基于DEMETER卫星原位等离子体参量的震前异常提取方法研究及震例分析
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摘要
基于法国DEMETER卫星等离子体分析仪和Langmuir探针观测到的原位等离子体参量,研究了参量随纬度变化、空间插值、空间差值、滑动中值、相关性分析等5种异常提取方法,并将这些方法应用于2006年1月—2010年4月期间国内6.0级以上、国外部分7.0级以上29次地震的震例分析中.由于等离子体参量具有一定的相关性,因此对于震中附近的轨道数据大于等于2个参量出现异常时,本研究才将其视为震前异常.通过研究发现,29次地震中有15次出现电离层原位等离子体参量的震前异常,异常时间大约为1—7天,震中东西两个方向均可能出现异常,但异常区域多偏向磁赤道.
Based on in-situ plasma parameters observed by plasma analyzer (IAP) and Langmuir probe (ISL) of French DEMETER satellite, we studied 5 methods for anomaly extraction, i.e., variation of parameters with latitude, spatial interpolation, spatial difference, moving median and correlation analysis. The methods were applied to the study of 29 earthquakes from Jan. 2006 to Apr. 2010, including the M≥6.0 earthquakes in China and some M≥7.0 earthquakes worldwide. As the plasma parameters are correlated to a certain extent, when 2 or more parameters show abnormalities, they are accepted as disturbances before earthquakes. In-situ plasma parameter abnormalities were found before 15 of the 29 earthquakes. Through analysis we noted that the abnormal time was usually from 1 to 7 days before earthquakes, and the abnormal regions might appear both to the east and west of the epicenters, mostly leaning to the magnetic equator.
Based on in-situ plasma parameters observed by plasma analyzer (IAP) and Langmuir probe (ISL) of French DEMETER satellite, we studied 5 methods for anomaly extraction, i.e., variation of parameters with latitude, spatial interpolation, spatial difference, moving median and correlation analysis. The methods were applied to the study of 29 earthquakes from Jan. 2006 to Apr. 2010, including the M≥6.0 earthquakes in China and some M≥7.0 earthquakes worldwide. As the plasma parameters are correlated to a certain extent, when 2 or more parameters show abnormalities, they are accepted as disturbances before earthquakes. In-situ plasma parameter abnormalities were found before 15 of the 29 earthquakes. Through analysis we noted that the abnormal time was usually from 1 to 7 days before earthquakes, and the abnormal regions might appear both to the east and west of the epicenters, mostly leaning to the magnetic equator.
引文
丁宗华,吴健,孙树计,陈金松,班盼盼.2010.汶川大地震前电离层参量的变化特征与分析[J].地球物理学报,53(1):30--28.
刘静,张学民,申旭辉,欧阳新艳,黄建平.2009.九江地震前DEMETER卫星观测到的电离层异常[J].地震,29(B10):60--66.
吴云,乔学军,周义炎.2005.利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,25(2):36--40.
余涛,毛田,王云冈,王劲松.2009.汶川特大地震前电离层主要参量变化[J].科学通报,54(4):1086--1092.
曾中超,张蓓,方广有,王东峰,阴和俊.2009.利用DEMETER卫星数据分析汶川地震前的电离层异常[J].地球物理学报,52(1):11--19.
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,申旭辉,刘静,赵庶凡,关华平.2008.夏季磁静日中国大陆上空电离层电子浓度变化特征[J].中国地震,24(003):261--268.
张学民,刘静,申旭辉,Parrot M,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,赵庶凡,黄建平.2010.2005年3月28日苏门答腊8.6级地震前的电离层扰动[J].地球物理学报,53(3):567--575.
Hao Y Q,Xiao Z,Zhang D H.2006.Responses of the ionosphere to the Great Sumatra earthquake and volcanic eruptionof Pinatubo[J].Chinese Physics Letters,23(7):1955--1957.
Hayakawa M.1999.AtmosphericandIonosphericElectromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes[M].Tokyo:Terra Sci Pub Co:1--20.
Le H,Liu J Y,Liu L.2011.A statistical analysis of ionospheric anomalies before 736 M6.0+earthquakes during2002—2010[J].J Geophys Res,116,A02303,doi:10.1029/2010JA015781.
Liu J,Zhang X,Wan W,Shen X,Ouyang X,Shan X.2010.Study on the electronic density perturbation detected byDEMETER satellite before Wenchuan earthquake[C]∥Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS),2010 IEEE International:3382--3385.
Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shan S J,Tsai Y B,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,Yu S B.2004.Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomaliesregistered by continuous GPS TEC measurements[J].Annales Geophysicae,22:1585--1593.
Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chen C H,Liu C Y,Chen C Y,Nishihashi M,Li J Z,Xia Y Q,Oyama K I,Hattori K,Lin C H.2009.Seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12May 2008 MW7.9Wenchuanearthquake[J].J Geophys Res,114,A04320,doi:10.1029/2008JA013698.
Nemec F,Santolík O,Parrot M,Berthelier J J.2008.Spacecraft observations of electromagnetic perturbations connectedwith seismic activity[J].Geophys Res Lett,35,L05109,doi:10.1029/2007GL032517.
Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,Sauvaud J A,Santolik O,Blecki J.2006.Examples of unusual ionosphericobservations made by the DEMETER satellite over seismic regions[J].Phys Chem Earth,Parts A/B/C,31(4--9):486--495.
Pulinets S A,Legen′ka A D,Alekseev V A.1994.Pre-earthquake ionospheric effects and their possible mechanisms[M]∥Kikuchi H ed.Dusty and Dirty Plasmas,Noise,and Chaos in Space and in Laboratory.New York:PlenumPress:545--557.
Pulinets S A,Legen′ka A D,Zelenova T I.1998.Dependence of the seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maxi-mum on the local time[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,38(3):188--193.
Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K.2004.Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag:203--205.
Pulinets S A,Contreras A L,Bisiacchi-Giraldi G,Ciraolo L.2005.Total electron content variations in the ionospherebefore the Colima,Mexico,earthquake of 21January 2003[J].Geofísica Internacional,44(4):369--377.
Takeuchi A,Lau B W S,Freund F T.2006.Current and surface potential induced by stress-activated positive holes inigneous rocks[J].Phys Chem Earth,Parts A/B/C,31(4--9):240--247.
Zhang X M,Shen X H,Liu J,Ouyang X Y,Qian J D,Zhao S F.2010.Ionospheric perturbations of electron densitybefore the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Int J Remote Sens,31(13):3559--3569.
Zhao B Q,Wang M,Yu T,Wan W X,Lei J H,Liu L B,Ning B Q.2008.Is an unusual large enhancement of iono-spheric electron density linked with the 2008great Wenchuan earthquake?[J].J Geophys Res,113,A11304,doi:10.1029/2008JA013613.
刘静,张学民,申旭辉,欧阳新艳,黄建平.2009.九江地震前DEMETER卫星观测到的电离层异常[J].地震,29(B10):60--66.
吴云,乔学军,周义炎.2005.利用地基GPS探测震前电离层TEC异常[J].大地测量与地球动力学,25(2):36--40.
余涛,毛田,王云冈,王劲松.2009.汶川特大地震前电离层主要参量变化[J].科学通报,54(4):1086--1092.
曾中超,张蓓,方广有,王东峰,阴和俊.2009.利用DEMETER卫星数据分析汶川地震前的电离层异常[J].地球物理学报,52(1):11--19.
张学民,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,申旭辉,刘静,赵庶凡,关华平.2008.夏季磁静日中国大陆上空电离层电子浓度变化特征[J].中国地震,24(003):261--268.
张学民,刘静,申旭辉,Parrot M,钱家栋,欧阳新艳,赵庶凡,黄建平.2010.2005年3月28日苏门答腊8.6级地震前的电离层扰动[J].地球物理学报,53(3):567--575.
Hao Y Q,Xiao Z,Zhang D H.2006.Responses of the ionosphere to the Great Sumatra earthquake and volcanic eruptionof Pinatubo[J].Chinese Physics Letters,23(7):1955--1957.
Hayakawa M.1999.AtmosphericandIonosphericElectromagnetic Phenomena Associated with Earthquakes[M].Tokyo:Terra Sci Pub Co:1--20.
Le H,Liu J Y,Liu L.2011.A statistical analysis of ionospheric anomalies before 736 M6.0+earthquakes during2002—2010[J].J Geophys Res,116,A02303,doi:10.1029/2010JA015781.
Liu J,Zhang X,Wan W,Shen X,Ouyang X,Shan X.2010.Study on the electronic density perturbation detected byDEMETER satellite before Wenchuan earthquake[C]∥Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS),2010 IEEE International:3382--3385.
Liu J Y,Chuo Y J,Shan S J,Tsai Y B,Chen Y I,Pulinets S A,Yu S B.2004.Pre-earthquake ionospheric anomaliesregistered by continuous GPS TEC measurements[J].Annales Geophysicae,22:1585--1593.
Liu J Y,Chen Y I,Chen C H,Liu C Y,Chen C Y,Nishihashi M,Li J Z,Xia Y Q,Oyama K I,Hattori K,Lin C H.2009.Seismoionospheric GPS total electron content anomalies observed before the 12May 2008 MW7.9Wenchuanearthquake[J].J Geophys Res,114,A04320,doi:10.1029/2008JA013698.
Nemec F,Santolík O,Parrot M,Berthelier J J.2008.Spacecraft observations of electromagnetic perturbations connectedwith seismic activity[J].Geophys Res Lett,35,L05109,doi:10.1029/2007GL032517.
Parrot M,Berthelier J J,Lebreton J P,Sauvaud J A,Santolik O,Blecki J.2006.Examples of unusual ionosphericobservations made by the DEMETER satellite over seismic regions[J].Phys Chem Earth,Parts A/B/C,31(4--9):486--495.
Pulinets S A,Legen′ka A D,Alekseev V A.1994.Pre-earthquake ionospheric effects and their possible mechanisms[M]∥Kikuchi H ed.Dusty and Dirty Plasmas,Noise,and Chaos in Space and in Laboratory.New York:PlenumPress:545--557.
Pulinets S A,Legen′ka A D,Zelenova T I.1998.Dependence of the seismo-ionospheric variations in the F-layer maxi-mum on the local time[J].Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,38(3):188--193.
Pulinets S A,Boyarchuk K.2004.Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag:203--205.
Pulinets S A,Contreras A L,Bisiacchi-Giraldi G,Ciraolo L.2005.Total electron content variations in the ionospherebefore the Colima,Mexico,earthquake of 21January 2003[J].Geofísica Internacional,44(4):369--377.
Takeuchi A,Lau B W S,Freund F T.2006.Current and surface potential induced by stress-activated positive holes inigneous rocks[J].Phys Chem Earth,Parts A/B/C,31(4--9):240--247.
Zhang X M,Shen X H,Liu J,Ouyang X Y,Qian J D,Zhao S F.2010.Ionospheric perturbations of electron densitybefore the Wenchuan earthquake[J].Int J Remote Sens,31(13):3559--3569.
Zhao B Q,Wang M,Yu T,Wan W X,Lei J H,Liu L B,Ning B Q.2008.Is an unusual large enhancement of iono-spheric electron density linked with the 2008great Wenchuan earthquake?[J].J Geophys Res,113,A11304,doi:10.1029/2008JA013613.
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