005,(11):2-5.Huang Q H.The state-of-the-art in seismic electromagneticObservation.Recent Developments in World Seismology(inChinese),2005,(11):2-5.
[24]赵国泽,陆建勋.利用人工源超低频电磁波监测地震的试验与分析.中国工程科学,2003,5(10):27-33.Zhao G Z,Lu J X.Monitoring and analysis of earthquakephenomena by artificial SLF wave.Engineering Science(inChinese),2003,5(10):27-33.
[25]汤吉,赵国泽,陈小斌等.地震电磁卫星载荷及现状.地球物理学进展,2007,22(3):679-686.Tang J,Zhao G Z,Chen X B,et al.Introduction of payloadfor electro-magnetic emissions on seismic satellite.Progressin Geophysics(in Chinese),2007,22(3):679-686.
[26]高曙德,杜学彬,郝臻等.低频电磁波在汶川强余震时的同震效应.地震地磁观测与研究,2009,30(增刊):1-7.Gao S D,Du X B,Hao Z,et al.Coseismic low frequencyelectromagnetic signal associated with aftershock of WenchuanMs8.0earthquake.Seismological and Geomagnetic Observationand Research(in Chinese),2009,30(Suppl):1-7.
[27]关华平,刘桂萍.震前电磁辐射异常与地震关系研究.地震学报,1995,17(2):237-246.Guan H P,Liu G P.The study of the relationship betweenelectromagnetic radiation anomalies and earthquakes.ActaSeismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1995,17(2):237-246.
[28]郝建国,张云福,潘怀文等.震前极低频电磁异常及其频谱特征.地震学报,1995,17(1):81-88.Hao J G,Zhang Y F,Pan H W,et al.The ELFelectromagnetic anomaly and spectral characteristics beforeearthquake.Acta Seismologica Sinica(in Chinese),1995,17(1):81-88.
[29]钱书清.地震电磁辐射与地震预报的观测实验研究.国际地震动态,2009,(7):57-62.Qian S Q.Observation and experiment research onseismological electromagnetic radiation and earthquakeprediction.Recent Developments in World Seismology(inChinese),2009,(7):57-62.
[30]曹丙霞.地震先兆电离层舒曼谐振异常监测方法研究[博士论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2009.Cao B X.Research on earthquake precursor SchumannResonance anomaly observation method[Ph.D.thesis](inChinese).Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2009.
[31]Besser B P.Synopsis of the historical development ofSchumann resonances.Radio.Sci.,2007,42(2):RS2S02.
[32]熊皓.无线电波传播.北京:电子工业出版社,2000.Xiong H.Radio Wave Propagation(in Chinese).Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2000.
[33]Ohta K,Watanabe N,Hayakawa M.Survey of anomalousSchumann resonance phenomena observed in Japan,inpossible association with earthquakes in Taiwan.Physics andChemistry of the Earth,2006,31(4-9):397-402.
[34]Ohta K,Izutsu J,Hayakawa M.Anomalous excitation ofSchumann resonances and additional anomalous resonancesbefore the 2004 Mid-Niigata prefecture earthquake and the2007Noto Hantou Earthquake.Physics and Chemistry ofthe Earth,2009,34(6-7):441-448.
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